Direct manipulation is a style of human-computer interaction that allows users to physically interact with and directly control objects on the screen. It features a natural representation of tasks and actions, allowing users to perform tasks directly rather than through complex commands. Key aspects include visibility of objects and actions, rapid and reversible incremental actions, and replacing command syntax with visual manipulation. Direct manipulation improves usability by reducing errors and helping users learn software more quickly. While it requires more screen space and computer resources, direct manipulation is widely used in applications from word processing to video games.

3. What is Direct Manipulation?
This is a style of Human Machine Interaction (HMI) design which
features a natural representation of task objects and actions
promoting the notion of people performing a task themselves
(directly) not through an intermediary like a computer.

4. The theory of Direct Manipulation
 This is where the user physically interacts with their operating
system.
 This system allows the user to feel like that the user is in control, by
allowing her to physically interact with files and directories, and
presenting a visual representation of the progress and end point.
 Therefore for users to easily learn and interact with computer
systems, they must be able to understand the progression and action
of each step they take.

5. The central ideas of user control
 Visibility of Object and Actions
 Rapid, reversible, incremental actions
 Replacement of complex command-language syntax with
direct, visual manipulation of the object of interest.

6. Advantages of Direct Manipulation
 Direct manipulation shows the progress of steps therefore errors
occur much less often than they do in command type systems.
 This fact alone gives users confidence to explore and learn more
features of the software more quickly.
Because of these benefits, direct manipulation is present in designs
from word processing to video games.

7. Video games are a prime example.
 With only a small amount of training, users pick up controllers
with buttons and knobs that generally map very well to the way
the character is moving in physical space.

8. Problems of Direct Manipulation
 Screen space : Takes up plenty
 Multiple pages can slow user down
 Detail : can be lost (graphs vs. tables)
 Not self explanatory (no prompt)
 Learning curve : users must learn meaning of
icons, etc. Different for novice vs. experienced
users
 Slow: for fast typists (moving hand to mouse is
relatively slow)
 Increase computer resource requirements

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