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Logic gates - AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, XOR, XNOR Gates.
Logic gates - AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, XOR, XNOR Gates. Logic gates - AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, XOR, XNOR Gates. Logic gates - AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, XOR, XNOR Gates.
Digital Electronics- Number systems & codes
This document covers number systems including decimal, binary, hexadecimal and their representations. It discusses how to convert between different number bases including binary to decimal and hexadecimal to decimal. Binary operations like addition, subtraction and codes like binary coded decimal are explained. Non-weighted codes such as gray code are also introduced. Reference books on digital electronics and number systems are provided.
Adder & subtractor (Half adder, Full adder, Half subtractor, Full subtractor)
This slide tells you about Half adder, Full adder, Half subtractor, Full subtractor with its diagram, truth table.
Logic families
Logic families are collections of integrated circuits that have similar characteristics. The key parameters for comparing logic families include logic levels, power dissipation, propagation delay, noise margin, and fan-out. Common logic families are TTL and CMOS. TTL gates are faster but consume more power, while CMOS gates have lower power consumption but slower speeds. Noise margin indicates a family's noise immunity and is calculated using the input and output voltage ranges. Propagation delay and power consumption determine a family's speed-power product, with lower values indicating better performance.
Number system
Number System - A part of a chapter Number Systems of Fundamentals of Computer Vol.-I by Gagan Deep visit at rozyph.com
Basic logic gates
Logic gates are electronic circuits that combine multiple inputs to produce an output. There are several types of logic gates that process inputs differently, including AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR gates. Each gate is characterized by its symbol, truth table that specifies the output for every combination of inputs, and Boolean expression that defines its function.
Microprocessor
The document provides an overview of microprocessors, including what they are, their basic components and functions. It discusses how a microprocessor:
- Acts as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to provide computational control
- Can be programmed to perform functions on data by writing instructions into its memory
- Has components like an arithmetic logic unit, registers, cache memory and bus interfaces to transfer data and addresses
Presentation on Karnaugh Map
This presentation summarizes Karnaugh maps, which are a graphical technique for simplifying Boolean expressions. Karnaugh maps arrange the terms of a truth table in a two-dimensional grid, making common factors between terms visible. They can be used for functions with up to five variables. Examples show how to identify groupings of terms and simplify expressions using Karnaugh maps for two, three, and four variables. The presentation concludes with an example of a five variable Karnaugh map.
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Logic gates - AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, XOR, XNOR Gates.
Logic gates - AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, XOR, XNOR Gates. Logic gates - AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, XOR, XNOR Gates. Logic gates - AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, XOR, XNOR Gates.
Digital Electronics- Number systems & codes
This document covers number systems including decimal, binary, hexadecimal and their representations. It discusses how to convert between different number bases including binary to decimal and hexadecimal to decimal. Binary operations like addition, subtraction and codes like binary coded decimal are explained. Non-weighted codes such as gray code are also introduced. Reference books on digital electronics and number systems are provided.
Adder & subtractor (Half adder, Full adder, Half subtractor, Full subtractor)
This slide tells you about Half adder, Full adder, Half subtractor, Full subtractor with its diagram, truth table.
Logic families
Logic families are collections of integrated circuits that have similar characteristics. The key parameters for comparing logic families include logic levels, power dissipation, propagation delay, noise margin, and fan-out. Common logic families are TTL and CMOS. TTL gates are faster but consume more power, while CMOS gates have lower power consumption but slower speeds. Noise margin indicates a family's noise immunity and is calculated using the input and output voltage ranges. Propagation delay and power consumption determine a family's speed-power product, with lower values indicating better performance.
Number system
Number System - A part of a chapter Number Systems of Fundamentals of Computer Vol.-I by Gagan Deep visit at rozyph.com
Basic logic gates
Logic gates are electronic circuits that combine multiple inputs to produce an output. There are several types of logic gates that process inputs differently, including AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR gates. Each gate is characterized by its symbol, truth table that specifies the output for every combination of inputs, and Boolean expression that defines its function.
Microprocessor
The document provides an overview of microprocessors, including what they are, their basic components and functions. It discusses how a microprocessor:
- Acts as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to provide computational control
- Can be programmed to perform functions on data by writing instructions into its memory
- Has components like an arithmetic logic unit, registers, cache memory and bus interfaces to transfer data and addresses
Presentation on Karnaugh Map
This presentation summarizes Karnaugh maps, which are a graphical technique for simplifying Boolean expressions. Karnaugh maps arrange the terms of a truth table in a two-dimensional grid, making common factors between terms visible. They can be used for functions with up to five variables. Examples show how to identify groupings of terms and simplify expressions using Karnaugh maps for two, three, and four variables. The presentation concludes with an example of a five variable Karnaugh map.
Digital logic design part1
This document discusses digital logic design and binary numbers. It covers topics such as digital vs analog signals, binary number systems, addition and subtraction in binary, and number base conversions between decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It also discusses complements, specifically 1's complement and radix complement. The purpose is to provide background information on fundamental concepts for digital logic design.
Logic gates
Digital systems use logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR and EXNOR. The AND gate outputs 1 only if all inputs are 1. The OR gate outputs 1 if one or more inputs are 1. The NOT gate inverts the input, outputting 1 for a 0 input and vice versa. NAND and NOR gates are composed of an AND/OR gate followed by a NOT. EXOR outputs 1 if either but not both inputs are 1, while EXNOR does the opposite. Truth tables define all possible input/output combinations for each gate.
13 Boolean Algebra
Boolean algebra is an algebra of logic developed by George Boole between 1815-1864 to represent logical statements as an algebra of true and false. It is used to perform logical operations in digital computers by representing true as 1 and false as 0. The fundamental logical operators are AND, OR, and NOT. Boolean algebra expressions can be represented in sum of products (SOP) form or product of sums (POS) form and minimized using algebraic rules or Karnaugh maps. Minterms and maxterms are used to derive Boolean functions from truth tables in canonical SOP or POS form.
Latches and flip flops
This document discusses latches and flip-flops. It describes the SR latch, gated SR latch, D latch, and gated D latch. It also covers edge-triggered flip-flops including the SR, D, and JK flip-flops. The key uses of flip-flops are for data storage, data transfer, counting, and frequency division in digital circuits and sequential logic.
PAL And PLA ROM
1. Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) are pre-fabricated logic blocks containing AND and OR gates that can be personalized by making or breaking connections between gates. This allows them to implement general purpose logic functions.
2. An example shows a 3x2 PLA implementing 4 logic functions through a personality matrix that defines which inputs are connected to each product term and which product terms are connected to each output.
3. PALs (Programmable Array Logic) are similar to PLAs but contain a fixed OR array, limiting them to functions with at most 4 products.
Synchronous Counter
What is synchronous
A four-bit synchronous “UP” counter
A four-bit synchronous “down” counter
How to design synchronous counter
Input output devices
Input devices allow a user to input information into a computer and include mice, keyboards, MIDI keyboards, gamepads, trackballs, joysticks, scanners, trackpads, webcams, cameras, microphones, and graphic tablets. Output devices allow the computer to output information to the user and include monitors, speakers, printers, headphones, projectors, and plotters. Miscellaneous devices include printers with scanners, touch screens, headsets, video graphic cards, sound cards, fax machines, and modems.
Number systems
The document discusses different number systems used in computers such as binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal. It provides details on how each system works, including the base and valid digits used. Conversion between number systems is also covered, with step-by-step examples shown to convert between binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal representations. The binary number system is used internally in computers with its two digits of 0 and 1, while other systems are used for human readability.
Half adder & full adder
Group members for the project are Falah Hassan, Maidah Malik, and Maria Khan. The document discusses half adders and full adders. A half adder adds two binary digits and produces a sum and carry output. It is built from two logic gates. A full adder accepts two input bits and a carry input, and produces a sum and carry output. It is implemented using two half adders joined by an OR gate. The main difference between a half adder and full adder is that a full adder has three inputs and two outputs, allowing multiple adders to be chained to add more bits.
Half adder and full adder | Digital electronics | engineering
A half adder and full adder are types of adders used in digital circuits. A half adder adds two binary digits and produces a sum and carry output. It uses two logic gates. A full adder adds three binary digits - two input bits and a carry input - and produces a sum and carry output. It can be implemented using two cascaded half adders and an OR gate. The main difference is that a full adder has three inputs and two outputs, allowing multiple full adders to be chained together to add more bits, while a half adder only adds two bits.
Logic gates
This document discusses digital logic gates and circuits. It describes the basic logic gates - NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR - and how each is represented by a truth table. Combinational circuits are defined as having outputs determined solely by current inputs, while sequential circuits can store past input states in memory elements like flip-flops and registers. Examples of common combinational circuits are provided.
Demultiplexer
A demultiplexer is a device that takes a signal containing multiple data streams and reconstructs the original separate streams. It works in reverse of a multiplexer, which combines multiple streams into one signal. Demultiplexers come in various types depending on the number of select lines, which determine how many output streams they can separate the combined signal into, from 1-to-2 up to 1-to-16. Common applications of demultiplexers include communication systems and converting serial to parallel signals.
Data representation
This document discusses different methods of data representation in computers. It covers numeric systems like binary, octal and hexadecimal that represent numeric data. It also discusses character encoding standards like ASCII and Unicode that allow computers to represent text in different languages. Data types like alphanumeric, alphabetic and numeric are also explained along with how binary arithmetic is used for calculations in computers.
Logic Design
This document discusses digital systems and binary number representation. It covers:
1) An overview of digital systems including their applications and design process.
2) Converting between different number bases such as binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. Methods for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division in binary are also presented.
3) Techniques for representing negative numbers in binary including sign-magnitude, 1's complement, and 2's complement representations. The process of adding numbers in both the 1's complement and 2's complement systems is explained.
Types of rom
There are three main types of ROM: PROM, which can be programmed once using a special device; EPROM, which can be erased and reprogrammed using ultraviolet light; and EEPROM, which can be electrically erased and reprogrammed and is commonly used on circuit boards to store small amounts of data and instructions.
Number system
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http://www29.zippyshare.com/v/42478054/file.html
Number System
Decimal Number System
Binary Number System
Why Binary?
Octal Number System
Hexadecimal Number System
Relationship between Hexadecimal, Octal, Decimal, and Binary
Number Conversions
INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES
This document discusses various input and output devices used in computing. It describes common input devices like keyboards, mice, touchpads, microphones and cameras. It also covers output devices such as monitors, printers and speakers. Input devices capture and translate information into a form that can be processed by computers, while output devices present processed information to users in an understandable form.
Hexadecimal numbers
The document introduces hexadecimal numbers, which use base-16 numbering with 16 unique symbols (0-9 and A-F) to represent bytes of data more concisely than binary. It describes how to convert decimal numbers to hexadecimal using integer division and remainders, and how to convert hexadecimal to decimal by multiplying each digit by successive powers of 16 and summing the results. Step-by-step examples are provided to illustrate converting the decimal number 837 to hexadecimal 345 and the hexadecimal number 58B to decimal 1409.
MULTIPLEXER
A multiplexer is a digital circuit that has multiple inputs and a single output. It selects one of the multiple input lines to pass to its output based on a digital select line. A multiplexer uses select lines to determine which input is passed to the output. Multiplexers come in different sizes depending on the number of inputs and select lines, such as 2-to-1, 4-to-1, and 8-to-1 multiplexers. Multiplexers are used in applications such as data communications, audio/video routing, and implementing digital logic functions.
Adder Presentation
The document discusses different types of single-bit adders and multi-bit adders built from them. It describes half adders, full adders, ripple carry adders and their delay properties. It then discusses different advanced adder circuits like carry lookahead adders, carry skip adders, carry select adders and carry save adders to reduce the delay. Verilog code examples are provided for full adders, ripple carry adders, carry lookahead adders and carry skip adders.
Analysis modeling in software engineering
The document discusses analysis modeling principles and techniques used in requirements analysis. It covers key topics such as:
1. The purpose of requirements analysis is to specify a software system's operational characteristics, interface with other systems, and constraints. Models are built to depict user scenarios, functions, problem classes, system behavior, and data flow.
2. Analysis modeling follows principles such as representing the information domain, defining functions, modeling behavior, partitioning models, and moving from essential to implementation details. Common techniques include use case modeling, class modeling, data flow diagrams, state diagrams, and CRC modeling.
3. The objectives of analysis modeling are to describe customer requirements, establish a basis for software design, and define a set
Software Process in software engineering
This document provides an overview of software processes and frameworks. It discusses that a software process defines the tasks and activities required to develop high-quality software. Common framework activities include communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. The document also introduces process models and maturity levels, noting that the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) defines levels of process capability from incomplete to optimized.
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Digital logic design part1
This document discusses digital logic design and binary numbers. It covers topics such as digital vs analog signals, binary number systems, addition and subtraction in binary, and number base conversions between decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It also discusses complements, specifically 1's complement and radix complement. The purpose is to provide background information on fundamental concepts for digital logic design.
Logic gates
Digital systems use logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR and EXNOR. The AND gate outputs 1 only if all inputs are 1. The OR gate outputs 1 if one or more inputs are 1. The NOT gate inverts the input, outputting 1 for a 0 input and vice versa. NAND and NOR gates are composed of an AND/OR gate followed by a NOT. EXOR outputs 1 if either but not both inputs are 1, while EXNOR does the opposite. Truth tables define all possible input/output combinations for each gate.
13 Boolean Algebra
Boolean algebra is an algebra of logic developed by George Boole between 1815-1864 to represent logical statements as an algebra of true and false. It is used to perform logical operations in digital computers by representing true as 1 and false as 0. The fundamental logical operators are AND, OR, and NOT. Boolean algebra expressions can be represented in sum of products (SOP) form or product of sums (POS) form and minimized using algebraic rules or Karnaugh maps. Minterms and maxterms are used to derive Boolean functions from truth tables in canonical SOP or POS form.
Latches and flip flops
This document discusses latches and flip-flops. It describes the SR latch, gated SR latch, D latch, and gated D latch. It also covers edge-triggered flip-flops including the SR, D, and JK flip-flops. The key uses of flip-flops are for data storage, data transfer, counting, and frequency division in digital circuits and sequential logic.
PAL And PLA ROM
1. Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) are pre-fabricated logic blocks containing AND and OR gates that can be personalized by making or breaking connections between gates. This allows them to implement general purpose logic functions.
2. An example shows a 3x2 PLA implementing 4 logic functions through a personality matrix that defines which inputs are connected to each product term and which product terms are connected to each output.
3. PALs (Programmable Array Logic) are similar to PLAs but contain a fixed OR array, limiting them to functions with at most 4 products.
Synchronous Counter
What is synchronous
A four-bit synchronous “UP” counter
A four-bit synchronous “down” counter
How to design synchronous counter
Input output devices
Input devices allow a user to input information into a computer and include mice, keyboards, MIDI keyboards, gamepads, trackballs, joysticks, scanners, trackpads, webcams, cameras, microphones, and graphic tablets. Output devices allow the computer to output information to the user and include monitors, speakers, printers, headphones, projectors, and plotters. Miscellaneous devices include printers with scanners, touch screens, headsets, video graphic cards, sound cards, fax machines, and modems.
Number systems
The document discusses different number systems used in computers such as binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal. It provides details on how each system works, including the base and valid digits used. Conversion between number systems is also covered, with step-by-step examples shown to convert between binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal representations. The binary number system is used internally in computers with its two digits of 0 and 1, while other systems are used for human readability.
Half adder & full adder
Group members for the project are Falah Hassan, Maidah Malik, and Maria Khan. The document discusses half adders and full adders. A half adder adds two binary digits and produces a sum and carry output. It is built from two logic gates. A full adder accepts two input bits and a carry input, and produces a sum and carry output. It is implemented using two half adders joined by an OR gate. The main difference between a half adder and full adder is that a full adder has three inputs and two outputs, allowing multiple adders to be chained to add more bits.
Half adder and full adder | Digital electronics | engineering
A half adder and full adder are types of adders used in digital circuits. A half adder adds two binary digits and produces a sum and carry output. It uses two logic gates. A full adder adds three binary digits - two input bits and a carry input - and produces a sum and carry output. It can be implemented using two cascaded half adders and an OR gate. The main difference is that a full adder has three inputs and two outputs, allowing multiple full adders to be chained together to add more bits, while a half adder only adds two bits.
Logic gates
This document discusses digital logic gates and circuits. It describes the basic logic gates - NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR - and how each is represented by a truth table. Combinational circuits are defined as having outputs determined solely by current inputs, while sequential circuits can store past input states in memory elements like flip-flops and registers. Examples of common combinational circuits are provided.
Demultiplexer
A demultiplexer is a device that takes a signal containing multiple data streams and reconstructs the original separate streams. It works in reverse of a multiplexer, which combines multiple streams into one signal. Demultiplexers come in various types depending on the number of select lines, which determine how many output streams they can separate the combined signal into, from 1-to-2 up to 1-to-16. Common applications of demultiplexers include communication systems and converting serial to parallel signals.
Data representation
This document discusses different methods of data representation in computers. It covers numeric systems like binary, octal and hexadecimal that represent numeric data. It also discusses character encoding standards like ASCII and Unicode that allow computers to represent text in different languages. Data types like alphanumeric, alphabetic and numeric are also explained along with how binary arithmetic is used for calculations in computers.
Logic Design
This document discusses digital systems and binary number representation. It covers:
1) An overview of digital systems including their applications and design process.
2) Converting between different number bases such as binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal. Methods for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division in binary are also presented.
3) Techniques for representing negative numbers in binary including sign-magnitude, 1's complement, and 2's complement representations. The process of adding numbers in both the 1's complement and 2's complement systems is explained.
Types of rom
There are three main types of ROM: PROM, which can be programmed once using a special device; EPROM, which can be erased and reprogrammed using ultraviolet light; and EEPROM, which can be electrically erased and reprogrammed and is commonly used on circuit boards to store small amounts of data and instructions.
Number system
To Download this click on the link below:-
http://www29.zippyshare.com/v/42478054/file.html
Number System
Decimal Number System
Binary Number System
Why Binary?
Octal Number System
Hexadecimal Number System
Relationship between Hexadecimal, Octal, Decimal, and Binary
Number Conversions
INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES
This document discusses various input and output devices used in computing. It describes common input devices like keyboards, mice, touchpads, microphones and cameras. It also covers output devices such as monitors, printers and speakers. Input devices capture and translate information into a form that can be processed by computers, while output devices present processed information to users in an understandable form.
Hexadecimal numbers
The document introduces hexadecimal numbers, which use base-16 numbering with 16 unique symbols (0-9 and A-F) to represent bytes of data more concisely than binary. It describes how to convert decimal numbers to hexadecimal using integer division and remainders, and how to convert hexadecimal to decimal by multiplying each digit by successive powers of 16 and summing the results. Step-by-step examples are provided to illustrate converting the decimal number 837 to hexadecimal 345 and the hexadecimal number 58B to decimal 1409.
MULTIPLEXER
A multiplexer is a digital circuit that has multiple inputs and a single output. It selects one of the multiple input lines to pass to its output based on a digital select line. A multiplexer uses select lines to determine which input is passed to the output. Multiplexers come in different sizes depending on the number of inputs and select lines, such as 2-to-1, 4-to-1, and 8-to-1 multiplexers. Multiplexers are used in applications such as data communications, audio/video routing, and implementing digital logic functions.
Adder Presentation
The document discusses different types of single-bit adders and multi-bit adders built from them. It describes half adders, full adders, ripple carry adders and their delay properties. It then discusses different advanced adder circuits like carry lookahead adders, carry skip adders, carry select adders and carry save adders to reduce the delay. Verilog code examples are provided for full adders, ripple carry adders, carry lookahead adders and carry skip adders.
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Half adder and full adder | Digital electronics | engineering
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The document discusses analysis modeling principles and techniques used in requirements analysis. It covers key topics such as:
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2. Analysis modeling follows principles such as representing the information domain, defining functions, modeling behavior, partitioning models, and moving from essential to implementation details. Common techniques include use case modeling, class modeling, data flow diagrams, state diagrams, and CRC modeling.
3. The objectives of analysis modeling are to describe customer requirements, establish a basis for software design, and define a set
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1. SWOT analysis is a framework for identifying internal and external factors that can impact a project, product, place or person. It analyzes strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
2. Software refactoring is changing software code without altering external behavior to improve internal structure.
3. An embedded system is a programmed system within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints and a dedicated function.
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