The media are essential to democracy, and a democratic election is impossible without media. A free and fair election is not only about the freedom to vote and the knowledge of how to cast a vote, but also about a participatory process where voters engage in public debate and have adequate information about parties, policies, candidates and the election process itself in order to make informed choices. Furthermore, media acts as a crucial watchdog to democratic elections, safeguarding the transparency of the process. Indeed, a democratic election with no media freedom, or stifled media freedom, would be a contradiction. ( ★★For making this content author used various online resources, it is share here only for those who want to know something about it. This content is not the author's primary/ own creating property. )

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Discuss the role of media in election. What are the laws of election in
Bangladesh? Present the Sources and techniques of election reporting.
Introduction
The media are essential to democracy, and a democratic election is impossible without media.
A free and fair election is not only about the freedom to vote and the knowledge of how to cast
a vote, but also about a participatory process where voters engage in public debate and have
adequate information about parties, policies, candidates and the election process itself in order
to make informed choices. Furthermore, media acts as a crucial watchdog to democratic
elections, safeguarding the transparency of the process. Indeed, a democratic election with no
media freedom, or stifled media freedom, would be a contradiction.
Role of media:
Media plays an important role in election reporting. Given below the roles of media:
Informing the Public
Media have a general duty to inform the public in a timely fashion about the matters relevant to
the elections, and this is a particular duty for the public media. The media is the primary source
of information about the election for most voters. As a result, and as part of their general role as
sources of information in society, the media have a duty to inform the public both about how
elections work and the competing parties and candidates.
Informing voters about the election:
 tell voters why it is important to vote and the general role of elections in a democracy
 Provide voters with technical information about how to register to vote (i.e. how to
make sure they are on the list of voters) and about how, when and where to cast one's
ballot (i.e. detailed information about polling stations and voting procedures), including
about advance voting.
 Keep voters in conflict areas informed about the election situation in their areas.
 inform voters about the secrecy of the ballot and why this is important
 inform voters about the role of the upcoming elections

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 the positions which are up for election and the power those offices wield in terms of
governing the country
 their right to vote for parties and candidates they trust and whose ideas they support o
focus on voters living in areas where your media is read, listened to or viewed
Connecting voters to the parties and candidates
 inform voters about what the different parties and candidates stand for (key policies and
promises); this goes beyond praty/ candidate advertising and should be done through
news and current affairs reporting
 present this information in a balanced manner, not supporting one party or candidate
over any other
 Focus on key election issues. use different formats:
 panel discussions with representatives of leading parties
 'meet the candidates' formats where members of the public can put questions directly to
 try to reach out to all voters, using different languages, formats and ways of presenting
programs o make a particular effort to target women and minority groups
Work as watchdog
In today’s politics and society at large, media is essential to the safeguarding transparency of
democratic processes. This is often called its ‘watchdog’ role. Transparency is required on
many levels including for access to information; accountability and legitimacy of individuals,
institutions and processes themselves; and for rightful participation and public debate.
Media as a campaign platform
Candidates and parties use the mass media for campaigning through sponsored direct access
spots, paid political advertising, televised debates, use of social media, and other mechanisms.
They also hope the media will voluntarily cover them because of the newsworthiness of their
campaign activities. Political parties expend vast human and financial resources on planning
and executing mass media campaigns. The NDI Political Campaign Planning Manual gives an
idea of the extent of organization involved.
The media have several roles in realizing contestants’ right to campaign:

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To create a level playing field is the first role. This entails equal access to state broadcasters
and other state resources:
Among the most effective, but least analyzed, means of autocratic survival is an uneven
playing field. In countries like Botswana, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Malawi,
Mozambique, Senegal, Singapore, Tanzania, and Venezuela, democratic competition is
undermined less by electoral fraud or repression than by unequal access to state institutions,
resources, and the media.
Media as open forum for debate and discussion/ public voice
The role of media in providing this platform for debate and discussion is therefore vital. Media
provide a mechanism for regular citizens to be heard and to therefore influence political
agendas and campaign platforms, and sometimes garnering support and influencing fellow
voters. Forms can include:
 Members of the public, lobby groups, experts with different perspectives, and
candidates being interviewed by the media for their views on certain policies;
 Talkback radio and television in which the public air their opinions;
 Contestants’ websites, social media networks, and so on, where the public can interact
with them directly;
 News reports on press conferences, protests and other events held by interest groups;
 Media surveys of public opinion;
 Citizen journalism;
 Debates on blogs, Twitter, and social media sites;
 Letters to the editor.

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Media as public educator
Media’s role as a public educator is in essence a combination of media’s three other roles with
a few added aspects. For example, media as a mechanism for transparency ensures voters are
provided information necessary to fully evaluate the conduct of officials as well as the process
at large. Media as a campaign platform ensures the public is educated in political agenda’s of
all participating parties and candidates equally. Media as open forum for debate and
discussion ensures that voters can educate other voters, politicians, and officials.
Media also educates through the transmission of voter information.
[http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/me/introduction/me10/me10c]
Public
Politician
Mass Media

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Coverage of the Election
Reporting Election Results
Media outlets often effectively call the winners of elections because it can take official bodies
(i.e. the election commission) some time to settle all complaints and appeals relating to the
election whereas media outlets can use sophisticated modeling to determine at a relatively early
point who has won the election.
Chapter 3
Laws of Election
To hold a fair, neutral and effective election in a steadily democratic country like us media can
play a vital role. For playing a vital role journalist need to know the various laws of election.
Given below some laws that are directly related to the national parliamentary election
1. The constitution of Bangladesh
Article 65 Establishment of Parliament
(1) There shall be a Parliament for Bangladesh (to be known as the House of the Nation) in
which subject to the provisions of this Constitution, shall be vested the legislative powers of the
Republic:
Provided that nothing in this clause shall prevent Parliament from delegating to any person or
authority, by Act of Parliament, power to make orders, rules, regulations, bye-laws or other
instruments having legislative effect.
(2) Parliament shall consist of three hundred members to be elected in accordance with law from
single territorial constituencies by direct election and, for so long as clause (3) is effective, the
members provided for in that clause; the member shall be designated as Members of Parliament.

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(3) Until the dissolution of Parliament occurring next after the expiration of the period of ten
years beginning from the date of the first meeting of the Parliament next after the Parliament in
existence at the time of the commencement of the Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act,
2004, there shall be reserved forty five seats exclusively for women members and they will be
elected by the aforesaid members in accordance with law on the basis of procedure of
proportional representation in the Parliament through single transferable vote : Provided that
nothing in this clause shall be deemed to prevent a woman from being elected to any of the seats
provided for in clause (2) of this article.
(4) The seat of Parliament shall be in the capital.
Article 66 Qualifications and disqualifications for election to Parliament
(1) A person shall subject to the provisions of clause (2), be qualified to be elected as, and to be,
a Member of Parliament if he is a citizen of Bangladesh and has attained the age of twenty-five
years.
(2) A person shall be disqualified for election as, or for being, a Member of Parliament who-
(a) Is declared by a competent court to be of unsound mind;
(b) Is an undercharged insolvent;
(c) Acquires the citizenship of, or affirms of acknowledges allegiance to, a foreign state;
(d) has been, on conviction for a criminal offence involving moral turpitude, sentenced to
imprisonment for a term of not less than two years unless a period of five years has elapsed since
his release; 31 *
(dd) holds any office of profit in this service of the Republic other than an office which is
declared by law not to disqualify its holders; or
(g) Is disqualified for such election by or under any law.
(2A) For the purposes of this article a person shall not be deemed to hold an office of profit in
the service of the Republic by reason only that he is a President, Prime Minister, Minister,
Minister of State or Deputy Minister.

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Article 67 Vacation of seats of members
(1) A Member of Parliament shall vacate his seat-
(a) if he fails, within the period of ninety days from the date of the first meeting of Parliament
after his election, to make and subscribe 40* * the oath or affirmation prescribed for a member of
Parliament in the Third Schedule: Provided that the Speaker may, before the expiration of that
period, for good cause extend it;
(b) If he is absent from Parliament, without the leave of Parliament, for ninety consecutive sitting
days;
(c) Upon a dissolution of Parliament;
(d) If he has incurred a disqualification under clause (2) of article 66; or (e) in the circumstances
specified in article 70.
(2) A Member of Parliament may resign his seat by writing under his hand addressed to the
Speaker, and the seat shall become vacant when the writing is received by the Speaker or, if the
office of Speaker is vacant or the Speaker is for any reason unable to perform his functions, by
the Deputy Speaker.
2. The constitution of Bangladesh
Article 118 Establishment of Election Commission
(1) There shall an Election Commission for Bangladesh consisting of a Chief Election
Commissioner and such number of other Election Commissioners, if any as the President may
from time to time direct, and the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and other
Election commissioners (if any) shall, subject to the provisions of any law made in that behalf,
be made by the President.
(2) When the Election Commission consists of more than one person, the Chief Election
Commissioner shall act as the chairman thereof.
(3) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution the term of office of an Election Commissioner
shall be five years from the date on which he enters upon his office, and-

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(a) a person who has held office as Chief Election Commissioner shall not be eligible for
appointment in the service of the Republic;
(b) any other election Commissioner shall, on ceasing to hold office as such, be eligible for
appointment as Chief Election Commissioner but shall not be otherwise eligible for appointment
in the service of the Republic.
(4) The Election Commission shall be independent in the exercise of its functions and subject
only to this Constitution and any other law.
(5) Subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament, the conditions of service of
Election Commissioners shall be such as the President may, by order, determine: Provided that
an Election Commissioner shall not be removed from his office except in like manner and on the
like grounds as a judge of the 72 Supreme Court.
(6) An Election Commissioner may resign his office by writing under his hand address to the
President.
Article 119 Functions of Election Commission
(1) The superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of the election rolls for
elections to the office or President and to Parliament and the conduct of such elections shall vest
in the Election Commission which shall, in accordance with his Constitution and any other law-
(a) Hold elections to the office of President;
(b) Hold elections of members of Parliament;
(c) Delimit the constituencies for the purpose of elections to Parliament; and
(d) Prepare electoral roles for the purpose of elections to the office of President and to
Parliament.
(2) The Election Commission shall perform such functions, in addition to those specified in the
foregoing clauses, as may be prescribed by this Constitution or by any other law.
Article 120 Staff of Election Commission

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The President shall, when so requested by the Election Commission, make available to it such
staff as may be necessary for the discharge of its functions under this Part.
Article 121 Single electoral roll for each constituency
There shall be one electoral roll for each constituency for the purposes of elections to Parliament,
and no special electoral roll shall be prepared so as to classify electors according to religion, race
caste or sex.
Article 122 Qualifications for registration as voter
(1) The elections to Parliament shall be on the basis of adult franchise. (2) A person shall be
entitled to be enrolled on the electoral roll for a constituency delimited the purpose of election to
Parliament, if he-
(a) Is a citizen of Bangladesh;
(b) is not less than eighteen years of age;
(c) Does not stand declared by a competent court to be of unsound mind; 75 and
(d) Is or is deemed by law to be a resident of that constituency 76 .
Article 123 Time for holding elections
(1) In the case of a vacancy in the office of President occurring by reason of the expiration of his
term of office an election to fill the vacancy shall be held within the period of ninety to sixty
days prior to the date of expiration of the term: Provided that if the term expires before the
dissolution of the Parliament by members of which he was elected the election to fill the vacancy
shall not be held until after the next general election of members of Parliament, but shall be held
within thirty days after the first sitting of Parliament following such general election.
(2) In the case of a vacancy in the office of President occurring by reason of the death,
resignation or removal of the President, an election to fill the vacancy shall be held within the
period of ninety days after the occurrence of the vacancy.

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(3) A general election of members of Parliament shall be held within ninety days after
Parliament is dissolved, whether by reason of the expiration of its term or otherwise than by
reason of such expiration.
(4) An election to fill the seat of a member of Parliament which falls vacant otherwise than by
reason of the dissolution of Parliament shall be held within ninety days of the occurrence of the
vacancy: Provided that in a case where, in the opinion of the Chief Election Commissioner, it is
not possible, for reasons of an act of God, to hold such election within the period specified in this
clause, such election shall be held within ninety days following next after the last day of such
period.
Article 124 Parliament may make provision as to elections
Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, Parliament may by law make provision with
respect to all matters relating to or in connection with election to Parliament, including the
delimitation of constituencies, the preparation of electoral rolls, the holding of elections, and all
other matters necessary for securing the due Constitution of Parliament.
Article 125 Validity of election law and elections
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution-
(a) the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of constituencies, or the allotment of seats
to such constituencies, made or purporting to be made under article 124, shall not be called in
question in any court;
(b) no election to the 82 offices of President 83 * * or to Parliament shall be called in question
except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as may be provided
for by or under any law made by Parliament
Article 126 Executive authorities to assist Election Commission
It shall be the duty of all executive authorities to assist the Election Commission in the discharge
of its functions.
3. the representation of the people order, 1972

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Representation of the People Order, 1972 is the law which regulates the election of 300 members
to the Jatiya Sangsad. The said Order was promulgated by the President of the Peoples Republic
of Bangladesh on 26 December 1972 by repealing the National and Provincial Assemblies
(Election) Ordinance 1970 and Legal Framework Order 1970. The Order describes the power of
the Election Commission, providers for appointment of Returning and Assistant Returning
Officers, Presiding and Assistant Presiding Officers, locating polling stations, declaration of
election schedule for election to the Sangsad or any by-election by the Commission, procedure
for submission, acceptance or withdrawal of nomination paper by a candidate, and other detailed
procedure for conducting the election, counting of ballot papers, declaration of result and
publication of name/ names of the elected member/members to the Jatiya Sangsad.
The Act consists of thirty sections, and it repeals three Ordinances promulgated earlier by the
caretaker government under the names of Representative of People (Amendment) Ordinances.
However, it protects all acts done or actions taken under the said Ordinances in order to maintain
continuity of actions relating to electoral governance. The Act makes as many as fifteen
amendments of different sections and inserts by way of substitution or new entries three sections
of which Chapter VI A is a major replacement of earlier law. This chapter, in fact, is the most
important element of electoral reforms. It relates to registration of political parties with the
Election Commission. In the earlier law, there was no compulsion for any political party for such
registration. As a result, no political party ever got registered with the Commission.
4. Maintenance of election rule, 2008
One of the most significant and far-reaching innovations of the 2008 election was the decision to
create electoral rolls that would include photographs of each of Bangladesh’s more than 80
million eligible voters. BEC analyzed the issue and tended to change voter habit from ‘passive
participation to active participation. The idea of digitalized photo electoral roll (National ID) was
conceptualized by BEC with the technical help from experts within the country that included
Bangladesh Armed Forces.
5. The Delimitation of Constituencies Ordinance, 1976
Definitions

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In this Ordinance, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, “Commission”
means the Election Commission within the meaning of the Constitution.
Procedure of the Commission
Subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, the Commission shall regulate its own procedure.
Delegation of Powers
The Commission may authorize its Chairman or any Election Commissioner or any of its officers
to exercise and perform all or any of its powers and functions under this Ordinance
Assistance to the Commission
(1) The Commission may require any person or authority to perform such functions or render
such assistance for the purposes of this Ordinance as it may direct.
(2) All executive authorities of the Government shall assist the Commission in the performance
of its functions and, for this purpose, the President may, after consultation with the Commission,
issue such directions as he may consider necessary.
Delimitation of Constituencies, etc.
6. (1) The Commission shall, for the purpose of elections to the seats in Parliament, divide the
country into as many single territorial constituencies as the number of members to be elected
under clause (2) of Article 65 of the Constitution.
(2) The Constituencies shall be so delimited, having regard to administrative convenience, that
each constituency is a compact area and in doing so due regard shall be had, as far as practicable,
to the distribution of population as given in the latest census report.
(3) The Commission shall, after making such enquiries and examining such records as it may
deem necessary, publish in the official Gazette a preliminary list of territorial constituencies
specifying the areas proposed to be included in each such constituency together with a notice
inviting objections and suggestions within such period as may be specified in the notice.

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(4) The Commission shall, after hearing and considering the objections and suggestions, if any,
received by it, make such amendments, alterations or modifications in the preliminary list
published under sub-section (3) as it thinks fit and shall, also after correcting any errors arising
from any accidental slip or omission, publish in the official Gazette the final list of territorial
constituencies showing the areas included in each such constituency.
Fresh delimitation of constituencies
(1) The territorial constituencies shall be delimited afresh-
(a) upon the completion of each census, for the purpose of general election to Parliament to be
held following such census; and
(b) unless otherwise directed by the Commission for reasons to be recorded in writing, before
each general election to Parliament.
[(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Ordinance, the territorial constituencies
published by the Commission in the Bangladesh Gazette, Extraordinary, dated Thursday, the
20th September, 1984, being Notification নং এফ ১(৩)/৮৪-িন-১,তািরখ ২০ শ সে র, 1984
Bs shall be deemed to be the territorial constituencies delimited for the purpose of the general
election to Parliament to be held next following the commencement of the Delimitation of the
Constituencies (Amendment) Ordinance, 1990 (অধ ােদশ নং ২৭, ১৯৯০).
(3) For removal of doubt, it is hereby declared that the territorial constituencies deemed to have
been delimited under sub-section (2) shall consist of exactly the same territorial areas as were
included in such constituencies at the time when the notification mentioned in sub-section (2)
was published, notwithstanding any changes in the names or areas of any City Corporations,
Zilas, Municipalities, Upazilas, Thanas, Unions, or Mouzas, as the case may be, included in such
constituencies at that time, made by or under any law after the publication of the said
notification, as if there were no such changes therein:

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Provided that the Commission may, if it deems fit, publish in the official Gazette the list of the
territorial constituencies deemed to have been delimited under sub-section (2) describing the
areas included in the said constituencies.]
6. The Political Parties Ordinance, 1978
2. In this Ordinance, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,-
(a) “foreign aided party” means a political party which-
(i) has been formed or organized at the instance of any Government or political party of a
foreign country; or
(ii) is affiliated to or associated with any Government or political party of a foreign country; or
(iii) receives any aid, financial or otherwise, from any Government, political party or national of
a foreign country;
(b) “political party” includes a group or combination of persons who operate under a distinctive
name and who hold themselves out for the purpose of propagating any political opinion or
engaging in any other political activity.
3. (1) No political party shall be formed with the object of propagating any opinion, or acting in a
manner, prejudicial to the sovereignty, integrity or security of Bangladesh.
(2) No person shall form, organize, set up or convene a foreign aided party or in any way be
associated with any such party.
4. No political party shall-
(a) maintain any secret or underground organization, group or agency, or engage in any secret or
underground activity; or
(b) organize or maintain any armed cadre, volunteer corps or any other organization, by whatever
name called, which is intended or is likely to operate like a disciplined force.
7. The Members of Parliament (Determination of Dispute) Act, 1980
This Act may be called the Members of Parliament (Determination of Dispute) Act, 1980.

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In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,-
(a) “Article” means an Article of the Constitution;
(b) “dispute” means a dispute mentioned in clause (4) of Article 66;
(c) “Election Commission” means the Election Commission established under Article 118.
8. Election Officer (Special Provisions) Act, 1991
This Act shall be called Election Officer (Special Provisions) Act, 1991
It shall be deemed to have come into force on December 26, 1990
Unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, in this Act-
(A) "Commission" means the Election Commission constituted in accordance with the
Constitution;
(B) "employment rules" shall include any laws, rules, regulations, regulations, contracts,
documents, assignments and conditions relating to employment;
(C) "election" means any election conducted or held by or under the supervision of the
Commission;
D) "Election Officer" means any person engaged in any election duty or function and any person
in charge of maintaining law and order in the polling station;
(E) "appointing authority" means any person or authority employing a person;
(F) "Returning Officer" means any Returning Officer appointed by the Commission under any
Act relating to the election and any Election Officer acting as the Returning Officer.
9. Election commission (officer and employee) appointment act, 2008
10. Political parties register act, 2008
11. Candidates Code of Conduct Rule for Political Parties, 2008:

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This was the most critical of the rules which ensure the behavior of the party and the candidates
during the entire election process particularly the conduct of the campaign. The rule has been
freshly drawn as part of the whole reform processes. The Code of Conduct Rule aimed at
reducing expenditure, violence and to bring discipline to the campaign. The rule has the
provision for punishment for the violations that includes imprisonment to the cancellation of the
candidature. (Article 44B (3A))
12. Election Commission Secretariat Act, 2009
Election Commission Secretariat Act, 2009 The need for strengthening the Election Commission
has been a matter of public debate since 1991. The debate reached its peak prior to the elections
of 2006, when it was alleged that voter list was abnormally inflated to suit the convenience of the
then ruling party. In the result, Election Commission was reconstituted, and the demand for
making the Commission independent of the executive branch of the government gained further
momentum.
Unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, in this Act, - (A) "officer or
employee" means any officer or employee appointed under the Secretariat of the Election
Commission;
(B) "Election Commission" means the Election Commission established in accordance with
Article 1 (1) of the Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh;
(C) "Election Commission Secretariat" means the Election Commission Secretariat established
under section 4;
D) "Chief Election Commissioner" means the Chief Election Commissioner appointed in
accordance with Article 118 (1) of the Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh and,
as a matter of fact, a person holding the post of Chief Election Commissioner;
(E) "Rules" means the rules made under this Act;
(F) "Secretary" means the Secretary of the Election Commission Secretariat or any person acting
on his behalf temporarily.

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13. Voter List Act, 2009:
(1)This Act shall be called Voter List Act, 2009
(2) It shall be deemed to have come into force on August 7, 2007
Electoral Rolls Act, 2009 According to available records, an Ordinance was issued in this respect
in 1982 (Ordinance No. LXI of 1982). On the basis of this law, electoral rolls were being
prepared for the parliamentary elections of 2006. In the process of preparation of the rolls, the
total number included stood at 90.13 million up against the total voters of 2001 which stood at
about 70.46 million. Such abnormal rise in the number of voters was not in accord with the
official rate of annual population growth at 1.46 percent. It met with intense public criticism
which was articulated by the media and the civil society.
The need was felt to opt for a computer-run data-base of voters to be updated on yearly basis.
Besides, it was also felt necessary to insert photographs of respective voters in the voter rolls and
voter identification cards.
To operationalise the above requirements, an ordinance (Electoral Rolls Ordinance No.18 of
2007) was issued by the government. The newly constituted Election Commission set about the
task of a computer-based voter list. This Ordinance was repealed by the Awami League led
grand alliance elected government with some amendments. Consequently, an Act was passed in
the Parliament titled Electoral Rolls Act, 2009 (Act 6 of 2009). The Act saw the light of the day
on 24 January, 2009.
14. Voter List Act, 2012
15. National Identity Registration Act, 2010
(1) This Act shall be called National Identity Registration Act, 2010.
(2) It shall be effective immediately.
Unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, in this Act-
(1) "Commission" means the Election Commission established under Article 118 of the
Constitution;

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(2) "National Identity Card" means the national identity card issued by the Commission to any
citizen;
(3) "National Identification Number (NID)" means the National Identification Number provided
by the Commission;
(4) "Information-data" means the data collected during the forming, amending or updating of a
voter list in accordance with the Voter List Act, 2009 (Act No. 2 of 27) for the purpose of
registering national identity or one or more data collected from a citizen. And the biometrics
feature of the citizen will also be included in it;
5) "citizen" means any citizen of Bangladesh under the prevailing law;
(6) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules or regulations;
(7) "regulation" means the regulations made under this Act;
(8) "Biometrics feature" means one or more of the following characteristics of a citizen, namely;
(A) Finger Print, (B) Hand Geometry, (C) Palm Print, (D) Eye iris, (E) Facial Recognition, (F)
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), (G) Signature, and (H) voice;
16. National Identity Registration Act, 2014
17. National Identity and reserved information- data pre –act, 2014
18. Individual candidate act, 2014
19. Foreign observer Policies, 2013
20. Local observer Policies, 2017
21. National Parliament (reserved women seats) Election Act, 2004
Short title and introduction
(1) This Act shall be called the National Parliament (reserved women seat) Election Act, 2004.
(2) It shall be effective immediately

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The Act providing procedure for holding the election to women reserved seats, is an ordinary
statute enacted following the legislative procedure in order to materialize the provision of Article
65(2) of the Constitution as contemplated therein, whereas amendment of the Constitution has
been done in the case of Article 65(3) following the prescribed Constitutional procedure
substituting utmost or similar provision as aforesaid which has been in existence since its
commencement and does not alter the basic structure and essential feature of the Constitution
and became part of the Constitution. The validity of the impugned Act providing modality,
methodologies and procedure for the election to the women reserved seats in keeping with the
mandate, purpose and object of the amendment to the Constitution in Article 65(3), if judged by
the touchstone of the Constitution, it will be seen that the same is not inconsistent or repugnant
or ultra vires the Constitution or offending any law.
http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/laws-of-bangladesh.html
Sources and techniques of election reporting:
The main job of the election reporter is to collect the relevant information. First of all reporter
start his activity to collect the background information. No single source encapsulates the
truth. For collecting the background information can use the three sources. These are shown in
the following diagram:

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Md. Sajjat Hossain
Mass Communication and Journalism (3rd
Batch)
Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur
Election reporting: Sources and Techniques
Background
information
New information Verify the obtained
information
Online/ electronic
sources
Published document
Human sources
Online/ electronic sources
Unpublished document
Human sources
Observers