This document defines disasters and outlines the key aspects of disaster management. It defines disasters as events that cause damage and loss of life beyond what a community can handle alone. Disasters can be natural or man-made. The phases of disaster management are preparedness, impact, response, rehabilitation and mitigation. Nurses play important roles in all phases through community assessment, triage, ongoing surveillance, health teaching and psychological support.
A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.
A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.
Vulnerability is the degree to which a population, individual or organization is unable to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impacts of disasters.
Environmental health in emergencies and disasters: a practical guide. (WHO, 2002)
Children, pregnant women, elderly people, malnourished people, and people who are ill or immune compromised, are particularly vulnerable when a disaster strikes, and take a relatively high share of the disease burden associated with emergencies. Poverty – and its common consequences such as malnutrition, homelessness, poor housing and destitution – is a major contributor to vulnerability.
Help to this group must be planned
A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to call for extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.(WHO, 1995)
An occurrence of a severity and magnitude that normally results in death, injuries and property damage that cannot be managed through the routine procedure and resources of government.- FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency)
A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or man made that causes human suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance. American Red Cross (ARC)
Disaster Nursing can be defined as the adaptation Of professional nursing skills in recognizing and meeting the nursing physical and emotional needs resulting from a disaster.
The overall goal of disaster nursing is to achieve the best possible level of health for the people and the community involved in the disaster. “Disaster Nursing is nursing practiced in a situation where professional supplies, equipment, physical facilities and utilities are limited or not available”.
D - Destructions I - Incidents S - Sufferings A - Administrative, Financial Failures. S - Sentiments T - Tragedies E - Eruption of Communicable diseases. R - Research programme and its implementation
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources.
Vulnerability is the degree to which a population, individual or organization is unable to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impacts of disasters.
Environmental health in emergencies and disasters: a practical guide. (WHO, 2002)
Children, pregnant women, elderly people, malnourished people, and people who are ill or immune compromised, are particularly vulnerable when a disaster strikes, and take a relatively high share of the disease burden associated with emergencies. Poverty – and its common consequences such as malnutrition, homelessness, poor housing and destitution – is a major contributor to vulnerability.
Help to this group must be planned
A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to call for extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.(WHO, 1995)
An occurrence of a severity and magnitude that normally results in death, injuries and property damage that cannot be managed through the routine procedure and resources of government.- FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency)
A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or man made that causes human suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance. American Red Cross (ARC)
Disaster Nursing can be defined as the adaptation Of professional nursing skills in recognizing and meeting the nursing physical and emotional needs resulting from a disaster.
The overall goal of disaster nursing is to achieve the best possible level of health for the people and the community involved in the disaster. “Disaster Nursing is nursing practiced in a situation where professional supplies, equipment, physical facilities and utilities are limited or not available”.
D - Destructions I - Incidents S - Sufferings A - Administrative, Financial Failures. S - Sentiments T - Tragedies E - Eruption of Communicable diseases. R - Research programme and its implementation
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
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The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
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Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
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Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
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Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
2. DEFINITIONS OF DISASTER
“A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause
damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life,
deterioration of health and health services on a scale,
sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from
outside the affected community or area”.
(W.H.O.)
“A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either
nature or manmade that causes human suffering and
creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate
without assistance”.
American Red Cross (ARC)
3. DISASTER NURSING
It can be defined as the
adaptation of professional
nursing skills in recognizing
and meeting the nursing,
physical and emotional
needs resulting from a
disaster.
10. PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
Disaster management is the
responsibility of all spheres of
government
Disaster management should use
resources that exist for a day-to-day
purpose.
Organizations should function as an
extension of their core business
Individuals are responsible for their own
safety.
Disaster management planning should
focus on large-scale events.
11. Contd….
Disaster management planning should recognize the difference
between incidents and disasters.
Disaster management operational arrangements are additional
to and do not replace incident management operational
arrangements
Disaster management planning must take account of the type of
physical environment and the structure of the population.
Disaster management arrangements must recognise the
involvement and potential role of non- government agencies.
13. Disaster preparedness
Preparedness should be in the form of money,
manpower and materials
Evaluation from past experiences about risk
Location of disaster prone areas
Organization of communication, information and
warning system
Ensuring co-ordination and response mechanisms
Development of public education programme
Co-ordination with media
National & international relations
Keeping stock of foods, drug and other essential
commodities.
14. E.g.: Indian Meteorological department (IMD)
plays a key role in forewarning the disaster of cyclone-storms by
detection tracing. It has 5 centres in Kolkata, Bhubaneswar,
Vishakapatanam, Chennai & Mumbai. In addition there are 31
special observation posts setup a long the east coast of India.
The International Agencies which provides humanitarian
assistance to the disaster strike areas are United Nation agencies.
Office for the co-ordination of Humanitarian Affair (OCHA)
World Health Organization (WHO)
UNICEF
World Food Programme (WFP)
Food & Agricultural Organisation (FAD)
E.g.: Non Governmental Organizations
Co-Operative American Relief Every where (CARE)
International committee of Red cross
International committee of Red cross
16. Triage
Golden hour
Immediate or high priority:
Delayed or medium priority:
Minor or minimal or ambulatory patients:
Expectant or least priority:
Colour code:
20. Disaster mitigation
This involves lessening the likely effects of
emergencies. These include depending upon the
disaster, protection of vulnerable population and
structure.
For examples, improving structural qualities of
schools, houses and such other buildings so that
medical causalities can be minimized. Similarly
ensuring the safety of health facilities and public
health services including water supply and sewerage
system to reduce the cost of rehabilitation and
reconstruction. This mitigation compliments the
disaster preparedness and disaster response activities.
22. DISASTER-EFFECTS
Deaths
Disability
Increase in communicable disease
Psychological problems
Food shortage
Socioeconomic losses
Shortage of drugs and medical supplies.
Environmental disruption
23. DISASTER DRILL
A disaster drill is an exercise in which
people simulate the circumstances of a
disaster so that they have an opportunity to
practice their responses.
24. ROLE OF NURSE IN DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
To facilitate preparation with community
To provide updated record of vulnerable
populations within community
Nurse leads a preparedness effort
Nurse play multiroles in community
Nurse should have understanding of
community resources
Disaster Nurse must be involved in
community organization
25. DISASTER RESPONSE
Nurse must involve in community
assessment
Once rescue workers begin to arrive at the
scene, immediate plans for triage should
begin
Nurse work a member of assessment team
To be involved in ongoing surveillance
26. DISASTER RECOVERY
Successful Recovery
Preparation
Be vigilant in Health
teaching
Psychological support
Referrals to hospital as
needed
Remain alert for
environmental health
Nurse must be attentive
to the danger
