Critical discourse analysis (CDA) examines language use in real world contexts beyond sentence structure, considering social and political aspects. CDA views language as a form of social practice and seeks to identify power structures and inequities reinforced through language. It takes a critical stance to analyze how language constructs social phenomena and plays a role in domination or social change. Approaches to CDA include Fairclough's three-dimensional framework analyzing text, discourse practices, and social context, and Van Dijk's focus on social cognition and power relations at the micro and macro levels.
Rift Valley University initially conceived as College, was established in Adama City of East Shawa Zone, Oromia National Regional State in October 2000 G.C, foreseeing the core values of good governance, commitment to quality services and community development, gender sensitivity, secularism and non-partisan, creativity, responsiveness, team work spirit, and work culture parallel to the nation’s development goals along with the purpose of producing competent, ethical and skilled manpower without making any distinction between people of different ethnic, religious, social, economic and political backgrounds.
After securing its legal personality, the then Rift Valley College strongly worked on the accreditation processes of its training and education programs from all regulatory bodies, and managed to get full accreditation from Higher Education Relevance and Quality Agency and Regional States TVET Agencies. Taking its flourishing capacity and quality service into account, the Ministry of Education, in collaboration with HERQA, granted the rank of University College in August 2007 G.C. This was not an easy task and a simple success story for the institution. The two regulatory bodies had conducted rigorous evaluation of the systems of the institution, physical facilities and learning resources of its campuses and faculties to come to decision of such status change. Afterwards, Rift Valley University College rigorously worked towards becoming a full-fledged university and realized itself as Rift Valley University in August 2014 G.C.
Currently, Rift Valley University being a pioneer and the largest Private Higher Learning Institution in Ethiopia has been delivering quality education to the citizens and foreigners who have lived in the country for different purposes. Furthermore, the University has 50 Campuses (among which Finfine Campus is one), 3 TVET Colleges and College of Open and Distance Education (32 accredited branches) with diversified fields of study across the country. Over the last two decades, thousands have joined and graduated with Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), Bachelor’s degree, and Master’s degree that enabled them to support themselves and their families. Others have also managed to create their own jobs whereby they exhibited the merits of their training and education at Rift Valley University in fostering the already established development goals of the country.
Rift Valley University initially conceived as College, was established in Adama City of East Shawa Zone, Oromia National Regional State in October 2000 G.C, foreseeing the core values of good governance, commitment to quality services and community development, gender sensitivity, secularism and non-partisan, creativity, responsiveness, team work spirit, and work culture parallel to the nation’s development goals along with the purpose of producing competent, ethical and skilled manpower without making any distinction between people of d
Aims of DHA:
The DHA attempts to integrate a outsized quantity of
available knowledge about the historical sources and the
background of the social and political fields in which
discursive “events” are embedded.
Further, it analyzes the historical dimension of discursive
actions by exploring the ways in which particular genres
of discourse are subject to diachronic change.
DHA lays emphasis on the practice-related quality of the
discourse, the context dependence of discourse, and the
structures as well as constructive character of discourses.
DHA focuses on the systematic analysis of context and its
dialectical relationships to meaning-making process.
This approach entails trans-disciplinary and multitheoretical methods with other disciplines.
Like the other critical anlysts, the proponents of DHA
make practical claims of emancipation and criticize
discursively constituted power abuse, injustice, and social
discrimination and they make epistemic claims of
reduction.
DHA sustains that language is not powerful on its own, it
is a means to gain and maintain power by the powerful
people make use of it.
Aims of DHA
The first study for which the DHA was developed
analyzed the constitutions of anti-semantic stereotyped
images as they emerged in public discourses in the 1986
Austrian presidential campaign of former UN General
Kurt Waldheim, who for along time had kept secrets his
national-socialist past.
This type of analysis first time introduce by Wodak, who
argues that discourse has different practices in society.
Wodak pays attention to the multi-model macro as well
as micro phenomena to inter-textual and inter-discursive
relationships as well as social, historical, and political
factors relating to the verbal and non-verbal phenomena
of communication.
The Origin of DHA:
This approach is inter-disciplinary. He explains that interdisciplinary involves theory, methods, methodology research
practice, and practical application.
This approach is problem oriented, like the any other theoretical
and methodological approach, is relevant as long as it is able to
successfully study relevant social problems such as sexism, racism,
and other forms of inequality.
.
Rift Valley University initially conceived as College, was established in Adama City of East Shawa Zone, Oromia National Regional State in October 2000 G.C, foreseeing the core values of good governance, commitment to quality services and community development, gender sensitivity, secularism and non-partisan, creativity, responsiveness, team work spirit, and work culture parallel to the nation’s development goals along with the purpose of producing competent, ethical and skilled manpower without making any distinction between people of different ethnic, religious, social, economic and political backgrounds.
After securing its legal personality, the then Rift Valley College strongly worked on the accreditation processes of its training and education programs from all regulatory bodies, and managed to get full accreditation from Higher Education Relevance and Quality Agency and Regional States TVET Agencies. Taking its flourishing capacity and quality service into account, the Ministry of Education, in collaboration with HERQA, granted the rank of University College in August 2007 G.C. This was not an easy task and a simple success story for the institution. The two regulatory bodies had conducted rigorous evaluation of the systems of the institution, physical facilities and learning resources of its campuses and faculties to come to decision of such status change. Afterwards, Rift Valley University College rigorously worked towards becoming a full-fledged university and realized itself as Rift Valley University in August 2014 G.C.
Currently, Rift Valley University being a pioneer and the largest Private Higher Learning Institution in Ethiopia has been delivering quality education to the citizens and foreigners who have lived in the country for different purposes. Furthermore, the University has 50 Campuses (among which Finfine Campus is one), 3 TVET Colleges and College of Open and Distance Education (32 accredited branches) with diversified fields of study across the country. Over the last two decades, thousands have joined and graduated with Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), Bachelor’s degree, and Master’s degree that enabled them to support themselves and their families. Others have also managed to create their own jobs whereby they exhibited the merits of their training and education at Rift Valley University in fostering the already established development goals of the country.
Rift Valley University initially conceived as College, was established in Adama City of East Shawa Zone, Oromia National Regional State in October 2000 G.C, foreseeing the core values of good governance, commitment to quality services and community development, gender sensitivity, secularism and non-partisan, creativity, responsiveness, team work spirit, and work culture parallel to the nation’s development goals along with the purpose of producing competent, ethical and skilled manpower without making any distinction between people of d
Aims of DHA:
The DHA attempts to integrate a outsized quantity of
available knowledge about the historical sources and the
background of the social and political fields in which
discursive “events” are embedded.
Further, it analyzes the historical dimension of discursive
actions by exploring the ways in which particular genres
of discourse are subject to diachronic change.
DHA lays emphasis on the practice-related quality of the
discourse, the context dependence of discourse, and the
structures as well as constructive character of discourses.
DHA focuses on the systematic analysis of context and its
dialectical relationships to meaning-making process.
This approach entails trans-disciplinary and multitheoretical methods with other disciplines.
Like the other critical anlysts, the proponents of DHA
make practical claims of emancipation and criticize
discursively constituted power abuse, injustice, and social
discrimination and they make epistemic claims of
reduction.
DHA sustains that language is not powerful on its own, it
is a means to gain and maintain power by the powerful
people make use of it.
Aims of DHA
The first study for which the DHA was developed
analyzed the constitutions of anti-semantic stereotyped
images as they emerged in public discourses in the 1986
Austrian presidential campaign of former UN General
Kurt Waldheim, who for along time had kept secrets his
national-socialist past.
This type of analysis first time introduce by Wodak, who
argues that discourse has different practices in society.
Wodak pays attention to the multi-model macro as well
as micro phenomena to inter-textual and inter-discursive
relationships as well as social, historical, and political
factors relating to the verbal and non-verbal phenomena
of communication.
The Origin of DHA:
This approach is inter-disciplinary. He explains that interdisciplinary involves theory, methods, methodology research
practice, and practical application.
This approach is problem oriented, like the any other theoretical
and methodological approach, is relevant as long as it is able to
successfully study relevant social problems such as sexism, racism,
and other forms of inequality.
.
A lecture was given to bachelor students of the PPLE college of University of Amsterdam, on 20th February 2017.
This part covers political discourse theory and critical discourse analysis.
Analysis of the Critical Discourse and Adversariesijtsrd
Discourse analysis is a branch of study that encompasses a variety of varied, primarily qualitative methods to the investigation of the interactions that exist between language in use and the social environment. Language is often viewed by researchers in the subject as a sort of social practice that has an impact on the social world and vice versa. There are many contemporary kinds of discourse analysis that have been overtly or indirectly informed by Michel Foucaults theories of power, knowledge, and discourse, which are discussed below. As a result of Foucaults work, there has been an increased interest in investigating the role that language plays in the formation and maintenance of certain knowledges and the maintenance of inequitable power relations. In order to undertake discourse analyses, human geographers often draw on one of three major schools of discourse analysis Foucauldian discourse analysis FDA , critical discourse analysis CDA , or Gramscian techniques. There are several theoretical and methodological distinctions between these approaches. While different approaches have different strengths and weaknesses, they all provide researchers with an effective means of investigating and exposing semiotic features of power relations in specific sociospatial contexts. While there are no set procedures for these techniques, researchers have recognized certain essential investigative strategies that can be used to inform the performance of any type of discourse analysis project. These strategies are included below. A brief history of Critical Discourse Analysis is offered, along with a full examination of the numerous criticisms levied at CDA and its practitioners over the previous two decades, both by scholars working within the critical paradigm and by other critical critics. Reader response and integration of contextual aspects are discussed, as well as a range of objections directed at the underlying premises and analytical technique. Additionally, there is discussion of contentious issues, such as the negative focus of much CDA work and CDAs developing standing as a intellectual orthodoxy They highlight the major criticisms that have emerged from this overview and provide some ways to overcome these shortcomings. Manna Dey "Analysis of the Critical Discourse and Adversaries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47701.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/47701/analysis-of-the-critical-discourse-and-adversaries/manna-dey
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A lecture was given to bachelor students of the PPLE college of University of Amsterdam, on 20th February 2017.
This part covers political discourse theory and critical discourse analysis.
Analysis of the Critical Discourse and Adversariesijtsrd
Discourse analysis is a branch of study that encompasses a variety of varied, primarily qualitative methods to the investigation of the interactions that exist between language in use and the social environment. Language is often viewed by researchers in the subject as a sort of social practice that has an impact on the social world and vice versa. There are many contemporary kinds of discourse analysis that have been overtly or indirectly informed by Michel Foucaults theories of power, knowledge, and discourse, which are discussed below. As a result of Foucaults work, there has been an increased interest in investigating the role that language plays in the formation and maintenance of certain knowledges and the maintenance of inequitable power relations. In order to undertake discourse analyses, human geographers often draw on one of three major schools of discourse analysis Foucauldian discourse analysis FDA , critical discourse analysis CDA , or Gramscian techniques. There are several theoretical and methodological distinctions between these approaches. While different approaches have different strengths and weaknesses, they all provide researchers with an effective means of investigating and exposing semiotic features of power relations in specific sociospatial contexts. While there are no set procedures for these techniques, researchers have recognized certain essential investigative strategies that can be used to inform the performance of any type of discourse analysis project. These strategies are included below. A brief history of Critical Discourse Analysis is offered, along with a full examination of the numerous criticisms levied at CDA and its practitioners over the previous two decades, both by scholars working within the critical paradigm and by other critical critics. Reader response and integration of contextual aspects are discussed, as well as a range of objections directed at the underlying premises and analytical technique. Additionally, there is discussion of contentious issues, such as the negative focus of much CDA work and CDAs developing standing as a intellectual orthodoxy They highlight the major criticisms that have emerged from this overview and provide some ways to overcome these shortcomings. Manna Dey "Analysis of the Critical Discourse and Adversaries" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47701.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/47701/analysis-of-the-critical-discourse-and-adversaries/manna-dey
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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1. THE DEFINITIONS AND THE PRINCIPLES
OF
CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Umar – Meicy Intan Sari
THURSDAY,
NOVEMBER 10, 2022
2. Definitions of Critical Discourse Analysis
A way of examining language not as grammatical
tool but as how it is used in real life situation.
The examination of language goes beyond a
sentence construction to embrace meaning outside
a sentence.
It looks at the social aspect of utterances in terms
of the political situation on ground.
CONTINUE
D
3. Continued
CDA observes that language is not neutral.
Any language or wording is informed by the intention of
the speaker who wants to influence the listener to see
reality the way he sees it. The speaker also wants to be
influential therefore have power to affect the way others
think and handle themselves in everyday life.
CONTINUE
D
4. A research methodology that views language as a form
of social practice and seeks to identify power
asymmetries and structural inequities that may be
created, established, and reinforced through language
use (Fairclough, 2013).
The study of language and how its codes, norms, and
interactions create identities and culture.
Continued
CONTINUE
D
5. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a growing interdisciplinary
research movement composed of multiple distinct theoretical and
methodological approaches to the study of language
Critical discourse analysis takes linguistic and psychosocial
approaches one step further by analyzing the data from a decidedly
critical stance.
Discourse analysis not only captures something important about the
social world, but also plays a key ethical and political role in showing
how social phenomena are discursively constituted: it demonstrates
how things come to be as they are, that they could be different, and
thereby that they can be changed (Hammersley, 2003, p. 758).
Continued
6. Continued
Kramer (2007, 93) defined critical discourse analysis as a system of
analysis that “attends to discreet portions of the language with a
particular socio-historical context with an aim of providing a multi-
layered analysis of how the language operates communicate surface
level language as well as underlying dynamics of interpersonal relations,
cultural traces, institutional influences, and ultimately power.”
Critical discourse analysis, which is a subset of the critical theory,
considers the functioning of texts in developing and changing social
systems in relation to demographic aspects such as race, economic
status, education levels, sexual orientation, religion, age and gender. It
development resulted from the inclusion of social aspects in the
analysis of texts.
7. Continued
Budd and Raber (1996) supported this definition suggesting that CDA
pays attention to confirming a discourse’s constructive implication by
studying texts in a systematic and structured manner.
From some definitions above, CDA seeks to understand the connection
between power and language through the study of social imbalance as
people develop, legitimize and express it through language. The
definitions imply CDA is the assessment and analysis of transparent
and opaque system and structural links between discrimination, power
and control as well as dominance manifested in the use of language.
8. CDA and DA
DA
• DA is a series of interdisciplinary
approaches that can be used to explore
many different social domains in many
different types of studies (Jorgensen
and Phillips, 2002:12)
CDA
• It focuses on social problems, and
especially on the role of discourse in
the production and reproduction of
power abuse or dominations (Van
Dijk. 2001: 96)
As may be guessed from the label of each of the two concepts, CDA and
DA (Discourse Analysis) do not mean the same thing.
Concerning the difference between CDA and DA, Rogers (2004:3) claims
that CDA differs from other discourse analysis methods in that it includes
not only a description and interpretation of discourse in context, but also
offers an explanation of why and how discourses work.
9. Framework of CDA in Context by Rogers
Description
Interpretation
Explanation: Why and
how discourses works
Description is the stage which is concerned
with formal properties of the text.
Interpretation is a concerned with the relationship
between text and interaction; viewing the text as the
product of a process of production and as a resource in
the process of interpretation.
Explanation is concerned with the relationship between
interaction and social context with social determination
of the process of production and interpretation, and
their social effects.
10. Principles of CDA
1
• It is problem or Issue Oriented: Any theoretical and methodological approach is
relevant as long it is able to successfully study relevant social problems such as
sexism, racism, and other forms of social inequality.
2
• In order to study social problems or issues adequately, CDA work is typically inter-
or multidisciplinary, and especially focuses on the relations between discourse
and society;
3
• CDA does not characterize a school, a field or a sub-discipline of
discourse analysis, but rather an explicitly critical approach, position,
or stance of studying text and talk.
11. Continued
4
• CDA especially focuses on (group) relations of power, dominance and inequality
and the ways these are reproduced or resisted by social group members through
text and talk;
5
• Much work in CDA is about the underlying ideologies, that play a role in the
reproduction of or resistance against dominance or inequality;
6
• CDA studies are geared to uncovering, revealing or disclosing what is implicit, hidden
or otherwise not immediately obvious in relations of discursively enacted dominance or
their underlying ideologies. That is, CDA especially focuses on the strategies of
manipulation, legitimation, the manufacture of consent and other discursive ways
to influence the minds (and indirectly the actions) of people in the interest of the powerful;
12. Continued
7
• This attempt to uncover the discursive means of mental control and social influence
implies a critical and oppositional stance against the powerful and the elites,
and especially those who abuse of their power;
8
• On the other hand, studies in CDA try to formulate or sustain an overall
perspective of solidarity with dominated groups, e.g., by formulating strategic
proposals for the enactment and development of counter-power and counter-
ideologies in practices of challenge and resistance.
As stated above, Fairclough & Wodak (1997) draw on the aforementioned criteria
and set up eight basic principles or tenets of CDA as follows: (i) CDA addresses
social problems; (ii) power relations are discursive; (iii) discourse constitutes
society and culture; (iv) discourse does ideological work; (v) discourse is historical;
(vi) the link between text and society is mediated; (vii) discourse analysis is
interpretative and explanatory; (viii) discourse is a form of social action (cf. Van
Dijk, 1995:353; Jahedi, Abdullah &Mukundan, 2014:29).
13. Approaches to CDA
Fairclough’s Socio-Cultural Approach
Fairclough's system of discourse analysis has three dimensions, since
discourse is seen simultaneously as: (i) a text (spoken or written, including
visual images), (ii) a discourse practice production, consumption and
distribution of the text, and (iii) a socio cultural practice.
Fairclough provides a three-dimensional framework for the analysis of
text and discourse:
(a) the linguistic description of the formal properties of the text;
(b) The interpretation of the relationship between the discursive
processes/interaction and the text, and finally,
(c) the explanation of the relationship between discourse and social and
cultural reality.
14. Approaches to CDA
Van Dijk’s Socio-Cognitive Approach
Van Dijk rather concentrates on social cognition as the mediating part between
text and society. He claims that CDA needs to account for the various forms of
social cognitions that are shared by the social collectivities (groups,
organizations and institutions) (Van Dijk, 2001).
Van Dijk further identifies two levels of (discourse) analysis: macro vs. micro.
Language use, discourse, verbal interaction and communication determine the
micro level of social order, while the macro level refers to power, dominance and
inequality between social groups (Van Dijk, 2003).
He defines „social power‟ in terms of control (Van Dijk, 2003) and views
ideologies as "the basis of the social representations of groups" (Van Dijk,
2006:131). He therefore argues that "groups have (more or less) power if they
are able to (more or less) control the acts and minds of (members of) other
groups" (Van Dijk, 2003:354-5). Furthermore, he emphasizes that ideological
discourse is generally organized by a general strategy of positive self-
presentation (boasting) and negative other-presentation (derogation)
15. Wodak’s Discourse-Historical Approach
Approaches to CDA
Wodak‟s discourse-historical approach views discourse as a form of social
practice.
Wodak has focused on the interdisciplinary and eclectic nature of CDA, since
problems in our society are too complex to be studied from a single point of
view. Thus, to understand and explain the object under investigation, one
needs to integrate diverse theories and methods. She thus contends that
"studies in CDA are multifarious, derived from quite different theoretical
backgrounds, oriented towards different data and methodologies" (Wodak,
2001:5).
Wodak (2001:11) states that identity politics on all levels always entails the
integration of past experiences, present events and future visions in many
domains of our lives. This involves analysing, understanding and explaining
the relationship between complex historical processes, hegemonic narratives
and CDA approaches.
16. How is critical discourse analysis done
or undertaken?
Van Dijk (1997) raised several questions to guide text analysis on:
1. Transitivity
2. Mood and Modality
3. Vocabulary
4. Interactional Control Features
5. Topically
6. Presuppositions
7. Vagueness
8. Implication
17. Referensi
Fairclough, Norman. 1992. Language and Power. London. Longman
--------------- 1995. Media Discourse. London: Edward Arnold.
--------------- 1995. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of
Language. London: Longman.
--------------- 1992a. Discourse and Sosial Change. Cambridge : Polity
Press.
--------------- 1992b. Discourse and Text: Linguistic and Intertextual
Analysis within Discourse Analysis. Discourse and Society. 3
(2): 193 – 217.
--------------- 2003. Analysing Discourse : Textual Analysing for Sosial
Research. London: Routledge.
--------------- 2000a. New Labour New Language? London: Routledge.
--------------- dan Ruth Wodak. 1997. Critical Discourse Analysis dalam
Teun A van Dijk (ed). Discourse as Social Interaction :
Discourse a Multidiciplinary Introduction, Vol 2, London,
Sage Production. Dll.
Franck A 2018. Principles, Theories and Approaches to Critical
Discourse Analysis. (IJSELL) Volume 6 No 1, pp 11-18
Editor's Notes
https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/critical-discourse-analysis/6202 (Page 2 to Page 4)
Principles, Theories and Approaches to Critical Discourse Analysis: Franck Amoussou and Ayodele A. Allagbe
Concerning the difference between CDA and DA, Rogers (2004:3) claims that CDA differs from other discourse analysis methods in that it includes not only a description and interpretation of discourse in context, but also offers an explanation of why and how discourses work.