Difference between ECC and RSA Public Key Cryptography.
ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography) and RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) are two different public key cryptography algorithms.
Abstract: Security is playing an important and crucial role in the field of network communication system and internet. Here, lot of encryption algorithms were developed and so far .Though many algorithms are used now a days, there is a lack of security in message transformation. Security can be improved by making some modifications in traditional algorithms. Algorithms are DES, RSA, ECC algorithm etc. Among this it is preferred to do some modifications in RSA Algorithm. So, the changes applied in these algorithms, security will be better than the previous.
Keywords: Encryption, Decryption, DES, RSA, ECC, Plain Text, Cipher Text.
Title: Improving Network Security by Modifying RSA Algorithm
Author: KANNIKA PARAMESHWARI B, KRITHIKA M, KARTHI P
ISSN 2350-1022
International Journal of Recent Research in Mathematics Computer Science and Information Technology
Paper Publications
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with Dynamic Substitution BoxHardik Manocha
AES algorithm has been stated as secure against any attack but increasing fast computing is making hackers to develop the cracks for AES as well. Therefore to further increase the security of AES, i tried to replace Standard static and fixed Substitution Box with a dynamic S Box. Dynamicity is brought with the help of Input key. Static S box is altered using the input key and the new generated s box is used for encryption. Reverse steps goes for Decryption. Presently, working on to test this design against Side Channel attacks and would publish the results here.
This document proposes adding an additional layer of encryption to the AES algorithm to increase security. It describes encrypting each letter of a message with a customized Caesar cipher before applying the standard AES encryption process. The system would encrypt data, store it in a database, and allow decryption in reverse. Military and intelligence agencies could use this highly secure application to exchange encrypted messages. The document also discusses optimizing AES performance through pipelined architectures that process multiple blocks simultaneously through parallel round units.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DATA ENCRYPTION SOFTWAREAyanda Demilade
This document presents the design and implementation of data encryption software by Ayanda Demilade Isaac. It discusses the background and need for data encryption. The aim is to compare the encryption techniques of Data Encryption Standard (DES), Triple DES (TDES) and Rijndael, and determine which is more efficient. A literature review analyzes the works, limitations and vulnerabilities of each technique. The research methodology involves a comparative analysis of the encryption algorithms. The results show plain text and cipher text figures. It concludes that Rijndael is more efficient than DES and remains unbroken. Future work could benchmark encryption of different media types like video and audio using Rijndael.
This document discusses the AES encryption algorithm and key generation. AES is a block cipher that operates on 128-bit blocks and is used widely to encrypt sensitive data. It was developed by NIST to replace DES after it was cracked. AES works by repeating rounds that perform substitution, shifting, mixing, and adding a round key. The number of rounds depends on the key size, being 10 for 128-bit keys, 12 for 192-bit keys, and 14 for 256-bit keys. A key schedule algorithm calculates the round keys from the initial key. The document also covers generating keys for symmetric and asymmetric encryption.
Analysis of symmetric key cryptographic algorithmsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes and compares several symmetric key cryptographic algorithms. It begins with an introduction about the importance of data security and encryption. Then it provides an overview of symmetric key cryptography and describes the basic process of using a shared secret key for encryption and decryption. The rest of the document summarizes and compares the most common symmetric algorithms including DES, 3DES, IDEA, AES, RC4, RC5, RC6, and Blowfish. It analyzes the key details of how each algorithm works including block size, number of rounds, and security issues. The conclusion is that symmetric key cryptography is important for data security and continues to be improved through ongoing research.
This document provides an overview of popular encryption algorithms. It discusses both symmetric and asymmetric ciphers such as the one-time pad, stream ciphers like A5/1, symmetric block ciphers including DES, 3DES and AES, and asymmetric ciphers RSA and elliptic curve cryptography. It also covers block cipher modes of operation like ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB and CTR. The one-time pad requires truly random keys of the same length as plain text but is impractical. AES with 128-256 bit keys is now secure standard, while DES and 3DES are insecure due to small key sizes. RSA uses 1024-4096 bit keys but is slower than elliptic curve cryptography which provides equivalent security with smaller
Digital Signature Recognition using RSA AlgorithmVinayak Raja
The document provides an overview of the RSA public key encryption algorithm. It discusses how RSA uses a public key and private key pair, with the public key used to encrypt messages and the private key used to decrypt them. The security of RSA relies on the difficulty of factoring the product of two large prime numbers. The document outlines the RSA algorithm steps of key generation, encryption, and decryption. It also discusses RSA applications, standardization, speed, weaknesses, and history.
Abstract: Security is playing an important and crucial role in the field of network communication system and internet. Here, lot of encryption algorithms were developed and so far .Though many algorithms are used now a days, there is a lack of security in message transformation. Security can be improved by making some modifications in traditional algorithms. Algorithms are DES, RSA, ECC algorithm etc. Among this it is preferred to do some modifications in RSA Algorithm. So, the changes applied in these algorithms, security will be better than the previous.
Keywords: Encryption, Decryption, DES, RSA, ECC, Plain Text, Cipher Text.
Title: Improving Network Security by Modifying RSA Algorithm
Author: KANNIKA PARAMESHWARI B, KRITHIKA M, KARTHI P
ISSN 2350-1022
International Journal of Recent Research in Mathematics Computer Science and Information Technology
Paper Publications
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with Dynamic Substitution BoxHardik Manocha
AES algorithm has been stated as secure against any attack but increasing fast computing is making hackers to develop the cracks for AES as well. Therefore to further increase the security of AES, i tried to replace Standard static and fixed Substitution Box with a dynamic S Box. Dynamicity is brought with the help of Input key. Static S box is altered using the input key and the new generated s box is used for encryption. Reverse steps goes for Decryption. Presently, working on to test this design against Side Channel attacks and would publish the results here.
This document proposes adding an additional layer of encryption to the AES algorithm to increase security. It describes encrypting each letter of a message with a customized Caesar cipher before applying the standard AES encryption process. The system would encrypt data, store it in a database, and allow decryption in reverse. Military and intelligence agencies could use this highly secure application to exchange encrypted messages. The document also discusses optimizing AES performance through pipelined architectures that process multiple blocks simultaneously through parallel round units.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DATA ENCRYPTION SOFTWAREAyanda Demilade
This document presents the design and implementation of data encryption software by Ayanda Demilade Isaac. It discusses the background and need for data encryption. The aim is to compare the encryption techniques of Data Encryption Standard (DES), Triple DES (TDES) and Rijndael, and determine which is more efficient. A literature review analyzes the works, limitations and vulnerabilities of each technique. The research methodology involves a comparative analysis of the encryption algorithms. The results show plain text and cipher text figures. It concludes that Rijndael is more efficient than DES and remains unbroken. Future work could benchmark encryption of different media types like video and audio using Rijndael.
This document discusses the AES encryption algorithm and key generation. AES is a block cipher that operates on 128-bit blocks and is used widely to encrypt sensitive data. It was developed by NIST to replace DES after it was cracked. AES works by repeating rounds that perform substitution, shifting, mixing, and adding a round key. The number of rounds depends on the key size, being 10 for 128-bit keys, 12 for 192-bit keys, and 14 for 256-bit keys. A key schedule algorithm calculates the round keys from the initial key. The document also covers generating keys for symmetric and asymmetric encryption.
Analysis of symmetric key cryptographic algorithmsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes and compares several symmetric key cryptographic algorithms. It begins with an introduction about the importance of data security and encryption. Then it provides an overview of symmetric key cryptography and describes the basic process of using a shared secret key for encryption and decryption. The rest of the document summarizes and compares the most common symmetric algorithms including DES, 3DES, IDEA, AES, RC4, RC5, RC6, and Blowfish. It analyzes the key details of how each algorithm works including block size, number of rounds, and security issues. The conclusion is that symmetric key cryptography is important for data security and continues to be improved through ongoing research.
This document provides an overview of popular encryption algorithms. It discusses both symmetric and asymmetric ciphers such as the one-time pad, stream ciphers like A5/1, symmetric block ciphers including DES, 3DES and AES, and asymmetric ciphers RSA and elliptic curve cryptography. It also covers block cipher modes of operation like ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB and CTR. The one-time pad requires truly random keys of the same length as plain text but is impractical. AES with 128-256 bit keys is now secure standard, while DES and 3DES are insecure due to small key sizes. RSA uses 1024-4096 bit keys but is slower than elliptic curve cryptography which provides equivalent security with smaller
Digital Signature Recognition using RSA AlgorithmVinayak Raja
The document provides an overview of the RSA public key encryption algorithm. It discusses how RSA uses a public key and private key pair, with the public key used to encrypt messages and the private key used to decrypt them. The security of RSA relies on the difficulty of factoring the product of two large prime numbers. The document outlines the RSA algorithm steps of key generation, encryption, and decryption. It also discusses RSA applications, standardization, speed, weaknesses, and history.
RC4 is a symmetric key stream cipher algorithm invented in 1987. It operates by combining a pseudo-random keystream with plaintext using XOR operations. The keystream is generated from an initial random permutation of bytes. RC4 has been used to encrypt network traffic but weaknesses have been found, including biases in the early output bytes that allow recovery of encryption keys. While simple and fast, RC4 is no longer considered secure for many applications.
RC4 is a symmetric key stream cipher algorithm invented in 1987. It operates by combining a pseudo-random keystream with plaintext using XOR operations. The keystream is generated from an initial random permutation of bytes. RC4 has been used to encrypt network traffic but weaknesses have been found, including biases in the early output bytes that allow recovery of keys. RC5 is a block cipher with a Feistel network structure that uses simple operations like addition, XOR and data-dependent bit rotation. It has variable parameters for word size, number of rounds and key length that allow tuning security versus performance. Common attacks on RC4 and RC5 include exhaustive key search, differential cryptanalysis, linear cryptanalysis and timing analysis.
This document summarizes elliptic curve cryptography and proposes a method to enhance its security. It begins with an abstract that discusses how ECC is more secure than other public key cryptosystems and proposes enhancing ECC security using character conversion. It then provides background on encryption methods and key types, describing symmetric, asymmetric, and public key encryption. It explains how ECC works by defining a finite group where exponentiation is easy but solving the discrete logarithm problem is very difficult, making ECC secure even with smaller key sizes than other methods. Finally, it proposes enhancing ECC security against attacks by using a character conversion method.
This document discusses secret key cryptography. Secret key cryptography uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt messages. It provides examples of simple substitution ciphers and discusses algorithms like AES, 3DES, and RC4. The document outlines the uses of secret key cryptography for secure communication when both parties have the shared key. It also discusses the advantages of speed and disadvantages of needing to keep the shared key secret.
This document proposes a hybrid encryption-decryption algorithm combining AES and DES. It implements the algorithm in VHDL using a Modelsim platform. The hybrid algorithm integrates AES into each iteration of DES's Feistel network, using AES operations like substitution and key addition. This increases computational complexity compared to the individual standards. The VHDL implementation includes modules for AES encryption/decryption and the hybrid algorithm. Simulations validate the code works correctly. Future work could increase iterations to suit different security levels or implement a 128-bit AES variant. The hybrid approach strengthens AES security against attacks.
Technical Seminar on Securing the IoT in the Quantum WorldSiri Murthy
This document summarizes research on securing Internet of Things (IoT) communication in a quantum world. Currently, IoT relies on cryptographic algorithms like AES and RSA, but these may be broken by quantum computers. The document reviews symmetric key and asymmetric key cryptography. It proposes using hash-based and code-based cryptosystems, like SPHINCS and McEliece, which are quantum-resistant. Doubling the key size of AES to 256 bits could also secure it against quantum attacks. The development of practical quantum computers may take 5-10 more years, so it is important to adopt quantum-resistant algorithms now to protect data in the future.
Analysis of Security and Compliance using Oracle SPARC T-Series Servers: Emph...Ramesh Nagappan
This document discusses security and compliance using Oracle SPARC T-Series servers. It provides an overview of the security technologies including on-chip cryptographic accelerators. It explores how the accelerators enable encryption and the role of the Solaris crypto framework. Examples of applying encryption to Oracle database and middleware are discussed. The performance benefits of using the accelerators are shown. Finally, how the servers can help achieve compliance goals like HIPAA and PCI-DSS is described.
The document discusses the history and purpose of TLS/SSL, including how it uses asymmetric and symmetric cryptography. It describes how TLS/SSL works, including the handshake and record layers, cipher suites, and public key infrastructure (PKI). It notes that TLS/SSL secures communications between applications and transport layers in the OSI model. Examples of exploits like session hijacking and man-in-the-middle attacks are provided to illustrate the importance of encryption.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the performance of the AES-128 encryption algorithm using CBC mode on wireless sensor network motes. The study implemented AES-128 encryption and decryption with a 128-bit key on TinyOS motes. It found that AES-128 CBC provided reliable encryption for sensor networks and its performance was analyzed by measuring encryption time and energy consumption for different plaintext sizes and network scales. The encryption and decryption processes used the same 128-bit key and performed 10 rounds of AES transformations as specified for a 128-bit key.
RSA is one of the most popular Public Key Cryptography based algorithm mainly used for digital
signatures, encryption/decryption etc. It is based on the mathematical scheme of factorization of very large
integers which is a compute-intensive process and takes very long time as well as power to perform.
Several scientists are working throughout the world to increase the speedup and to decrease the power
consumption of RSA algorithm while keeping the security of the algorithm intact. One popular technique
which can be used to enhance the performance of RSA is parallel programming. In this paper we are
presenting the survey of various parallel implementations of RSA algorithm involving variety of hardware
and software implementations.
1) The document discusses an enhancement to the AES encryption algorithm by adding an additional layer of security using the Caesar cipher encryption algorithm.
2) The enhancement aims to make the algorithm more secure by making the key variable for each letter encrypted using the Caesar cipher, removing vulnerabilities to common attacks.
3) The enhancement provides extra protection to the already secure AES algorithm and increases the security level, while being transparent to the user.
Design and implementation of proposed 320 bit RC6-cascaded encryption/decrypt...IJECEIAES
This paper attempts to build up a simple, strong and secure cryptographic algorithm. The result of such an attempt is “RC6-Cascade” which is 320-bits RC6 like block cipher. The key can be any length up to 256 bytes. It is a secret-key block cipher with precise characteristics of RC6 algorithm using another overall structure design. In RC6-Cascade, cascading of F-functions will be used instead of rounds. Moreover, the paper investigates a hardware design to efficiently implement the proposed RC6-Cascade block cipher core on field programmable gate array (FPGA). An efficient compact iterative architecture will be designed for the F-function of the above algorithm. The goal is to design a more secure algorithm and present a very fast encryption core for low cost and small size applications.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Encryption TechniquesIRJET Journal
The document compares and analyzes different encryption techniques. It summarizes the Data Encryption Standard (DES), Triple DES (3DES), and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). DES uses a 56-bit key and 64-bit block size, while 3DES extends DES to 168 bits for improved security. AES was developed later to replace DES and uses 128, 192, or 256 bit keys and block sizes. The document concludes that AES is more secure than DES and 3DES based on its longer key lengths and that it is the symmetric encryption algorithm of choice for future applications.
This document describes a student project to implement the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in Verilog. AES is a symmetric block cipher that uses 128-bit blocks and 128/192/256-bit keys. The project aims to develop optimized and synthesizable Verilog code to encrypt and decrypt 128-bit data using AES. The document provides background on cryptography, AES, and its algorithm which includes key expansion, substitution, transposition, and mixing operations. It also outlines the implementation, encryption, decryption, and performance estimation aspects of the project.
The document proposes an elliptic curve cryptographic (ECC) based group key establishment protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. ECC allows for smaller key sizes than traditional public key methods like RSA, making it suitable for resource constrained mobile devices. The proposed Group Key Management Protocol (GKMP) would use ECC to efficiently establish and distribute a shared group key for mobile ad hoc networks, handling changes in network topology like nodes joining or dropping out of the group. The protocol aims to satisfy security requirements for asynchronous and dynamic mobile ad hoc networks in an efficient manner.
This document describes Cryptkit, a Java-based cryptographic system that implements encryption algorithms like TDES, RSA, RABIN, and PC-1 to enhance network security. It uses both symmetric and asymmetric encryption and supports any operating system. The purpose is to provide real-time encryption over networks using robust standard algorithms. Future enhancements may include mobile messaging security and additional multimedia encryption capabilities.
Cryptography is the study of secure communication techniques. The document provides a high-level overview of basic cryptography concepts including its history, objectives, terminology, and types (symmetric, asymmetric, hash functions). Symmetric cryptography uses a single secret key for encryption and decryption while asymmetric cryptography uses two keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. Popular symmetric algorithms include AES and RSA. Hash functions like MD5 and SHA are used to verify message integrity. Quantum computing may improve applications like cancer treatment, traffic optimization, and weather forecasting by solving complex optimization problems.
IRJET- Hardware and Software Co-Design of AES Algorithm on the basis of NIOS ...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a hardware-software co-design of the AES encryption algorithm implemented on the NIOS II soft-core processor on an FPGA.
2. It proposes using a hardware-software co-design methodology to implement AES for encryption and decryption of 128-bit blocks using 128, 192, or 256-bit keys.
3. The implementation will utilize the Quartus II software tools and NIOS II integrated development environment to program the FPGA with the AES algorithm designed around the NIOS II soft-core processor.
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Similar to Difference between ECC and RSA PublicKey
RC4 is a symmetric key stream cipher algorithm invented in 1987. It operates by combining a pseudo-random keystream with plaintext using XOR operations. The keystream is generated from an initial random permutation of bytes. RC4 has been used to encrypt network traffic but weaknesses have been found, including biases in the early output bytes that allow recovery of encryption keys. While simple and fast, RC4 is no longer considered secure for many applications.
RC4 is a symmetric key stream cipher algorithm invented in 1987. It operates by combining a pseudo-random keystream with plaintext using XOR operations. The keystream is generated from an initial random permutation of bytes. RC4 has been used to encrypt network traffic but weaknesses have been found, including biases in the early output bytes that allow recovery of keys. RC5 is a block cipher with a Feistel network structure that uses simple operations like addition, XOR and data-dependent bit rotation. It has variable parameters for word size, number of rounds and key length that allow tuning security versus performance. Common attacks on RC4 and RC5 include exhaustive key search, differential cryptanalysis, linear cryptanalysis and timing analysis.
This document summarizes elliptic curve cryptography and proposes a method to enhance its security. It begins with an abstract that discusses how ECC is more secure than other public key cryptosystems and proposes enhancing ECC security using character conversion. It then provides background on encryption methods and key types, describing symmetric, asymmetric, and public key encryption. It explains how ECC works by defining a finite group where exponentiation is easy but solving the discrete logarithm problem is very difficult, making ECC secure even with smaller key sizes than other methods. Finally, it proposes enhancing ECC security against attacks by using a character conversion method.
This document discusses secret key cryptography. Secret key cryptography uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt messages. It provides examples of simple substitution ciphers and discusses algorithms like AES, 3DES, and RC4. The document outlines the uses of secret key cryptography for secure communication when both parties have the shared key. It also discusses the advantages of speed and disadvantages of needing to keep the shared key secret.
This document proposes a hybrid encryption-decryption algorithm combining AES and DES. It implements the algorithm in VHDL using a Modelsim platform. The hybrid algorithm integrates AES into each iteration of DES's Feistel network, using AES operations like substitution and key addition. This increases computational complexity compared to the individual standards. The VHDL implementation includes modules for AES encryption/decryption and the hybrid algorithm. Simulations validate the code works correctly. Future work could increase iterations to suit different security levels or implement a 128-bit AES variant. The hybrid approach strengthens AES security against attacks.
Technical Seminar on Securing the IoT in the Quantum WorldSiri Murthy
This document summarizes research on securing Internet of Things (IoT) communication in a quantum world. Currently, IoT relies on cryptographic algorithms like AES and RSA, but these may be broken by quantum computers. The document reviews symmetric key and asymmetric key cryptography. It proposes using hash-based and code-based cryptosystems, like SPHINCS and McEliece, which are quantum-resistant. Doubling the key size of AES to 256 bits could also secure it against quantum attacks. The development of practical quantum computers may take 5-10 more years, so it is important to adopt quantum-resistant algorithms now to protect data in the future.
Analysis of Security and Compliance using Oracle SPARC T-Series Servers: Emph...Ramesh Nagappan
This document discusses security and compliance using Oracle SPARC T-Series servers. It provides an overview of the security technologies including on-chip cryptographic accelerators. It explores how the accelerators enable encryption and the role of the Solaris crypto framework. Examples of applying encryption to Oracle database and middleware are discussed. The performance benefits of using the accelerators are shown. Finally, how the servers can help achieve compliance goals like HIPAA and PCI-DSS is described.
The document discusses the history and purpose of TLS/SSL, including how it uses asymmetric and symmetric cryptography. It describes how TLS/SSL works, including the handshake and record layers, cipher suites, and public key infrastructure (PKI). It notes that TLS/SSL secures communications between applications and transport layers in the OSI model. Examples of exploits like session hijacking and man-in-the-middle attacks are provided to illustrate the importance of encryption.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the performance of the AES-128 encryption algorithm using CBC mode on wireless sensor network motes. The study implemented AES-128 encryption and decryption with a 128-bit key on TinyOS motes. It found that AES-128 CBC provided reliable encryption for sensor networks and its performance was analyzed by measuring encryption time and energy consumption for different plaintext sizes and network scales. The encryption and decryption processes used the same 128-bit key and performed 10 rounds of AES transformations as specified for a 128-bit key.
RSA is one of the most popular Public Key Cryptography based algorithm mainly used for digital
signatures, encryption/decryption etc. It is based on the mathematical scheme of factorization of very large
integers which is a compute-intensive process and takes very long time as well as power to perform.
Several scientists are working throughout the world to increase the speedup and to decrease the power
consumption of RSA algorithm while keeping the security of the algorithm intact. One popular technique
which can be used to enhance the performance of RSA is parallel programming. In this paper we are
presenting the survey of various parallel implementations of RSA algorithm involving variety of hardware
and software implementations.
1) The document discusses an enhancement to the AES encryption algorithm by adding an additional layer of security using the Caesar cipher encryption algorithm.
2) The enhancement aims to make the algorithm more secure by making the key variable for each letter encrypted using the Caesar cipher, removing vulnerabilities to common attacks.
3) The enhancement provides extra protection to the already secure AES algorithm and increases the security level, while being transparent to the user.
Design and implementation of proposed 320 bit RC6-cascaded encryption/decrypt...IJECEIAES
This paper attempts to build up a simple, strong and secure cryptographic algorithm. The result of such an attempt is “RC6-Cascade” which is 320-bits RC6 like block cipher. The key can be any length up to 256 bytes. It is a secret-key block cipher with precise characteristics of RC6 algorithm using another overall structure design. In RC6-Cascade, cascading of F-functions will be used instead of rounds. Moreover, the paper investigates a hardware design to efficiently implement the proposed RC6-Cascade block cipher core on field programmable gate array (FPGA). An efficient compact iterative architecture will be designed for the F-function of the above algorithm. The goal is to design a more secure algorithm and present a very fast encryption core for low cost and small size applications.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Encryption TechniquesIRJET Journal
The document compares and analyzes different encryption techniques. It summarizes the Data Encryption Standard (DES), Triple DES (3DES), and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). DES uses a 56-bit key and 64-bit block size, while 3DES extends DES to 168 bits for improved security. AES was developed later to replace DES and uses 128, 192, or 256 bit keys and block sizes. The document concludes that AES is more secure than DES and 3DES based on its longer key lengths and that it is the symmetric encryption algorithm of choice for future applications.
This document describes a student project to implement the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in Verilog. AES is a symmetric block cipher that uses 128-bit blocks and 128/192/256-bit keys. The project aims to develop optimized and synthesizable Verilog code to encrypt and decrypt 128-bit data using AES. The document provides background on cryptography, AES, and its algorithm which includes key expansion, substitution, transposition, and mixing operations. It also outlines the implementation, encryption, decryption, and performance estimation aspects of the project.
The document proposes an elliptic curve cryptographic (ECC) based group key establishment protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. ECC allows for smaller key sizes than traditional public key methods like RSA, making it suitable for resource constrained mobile devices. The proposed Group Key Management Protocol (GKMP) would use ECC to efficiently establish and distribute a shared group key for mobile ad hoc networks, handling changes in network topology like nodes joining or dropping out of the group. The protocol aims to satisfy security requirements for asynchronous and dynamic mobile ad hoc networks in an efficient manner.
This document describes Cryptkit, a Java-based cryptographic system that implements encryption algorithms like TDES, RSA, RABIN, and PC-1 to enhance network security. It uses both symmetric and asymmetric encryption and supports any operating system. The purpose is to provide real-time encryption over networks using robust standard algorithms. Future enhancements may include mobile messaging security and additional multimedia encryption capabilities.
Cryptography is the study of secure communication techniques. The document provides a high-level overview of basic cryptography concepts including its history, objectives, terminology, and types (symmetric, asymmetric, hash functions). Symmetric cryptography uses a single secret key for encryption and decryption while asymmetric cryptography uses two keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. Popular symmetric algorithms include AES and RSA. Hash functions like MD5 and SHA are used to verify message integrity. Quantum computing may improve applications like cancer treatment, traffic optimization, and weather forecasting by solving complex optimization problems.
IRJET- Hardware and Software Co-Design of AES Algorithm on the basis of NIOS ...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses a hardware-software co-design of the AES encryption algorithm implemented on the NIOS II soft-core processor on an FPGA.
2. It proposes using a hardware-software co-design methodology to implement AES for encryption and decryption of 128-bit blocks using 128, 192, or 256-bit keys.
3. The implementation will utilize the Quartus II software tools and NIOS II integrated development environment to program the FPGA with the AES algorithm designed around the NIOS II soft-core processor.
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2. RSA stands for Rivest Shamir Adleman, and these are the names of the
inventors of this cryptographic algorithm.
Though it came into existence in 1977, in today’s time, RSA is widely used
for encrypting emails, software, website data, etc.
Its principle is based on the prime factorization method for one-way data
encryption. The process involved taking two large random prime numbers and
multiplying them together to develop a public key.
It is known as the modulus, and though it is made public, one cannot
determine what the message or piece of data was as the two prime numbers
are kept private.
WHAT IS RSA?
3. WHAT IS ECC?
Definition:
ECC stands for Elliptic Curve Cryptography.
It's an asymmetric cryptographic algorithm based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves
over finite fields.
Proposed by Neal Koblitz and Victor S in the 1980s.
Gained prominence in 2004.
Known for its resilience against attacks due to the difficulty of solving the mathematical
problem presented by the elliptic curve.
Security Measures:
Tough to crack due to the mathematical complexity of ECDLP.
No known solution to the elliptical curve mathematical problem.
Potential attacks involve brute-force or trial-and-error approaches.
Comparative Strength:
ECC provides strong security with smaller key sizes compared to traditional cryptographic
algorithms.
4. KEY LENGTH: ECC 256 VS RSA 2048
Security (in Bits) Key Length of RSA Key Length of ECC
80 1024 160-223
112 2048 224-255
128 3072 256-383
192 7680 384-511
The key length of RSA is measured in bits, and it typically ranges from 1024 to 4096 bits.
The longer the key length, the stronger the encryption. For RSA, a key length of 2048 bits is considered the
standard that is secure enough for most applications.
When compared to RSA, ECC has a smaller key length compared to RSA.
It is measured in terms of the size of the prime modulus, which typically ranges from 160 to 521 bits.
For ECC, A key length of 256 bits is considered to be the standard.
5. THE PERFORMANCE OF ECC AND RSA
Encryption/Decryption: ECC encryption and decryption operations are faster
than RSA due to the use of elliptic curve mathematics.
Digital Signatures: Due to the application of elliptic curve mathematics,
ECC digital signatures are faster than RSA
Bandwidth: The demand for bandwidth is less with ECC compared to RSA when
transmitting data over a network.
Power Consumption: ECC drains less power than RSA, so it is more suitable
for devices with limited power resources.
If we have to give you a number- RSA is capable of responding to 450
requests per second with a 150-millisecond average response time,
but ECC takes only 75 milliseconds to respond to the same number of
requests per second.
6. KEY GENERATION
ECC key generation is faster and more computationally efficient
compared to RSA key generation.
This is because ECC key generation involves choosing a random
elliptic curve over a finite field and selecting a random point
as the public key.
On the other hand, RSA key generation involves the selection of
two large prime numbers and performing mathematical operations on
them to generate the public and private keys.
7. APPLICATIONS
ECC is used in various protocols, including SSL/TLS, SSH, and
IPSec, whereas RSA is mainly used in SSL/TLS and SSH.
Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)
RSA is one of the oldest and well-established public-key
cryptography methods.
ECC is comparatively a newer public-key cryptography
method.
Works on the principle of the prime factorization
method.
Works on the mathematical representation of elliptic
curves.
RSA runs faster as it is a simple algorithm. As it is complex in nature, ECC takes more time to run.
Due to a lack of scalability, RSA has started becoming
vulnerable.
ECC is more secure thanks to its adaptive phase. Its
application might scale up in the future.
For implementing encryption, RSA demands bigger key
lengths.
Compared to RSA, ECC demands shorter key lengths.
Standard Key length- 2,048 bits Standard Key length- 256 bits
It supports all the platforms.
It exhibits compatibility with new browsers and OS
(some platforms like cPanel are not supported)
8. IS ECC THE BEST FOR YOU?
Elliptic curve cryptography is used in various organizations
today, such as Facebook, Cloudflare, etc. So, is it ideal for
you?
As per the current scenario, RSA is the most widely used
cryptosystem. It is used by over 90% of SSL certificates, while
ECC is used by 4%. Now, by statistics, it may seem like it is not
for you. But, trust us, the adoption of ECC is on the rise.
If you have a website that requires powerful security and is
complex, ECC could be the perfect match for you. However, note
that the use of ECC requires implementation, and it needs to be
handled carefully.