Disease and infection
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The document discusses infection, disease, epidemiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment. It notes that infection is caused by the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms not normally present in the body. It reports that in the US there are over 2 million hospital-acquired infections annually, costing over $1 billion in the UK. The pathophysiology of infection involves the activation of immune cells and inflammatory responses. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, imaging scans, and wound cultures. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, NSAIDs, lifestyle changes, and medicines or surgery.
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- The typical stages of untreated HIV infection from acute infection to AIDS, defined as a CD4 count below 200 or an AIDS-defining condition.
- Common opportunistic infections and cancers seen in AIDS patients due to severe immune deficiency.
Infectious diseases
This document provides information on approaching and evaluating patients with potential infectious diseases. It discusses taking an exposure and social history, performing a physical exam focusing on vital signs, lymph nodes, skin, and foreign bodies. Diagnostic testing options are outlined including lab tests, imaging, and pathogen-specific tests. Empirical antibiotic therapy is recommended for common infections like pneumonia based on presentation. Community-acquired pneumonia causes are discussed. Hospital-acquired pneumonia treatment typically involves antibiotics until culture results are available. Infective endocarditis typically involves bacterial vegetation on heart valves.
Tuberculosis by Faith Chelang'at
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and usually affects the lungs. It remains a major global health problem, with around 10 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths per year worldwide according to the WHO. Tuberculosis flourishes in conditions of poverty, crowding and immunosuppression. Clinical manifestations vary depending on whether the infection is primary or secondary, and can include cough, fever, weight loss, or disseminated disease. Diagnosis involves smear, culture and radiography. Standard treatment is 6 months of multiple antitubercular drugs. Effectiveness of treatment is assessed by repeat smears and cultures after 2 and 5 months.
Pharmacotherapy of Infective endocarditis
1. A 62-year-old woman with end stage renal disease on hemodialysis presents with weakness, fever, and chills. She has risk factors for infective endocarditis including diabetes and receiving dialysis.
2. Infective endocarditis is a serious infection of the heart valves. It requires alterations in the heart valves along with bacteremia for infection to develop. Common causes are viridans streptococci, staphylococci, and enterococci.
3. Initial empirical treatment should cover common gram-positive organisms given her risk factors, such as penicillin plus gentamicin for streptococci or vancomycin plus gentamicin for staphy
Infections in immunocompromised patients
Immunocompromised patients are susceptible to infections from bacteria, fungi and viruses that a healthy immune system would usually fight off. Their weakened immune systems may be due to cancer treatments, transplants, or inherited/acquired immune disorders. These patients are at risk of infections from common organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas, as well as opportunistic pathogens like Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Acanthamoeba. Diagnosis involves cultures, antigen tests and imaging. Treatment requires appropriate antifungal or antibacterial drugs.
Sample chapter - Competence Assessment Tools for Health-System Pharmacies
Antibiotic streamlining refers to changing patients from broad-spectrum antibiotics to narrower ones that specifically target the identified infecting organism. It involves monitoring culture results and the patient's clinical response to evaluate if therapy can be optimized. The benefits of streamlining include reducing resistance, adverse effects, costs, and secondary infections while improving outcomes. Pharmacists play an important role in streamlining by interpreting culture data and making recommendations to physicians.
Hiv infection by ved
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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other diseases due to Cirrhosis
Liver cirrhosis can lead to several other diseases and complications due to the liver's impaired functioning. Edema occurs when the kidneys retain too much salt and water, causing swelling. Ascites is an accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity that causes swelling and discomfort. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a potentially life-threatening infection of the abdominal fluid caused by ascites. Portal hypertension is increased blood pressure in the portal vein draining the intestines due to blocked blood flow, which can cause bleeding from esophageal varices. Diabetes can also occur since the liver plays a key role in regulating blood sugar levels.
Difference between skin cancer and warts
The document provides information on the differences between several diseases including:
1. Skin cancer and warts - Skin cancer is a melanoma that begins in melanocytes caused by sun exposure, while warts are raised bumps on the skin caused by the human papillomavirus.
2. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing, while COPD is a chronic obstruction of lung airflow interfering with normal breathing.
3. Hepatitis A and Hepatitis C - Hepatitis A is spread through ingestion of contaminated food/water and causes liver inflammation, while Hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus and can
Promotion mix objective
The document discusses the promotion mix, which is a combination of promotional methods used for a specific product or product line. The key elements of a promotion mix are advertising, direct marketing, personal selling, point-of-sale displays, and merchandising. Personal selling involves face-to-face communication between a seller and prospective buyer to persuade a purchase. Direct marketing contacts carefully selected customers directly through methods like telemarketing and direct mail. Merchandising involves display and sampling techniques used to promote sales at retail outlets.
Skin cancer and warts
This document discusses skin cancer and warts. It provides information on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatments for both skin cancer and warts. Skin cancer, also known as melanoma, begins in melanocytes and causes brown or black tumors. Warts are raised bumps caused by the human papillomavirus that infects the epidermis and does not spread systemically. Diagnostic tests include biopsies, scans, and detecting HPV. Treatments include medications, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and removal methods.
Jaundice and hepatitis B
This document discusses jaundice and hepatitis B. It defines jaundice as a yellowing of the skin and eyes caused by high bilirubin levels. It then discusses the pathophysiology of jaundice and how bilirubin is processed in the liver. Signs and symptoms include yellow skin and eyes. Diagnostic tests include liver function tests and imaging. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, surgery, or liver transplant. The document also discusses hepatitis B as a viral infection attacking the liver that can cause acute or chronic disease.
Asthma and COPD
Asthma and COPD are chronic lung diseases. Asthma is characterized by recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing that vary in severity, while COPD causes chronic obstruction of airflow that interferes with breathing. Both can cause shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. Asthma treatments include medications like corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, while COPD treatments focus on avoiding infections with medications, oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation.
Hepatitis A and B
This document discusses hepatitis A and hepatitis C. It notes that hepatitis A is spread through ingestion of food or water contaminated with feces from an infected person and causes flu-like symptoms. It also states that hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus and can lead to both acute and chronic infection, with 130-150 million people having chronic hepatitis C globally. The document provides details on the symptoms, detection methods, and treatments for both hepatitis A and C.
Biological assay of insulin 1
This document describes biological assays used to test insulin, including a hypoglycemic seizure test in mice and a rabbit sugar method. The hypoglycemic seizure test involves injecting varying doses of insulin samples and a reference solution into mice that have been food deprived, then observing them for seizures within 1.5 hours. The rabbit sugar method involves preparing dilutions of an insulin standard and sample solutions, injecting them into fasted rabbits, then testing their blood sugar levels 5 minutes later to quantitatively compare the solutions. The goal of these assays is to measure insulin potency and identify samples through chemical analysis and comparison to reference standards.
registered pharmacist
A pharmacist is defined as someone with a 4-year university degree in pharmacy who has passed licensing exams. The document outlines the registration process and requirements for pharmacists and pharmacy technicians to be listed on Register A or Register B. It discusses qualifications including degree and exam requirements. The Council issues registration certificates and oversees the registration process. Registered pharmacists and technicians must notify the Council of address or practice changes and only use qualifications they have earned.
Management by ifsha akhlaq
Henri Fayol was a French mining engineer and director who is considered one of the most important contributors to modern concepts of management. He developed one of the first comprehensive theories of management in the early 20th century. Some of his key contributions include identifying the six main functions of management as technical, commercial, financial, security, accounting, and managerial. He also identified 14 principles of management including division of work, authority and responsibility, unity of command, and initiative. Fayol emphasized the importance of coordination between different parts of an organization and saw management as a distinct practice that could be studied and improved upon. His work was influential in establishing management as a key part of modern business administration and organization.
By ifsha akhlaq
Rickets is a softening of the bones caused by vitamin D deficiency, with symptoms like bowed legs and joint pain. It is caused by deficiencies in vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus, and risk factors include dark skin, premature birth, and anti-seizure medications. Without treatment, rickets can lead to skeletal deformities and stunted growth. Current treatments include vitamin D and calcium supplements, while the author suggests additionally giving breastfeeding infants daily vitamin D drops and increasing parathyroid hormone production to help treat rickets.
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Disease and infection
- 2. INFECTION The invasion and multiplication of microorganism such as bacteria, virus and parasites that are not normally present within the body.
- 3. EPIDEMIOLOGY In united state 2 millions nosocomial infection in hospitalized patient. 3-21 % in 2002 survey Annually 1 billion pounds cost in United kingdom 10% patient
- 4. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY the normal host cell response to infection is a complex process that localizes and controls bacterial invasions, and initiating the repair of any injured tissues. Involves Activation of circulating and fixed phagocyte cells, The generation of pro inflammatory and inflammatory mediators. Sepsis results when the response to infection becomes generalized and involves normal tissues from the site of injury or an infection.
- 5. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Fever Warm Painful swollen wound Blood or pus coming from the wound Dizziness Fast heart beat
- 6. DIAGNOSTIC TEST Blood tests X-rays C T scan MRI scan Wound culture
- 7. TREATMENT Wound cleaning Antibiotics NSAIDS
- 8. DISEASE Illness or sickness characterized by specific signs and symptoms
- 9. EPIDEMIOLOGY The 95% of the world wide population measured in disease.
- 10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Functional changes in the body that occurs in the body. A disease would change the conformation of an enzyme; something would not be spilt or altered in some way then leads to symptoms.
- 11. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Disease may be acute, chronic, malignant or benign. Acute disease symptoms are nausea, vomiting and pain. Chronic disease have severe pains, diarrhea, swelling, breathing troubles etc.
- 12. DIAGNOSTIC TEST Different type of diagnostic tests are Blood tests Computed tomography scan X-rays
- 13. TREATMENT Life style changes Follow a healthy diet Exercise regularly Manage stress Medicines Surgeries