A barium swallow involves drinking barium liquid and undergoing x-ray imaging to examine the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. Patients are asked to avoid eating or drinking before the test and to hold their breath during imaging. The barium coats the digestive tract and allows visualization of any abnormalities. Results are usually available within a day or two as doctors examine the x-rays for signs of issues like ulcers, cancers, or narrowing. The test carries minimal risks from radiation exposure.
Colonoscopy is a procedure used to see
inside the colon and rectum. Colonoscopy can detect inflamed tissue, ulcers,
and abnormal growths. The procedure is used to look for early signs of
colorectal cancer and can help doctors diagnose unexplained changes in bowel
habits, abdominal pain, bleeding from the anus, and weight loss.
NIDDK
Colonoscopy is a procedure used to see
inside the colon and rectum. Colonoscopy can detect inflamed tissue, ulcers,
and abnormal growths. The procedure is used to look for early signs of
colorectal cancer and can help doctors diagnose unexplained changes in bowel
habits, abdominal pain, bleeding from the anus, and weight loss.
NIDDK
Understanding the Colectomy Procedure.pdfMeghaSingh194
A colectomy is a major surgical surgery that calls for a significant amount of time spent both getting ready for the operation and recovering afterward. Let's explore more: https://www.southlakegeneralsurgery.com/understanding-the-colectomy-procedure/
5 Long-Term Side Effects of Gallbladder Removal You Need to Knowemvawls
Gallbladder removal surgery comes with some long-term complications that the patients should be aware of. From frequent pain to infection and digestive issues, the side effects can't be just ignored.
Knowing the long-term side effects of gallbladder removal surgery will help you prepare yourself well to cope with potential complications that you might experience years after the procedure.
Diverticulitis Surgery - Procedure and Recovery Southlake.pdfMeghaSingh194
Diverticulitis happens when small pockets in digestive tract, called as diverticula, get inflamed. Diverticula frequently become inflamed once they become infected. Let's explore more: https://www.southlakegeneralsurgery.com/diverticulitis-surgery-procedure-and-recovery-southlake/
A colonoscopy is an exam used to look for changes — such as swollen, irritated tissues, polyps or cancer — in the large intestine (colon) and rectum.
During a colonoscopy, a long, flexible tube (colonoscope) is inserted into the rectum. A tiny video camera at the tip of the tube allows the doctor to view the inside of the entire colon.
If necessary, polyps or other types of abnormal tissue can be removed through the scope during a colonoscopy. Tissue samples (biopsies) can be taken during a colonoscopy as well
Colorectal surgery refers to a wide range of surgical procedures to treat conditions of the lower digestive tract. The surgery treats diseases related to the colon, rectum, and anus. Colorectal surgery in India is performed using minimally invasive, laparoscopic, or robotic techniques. Colorectal surgery mainly deals with treating gastrointestinal diseases. These diseases range from motility problems of the colon, such as constipation, to severe conditions, such as colon or rectal cancer. It also deals with congenital disabilities.
Surgical Options for Ruptured Gallbladder.pdfMeghaSingh194
When it comes to treating a ruptured gallbladder, there are several surgical options available to patients. The choice of procedure will depend on various factors, such as the severity of the rupture, the patient’s overall health, and the presence of any complications. Let's explore more: https://www.southlakegeneralsurgery.com/surgical-options-for-ruptured-gallbladder/
Laparoscopic Splenectomy at Southlake General Surgery.pdfMeghaSingh194
A splenectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the whole spleen, a sensitive, fist-sized organ that sits underneath the left rib cage close to the stomach. The spleen is a significant organ of the body’s immune system.
Let's explore more: https://www.southlakegeneralsurgery.com/laparoscopic-splenectomy-at-southlake-general-surgery/
Cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder. Cholecystectomy is a common treatment of symptomatic gallstones and other gallbladder conditions. In 2011, cholecystectomy was the eighth most common operating room procedure performed in hospitals in the United States
Treatment for Gallstones-Symptoms, Causes, Risks, and Options.pdfMeghaSingh194
Treatment for gallstones usually depends on the severity of the symptoms and the overall health of the patient. Let's explore more: https://www.southlakegeneralsurgery.com/treatment-for-gallstones-symptoms-causes-risks-and-options/
This presention is about gastroscopy and colonoscopy. Detailed explanations are give along with two videos that shows the procedure. The slide also explains about how the procedure is done and for who it is done.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
2. 1. Liver Biopsy
A liver biopsy is a procedure to remove a small
piece of the liver so it can be examined with a
microscope for signs of damage or disease. The
three main types of liver biopsy are percutaneous,
transvenous, and laparoscopic.
3. What is the liver?
The liver is a vital organ with many important
functions.
The liver
• removes harmful chemicals from the blood
• fights infection
• helps digest food
• stores nutrients and vitamins
• stores energy
5. When is a liver biopsy performed?
A liver biopsy is performed when a liver problem is
difficult to diagnose with blood tests or imaging
techniques, such as ultrasound and x ray.
More often, a liver biopsy is performed to estimate
the degree of liver damage—a process called
staging. Staging helps guide treatment.
6. Restricted medication
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin,
ibuprofen, and naproxen
• blood thinners
• high blood pressure medication
• diabetes medications
• antidepressants
• antibiotics
• asthma medications
• dietary supplements
7. How to prepare for the procedure?
Prior to liver biopsy, blood will be drawn to determine its ability to clot. People
with severe liver disease often have blood clotting problems that can increase
the risk of bleeding after the procedure. A medicine given just before a liver
biopsy, called clotting factor concentrates, reduces the risk of bleeding in
patients with blood clotting abnormalities.
Patients who will be sedated should not eat or drink for 8 hours before the
liver biopsy and should arrange a ride home, as driving is prohibited for 12
hours after the procedure. Mild sedation is sometimes used during liver
biopsy to help patients stay relaxed. Unlike general anesthesia where
patients are unconscious, patients can communicate while sedated but then
often have no memory of the procedure. Sedatives are often given through
an intravenous (IV) tube placed in a vein. The IV can also be used to give
pain medication, if necessary, after the procedure.
8. How is the procedure performed?
All three main types of liver biopsy remove liver
tissue with a needle; however, each takes a
different approach to needle insertion. A liver biopsy
may be performed at a hospital or outpatient
center.
10. Results of the liver biopsy
Results from a liver biopsy take a few days to come
back. The liver sample goes to a pathology
laboratory where the tissue is stained. Staining
highlights important details within the liver tissue
and helps the pathologist—a doctor who
specializes in diagnosing disease—identify signs of
liver disease. The pathologist looks at the tissue
with a microscope and sends a report to the
patient’s doctor.
11. Recovery time after the biopsy
Most patients fully recover from a liver biopsy in 1
to 2 days. Patients should avoid intense activity,
exercise, or heavy lifting during this time. Soreness
around the incision site may persist for about a
week. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) or other pain
medications that do not interfere with blood clotting
may help. Patients should check with their doctor
before taking any pain medications.
12. What are the risks?
Pain at the biopsy site is the most frequent risk of percutaneous liver biopsy,
occurring in about 20 percent of patients
The risk of excessive bleeding, called hemorrhage
Risk of death is about 1 in 10,000
Other risks include puncture of other internal organs, infection, and spread of
cancer cells, called cancer seeding
Transvenous liver biopsy carries an additional risk of adverse reaction to the
contrast material.
13. 2. Colectomy
Colectomy is a surgical procedure to remove all or
part of your colon. Your colon, also called your
large intestine, is a long tube-like organ at the end
of your digestive system. Colectomy may be
necessary to treat or prevent diseases and
conditions that affect your colon.
15. Types of colectomy operations
Colectomy that involves removing the entire colon is called total colectomy
Colectomy to remove part of the colon may be called subtotal colectomy or
partial colectomy
Removing the right or left portion of the colon is called hemicolectomy.
Surgery to remove both the colon and rectum is called proctocolectomy.
Colectomy surgery usually requires other procedures to reattach the
remaining portions of your digestive system and permit waste to leave your
body.
16. Why is the colectomy done?
Bowel obstruction. A blocked colon is an emergency that may require total or partial colectomy,
depending on the situation.
1 Bleeding that can't be controlled. Severe bleeding from the colon may require surgery to remove the
affected portion of the colon. For instance, in rare cases, pockets in the colon (diverticula) can cause
bleeding that may require surgery.
2 Bowel perforation. A torn colon is also an emergency that may require colectomy.
3 Colon cancer. Early-stage cancers may require only a small section of the colon to be removed during
colectomy. Cancers at a later stage may require more of the colon to be removed.
4 Crohn's disease. If medications aren't helping you, removing the affected part of your colon may offer
temporary relief from signs and symptoms.
5 Ulcerative colitis. Your doctor may recommend total colectomy if medications aren't helping to control your
signs and symptoms.
6 Preventive surgery. If you have a very high risk of colon cancer due to the formation of multiple
precancerous colon polyps, you may choose to undergo total colectomy to prevent cancer in the future.
Colectomy may be an option for people with inherited genetic conditions that increase colon cancer risk,
17. Risks of Colectomy
Bleeding
1 Blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and the
lungs (pulmonary embolism)
2 Infection
3 Injury to organs near your colon, such as the bladder
and small intestines
4 Tears in the sutures that reconnect the remaining
parts of your digestive system
18. How to Prepare for colectomy
Stop taking certain medications
Fast before your surgery
Drink a solution that clears your bowels. Your
doctor may prescribe a laxative solution that you
mix with water at home.
Take antibiotics; if prescribed by your Doctor
Take a shower. Shower before going to the
19. What to expect during colectomy?
You'll be given a general anesthesia medication to put you in a sleep-like
state so that you won't be aware during your operation.
Colon surgery may be performed in two ways:
1. Open colectomy. Open surgery involves making a large incision in your
abdomen to access your colon.
2. Laparoscopic colectomy. Laparoscopic colectomy, also called minimally
invasive colectomy, involves several small incisions in your abdomen. Your
surgeon passes a tiny video camera through one incision and special surgical
tools through the other incisions.
Once the colon has been repaired or removed, your surgeon will reconnect
20. What to expect after colectomy?
After surgery you'll be taken to a recovery room to be monitored as the
anesthesia wears off. Then your health care team will take you to your
hospital room to continue your recovery.
You'll stay in the hospital until you regain bowel function. This may take a
couple of days to a week. You may not be able to eat solid foods at first. You might
receive liquid nutrition through a vein in your arm and then transition to drinking
clear liquids. As your intestines recover, you can eventually add solid foods.
23. 3. Fecal occult blood test
Fecal occult blood test is used to test the presence of
microscopic or invisible blood in the stool, or feces. Fecal
occult blood can be a sign of a problem in your digestive
system, such as a growth, or polyp, or cancer in the colon
or rectum. If microscopic blood is detected, it is
important for your doctor to determine the source of
bleeding to properly diagnose and treat the problem.
24. Causes for blood in the stool
Benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) growths or polyps of the colon
1. Hemorrhoids (swollen blood vessels near the anus and lower rectum that can rupture
causing bleeding)
2. Anal fissures (splits or cracks in the lining of the anal opening)
3. Intestinal infections that cause inflammation
4. Ulcers
5. Ulcerative colitis
6. Crohn's disease
7. Diverticular disease, caused by outpouchings of the colon wall
8. Abnormalities of the blood vessels in the large intestine
25. How to take the test?
The fecal occult blood test requires the collection of three stool samples. The stool
samples should be taken one day apart, because colon cancers may bleed from time
to time, rather than consistently.
You can purchase fecal occult blood test kits at the pharmacy to perform the test at home, or
your doctor may give you the home test during one of your appointments. These tests
provide specific instructions, and most offer a toll-free number to call if you have questions.
The stool samples are collected in a clean container and evaluated by detecting color
changes on a test card, or by sending the samples, in a special container and envelope,
directly to the doctor's office for analysis. Your doctor may examine the samples with a
microscope or with chemical tests.
27. How to prepare for the test?
Don’t perform the test is you have:
1.Diarrhea
2.Colitis
3.Constipation
4.Diverticulitis
5.Ulcers
6.Hemorrhoid flare-ups
7.Your period
28. How to prepare for the test?
Do not eat:
• Beets
• Broccoli
• Cantaloupe
• Carrots
• Cauliflower
• Cucumbers
• Grapefruit
• Horseradish
• Mushrooms
• Radishes
• Red meat (especially meat that is cooked rare)
• Turnips
• Vitamin C-enriched foods or beverages
29. Results of the test
Because small amounts of blood normally appear in the
stool, tests for occult blood are designed to detect larger
quantities of blood.
A positive fecal occult blood test means that blood has
been found in the stool
A negative test result means that no blood was found in
the stool sample during the testing period. You should
continue to follow your doctor's recommendations for
regular cancer screening.
31. 4. Barium swallow
A barium swallow, or upper GI series, is an x-ray test used to examine the
upper digestive tract (the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine). Because
these organs are normally not visible on x-rays, you need to swallow barium,
a liquid that does show up on x-rays. The barium temporarily coats the lining
of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine, making the outline of these organs
visible on the xray pictures. This test is useful for diagnosing cancers, ulcers,
problems that cause narrowing of the esophagus, some causes of
inflammation in the intestine, and some swallowing problems.
32. How to prepare for the test?
Tell your doctor and the x-ray technicians if there is any chance you could be
pregnant. If you have diabetes and take insulin, discuss this with your doctor
before the test.
Stop eating and drinking the night before your test. This is important because
food in your stomach or intestine could prevent the doctors from seeing a
clear outline of these structures on the x-rays. Usually it isn't a problem for
you to take your regular pills, but you should check with your doctor.
33. How is the test performed?
At the start of the test, you drink barium, a liquid that looks like a milkshake
but does not taste nearly as good (most patients say it tastes like chalk). You
might also be asked to swallow some tablets that "fizz," causing air-bubbles
to be released in your stomach. This might make you feel like burping, but try
not to. You will get better pictures if you can keep yourself from burping.At
the start of the test, you drink barium, a liquid that looks like a milkshake but
does not taste nearly as good (most patients say it tastes like chalk). You
might also be asked to swallow some tablets that "fizz," causing air-bubbles
to be released in your stomach. This might make you feel like burping, but try
not to. You will get better pictures if you can keep yourself from burping
34. What happens during the test?
The x-ray technician may ask you to stand or lie in different positions over the
next few minutes, to help spread around the liquid you have swallowed. Most
often, the x-ray pictures are taken while you lie on your back on a table. The
x-ray machine or the table is moved a few times so it can take pictures of all
of the internal structures. You are asked to hold your breath for each picture
so that your breathing movement does not blur the image.
35. Risks
There are no significant risks.
You are exposed to a small amount of radiation during the test, but the
amount of radiation is too small to be likely to cause any health problems.
After the test, you can eat normally and do your normal activities. You should
drink more water than usual to help clear out the barium and to prevent
constipation, which might be a side effect of the test. Your stool may appear
light in color for a couple of days.
36. Results
It takes the x-ray department 30 minutes to an hour to develop the pictures
from your barium swallow, and it will take additional time for a doctor to
examine the x-rays and to decide how they look. Typically you can get the
results within a day or two.