Diabetes mellitus type 2
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Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. It is commonly seen in older adults over 45 but increasingly in younger people due to obesity and lack of exercise. The condition results from the body not properly responding to insulin and eventually not producing enough insulin. It can be diagnosed through hemoglobin A1C levels or glucose tolerance tests and is treated through medications, lifestyle changes, and education to control this growing epidemic for which there is currently no cure.
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Insulin in management of diabetes mellitus
This document discusses the role of insulin in managing diabetes mellitus. It begins with an overview of diabetes, noting that it is caused by hyperglycemia due to genetic and environmental factors that decrease insulin secretion and glucose utilization or increase glucose production. The regulation of glucose homeostasis is then described as a balance between energy intake, hepatic glucose production, and peripheral tissue uptake. The history, biosynthesis, structure, secretion, action, and preparations of insulin are outlined. Insulin regimens for type 1 diabetes aim to provide basal replacement and insulin for meals based on carbohydrate intake. Methods of insulin delivery like MDI, MCI, and CSII are also discussed. The roles of insulin in type 2 diabetes, both initially and in
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The document discusses guidelines for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus, including focusing on reducing cardiovascular risks like hypertension and dyslipidemia in addition to blood glucose control. Lifestyle interventions and metformin are recommended first for treating prediabetes/impaired glucose tolerance, while a stepped approach including oral medications and potentially insulin is recommended for treating type 2 diabetes. Treatment goals include achieving an A1C under 7%, blood pressure under 130/80, and LDL cholesterol under 100.
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This document discusses the mechanisms of several common anti-diabetic drugs. It begins by introducing diabetes mellitus and its two main types: type 1 caused by a lack of insulin production which is treated via insulin injection; and type 2 characterized by insulin resistance which can be managed through lifestyle changes and oral medications. The document then examines the mechanisms of several classes of oral anti-diabetic drugs including biguanides like metformin which reduce glucose production, sulfonylureas which stimulate insulin secretion, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors which slow carbohydrate digestion. In conclusion, ongoing research into new anti-diabetic drugs remains important given the growing prevalence of diabetes.
diabetes mellitus presentation
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus, including its definition, types, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, complications, and nursing interventions. It defines diabetes as a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting from impaired insulin production, action, or both. The three main types are described as type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent), type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent), and gestational diabetes. Risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options are outlined for each type. Potential acute and chronic complications of diabetes are also reviewed.
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The document outlines management goals and treatment strategies for diabetes mellitus. The main goals are to eliminate hyperglycemia symptoms, reduce microvascular and macrovascular complications, and allow patients to achieve a normal lifestyle. To achieve these goals, physicians should identify an appropriate glycemic target for each patient and provide education, medications, and complication monitoring and treatment. Comprehensive diabetes care involves emphasis on nutrition, exercise, medication, and glycemic control monitoring, and often requires glucose-lowering medications.
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This document summarizes diabetes mellitus (DM), including its main types, causes, classification, prevalence, and complications. DM refers to high blood glucose caused by issues with insulin secretion or insulin resistance. It is classified into type 1 DM (caused by lack of insulin) and type 2 DM (caused by insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin). DM is a leading cause of kidney failure, lower limb amputations, blindness and cardiovascular disease. Its prevalence has greatly increased worldwide in recent decades.
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Insulin in management of diabetes mellitus
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diabetes mellitus presentation
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus, including its definition, types, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, complications, and nursing interventions. It defines diabetes as a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting from impaired insulin production, action, or both. The three main types are described as type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent), type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent), and gestational diabetes. Risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options are outlined for each type. Potential acute and chronic complications of diabetes are also reviewed.
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Diabetes mellitus
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Diabetes mellitus
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DIABETES MELLITUS
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Diabetes mellitus (ii)
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Pathophysiology DM.
The document discusses the pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM is characterized by dual metabolic abnormalities of insulin resistance and insulin deficiency that lead to excessive hepatic glucose output and decreased glucose uptake. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. For T2DM, management follows a stepwise approach starting with diet and exercise, then oral monotherapy, followed by oral combination therapy, and may progress to adding insulin to oral agents or using insulin alone.
Management of diabetes with risk factors getting to goal in glycemic control ...
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Diabetes .pdf
Here are potential responses to the questions:
1. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Complications of diabetes include:
- Acute complications like diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.
- Microvascular complications like diabetic retinopathy (leading to blindness), nephropathy (leading to renal failure) and neuropathy (causing pain and impaired healing).
- Macrovascular complications like atherosclerosis leading to cardiovascular disease (heart attacks and strokes), peripheral vascular disease (leg pain and poor wound healing).
2. Diabetes is classified into Type 1 (caused by auto
Presentation on diabetes
Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Blood glucose is your main source of energy and comes from the food you eat. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps glucose from food get into your cells to be used for energy. Sometimes your body doesn’t make enough—or any—insulin or doesn’t use insulin well. Glucose then stays in your blood and doesn’t reach your cells.
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Diabetes mellitus
This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, management, complications, nursing assessments, and interventions. It describes diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin production, secretion, or utilization. The two main types discussed are type 1 diabetes, which results from little to no endogenous insulin production, and type 2 diabetes, which involves insulin resistance and deficiency. Management involves diet, exercise, medication including insulin therapy, and treatment/prevention of complications.
Diabetes revised march 2013
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its definition, classification, clinical findings, diagnosis, prevalence, pathogenesis, treatment, and complications. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder resulting from either insufficient insulin production or ineffective insulin. There are several types of diabetes, including type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and other specific types. The diagnosis of diabetes is based on fasting plasma glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance tests, or symptoms and random plasma glucose. Diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide and poses a major health burden.
Diabetes (2)
This document discusses different types of diabetes mellitus including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes results from immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes is usually characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency and accounts for 90% of diabetes cases. The document also outlines screening, diagnostic criteria, treatment goals and target blood glucose levels for diabetes management.
Diabetes mellitus
This document defines and describes diabetes mellitus. There are four main types of diabetes: type 1 caused by lack of insulin production; type 2 caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency; gestational diabetes during pregnancy; and secondary diabetes caused by other conditions. Symptoms include increased thirst, urination, hunger and weight loss. Treatment focuses on diet, exercise, medications including insulin injections, blood glucose monitoring, and controlling blood pressure and lipids. Complications can include kidney disease, eye disease, and heart disease.
Diabetes mellitus
The document provides information on diabetes mellitus (DM), including its definition, pathophysiology, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management according to Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory. DM results from defects in insulin production or action and is classified as type 1, type 2, gestational, and other rare types. Management involves lifestyle modifications like healthy eating and exercise as well as medication and insulin. Orem's theory supports DM self-management by assessing patients' self-care deficits and providing education and support to empower patients to independently care for their health needs.
DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. The document discusses the types of diabetes, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, management through diet, exercise, oral medications and insulin therapy, and prevention. Treatment aims to control blood glucose and prevent complications through lifestyle modifications, medications, education and monitoring of self-care activities.
Diabetes Mellitus
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its pathophysiology, classification, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic criteria, management through nutrition, exercise, glucose monitoring, drug therapy including insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents, complications, and patient education. It describes the four main types of diabetes as type 1, type 2, gestational, and other specific types, and discusses the characteristics, causes, and treatment of each.
Diabetes mellitus
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This document provides information about type 2 diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a group of metabolic disorders resulting in hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. Type 2 diabetes is characterized as adult-onset and non-insulin dependent, involving both insulin resistance where insulin does not bind properly to cells and impaired insulin secretion. Symptoms include frequent urination, increased thirst and hunger, weight loss, and vision changes. Without proper management, type 2 diabetes can lead to long-term complications affecting the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves.
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This document provides information on diabetes mellitus, including the main types of diabetes, their causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses type 1 and type 2 diabetes in detail. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease resulting in destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, while type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Diagnosis involves blood glucose and HbA1c testing. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, oral medications like metformin and sulfonylureas, and insulin for managing blood glucose levels. The goal of treatment is to control blood glucose and reduce risk of complications.
Diabetes Mellitus
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and provides definitions, classifications, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and treatment. It defines diabetes as a group of conditions characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance, inadequate insulin secretion, or excessive glucagon secretion. There are several types of diabetes classified based on etiology, including type 1, type 2, and other rare forms. The pathogenesis involves defects in insulin secretion or insulin resistance. Clinical presentation can vary but commonly includes the classic triad of polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Glycemic control is important and involves monitoring measures like fasting blood sugar, post-prandial blood sugar, and A1C. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications
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This document provides an overview of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), including its pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, screening and diagnosis, management, and treatment. It discusses DM as characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and relative insulin deficiency. Risk factors include genetic susceptibility and environmental exposures. Symptoms result from hyperglycemia and long-term complications can include damage to blood vessels and nerves. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, glucose monitoring, glycemic control through pharmacotherapy including various oral medications and insulin, and management of cardiovascular risk factors.
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The document discusses the classification, treatment, and glucose lowering therapies for different types of diabetes. It provides details about the mechanisms of action, examples, A1C reduction, advantages, disadvantages, contraindications, and dosages of various antidiabetic drugs. Insulin is indicated for gestational diabetes, type 1 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Metformin, amylin agonists, and GLP1 agonists cause weight loss while sulfonylureas, pioglitazone, and insulin cause weight gain. Pioglitazone reduces fatty liver but increases risk of fractures and heart failure.
Pathophysiology DM.
The document discusses the pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM is characterized by dual metabolic abnormalities of insulin resistance and insulin deficiency that lead to excessive hepatic glucose output and decreased glucose uptake. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. For T2DM, management follows a stepwise approach starting with diet and exercise, then oral monotherapy, followed by oral combination therapy, and may progress to adding insulin to oral agents or using insulin alone.
Management of diabetes with risk factors getting to goal in glycemic control ...
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What is diabetes mellitus, Epidemiology of diabetes, Diabetes diagnosis, Features of diabetes, WHO classification of Diabetes Mellitus, Complications of diabetes, Metabolic alterations of diabetes, Oral glucose tolerance test, WHO criteria of OGTT interpretation, Classification of diabetes mellitus, Gestational diabetes, Pre-diabetes, Insulin, Biosynthesis of insulin, Insulin actions, Hypoglycemia, Impaired fasting glucose, Insulin structure
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This document defines and describes various types of diabetes. It begins by defining diabetes mellitus as a chronic disease related to abnormal insulin production or utilization. The two most common types are type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency and accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases. Other types discussed include gestational diabetes and secondary/prediabetes. The document provides detailed information on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of the different diabetes types.
Diabetes Mellitus
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM). It defines DM as a chronic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels. The document then covers the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, classification, signs and symptoms, complications, risk factors, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management of DM. It discusses the main types of DM - type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes mellitus. The management section outlines the medical, surgical, and physical therapy approaches to treatment and control of the disease.
Diabetes mellitus (Definition, Classification, Clinical features)
This document defines diabetes mellitus and discusses its classification, risk factors, and clinical features. It classifies diabetes into four main types: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes mellitus. The risk factors include hereditary factors, increasing age, obesity, lifestyle factors like high fat diet and smoking. The clinical features of diabetes include hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, and symptoms of dehydration.
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Management of diabetes with risk factors getting to goal in glycemic control ...
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Diabetes mellitus (Definition, Classification, Clinical features)
Diabetes mellitus (Definition, Classification, Clinical features)
Similar to Diabetes mellitus type 2
Diabetes .pdf
Here are potential responses to the questions:
1. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Complications of diabetes include:
- Acute complications like diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.
- Microvascular complications like diabetic retinopathy (leading to blindness), nephropathy (leading to renal failure) and neuropathy (causing pain and impaired healing).
- Macrovascular complications like atherosclerosis leading to cardiovascular disease (heart attacks and strokes), peripheral vascular disease (leg pain and poor wound healing).
2. Diabetes is classified into Type 1 (caused by auto
Presentation on diabetes
Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Blood glucose is your main source of energy and comes from the food you eat. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps glucose from food get into your cells to be used for energy. Sometimes your body doesn’t make enough—or any—insulin or doesn’t use insulin well. Glucose then stays in your blood and doesn’t reach your cells.
Anti diabetic drugs by Sanan Edrees
1) There are several classes of anti-diabetic drugs that treat diabetes mellitus by lowering blood glucose levels, including insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and DPP-4 inhibitors.
2) Insulin secretagogues like sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release from the pancreas. Insulin sensitizers like biguanides and thiazolidinediones improve target cell response to insulin without increasing secretion.
3) Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors prevent carbohydrate digestion and absorption, reducing post-meal blood sugar spikes. DPP-4 inhibitors prolong incretin hormone activity, increasing insulin release and reducing glucagon levels in response to meals.
Diabetes
This document provides information on diabetes, including the two main types (type 1 and type 2), pathophysiology, principles of management, diet, and various drugs used to treat diabetes such as insulins, metformin, sulphonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and acarbose. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin, while type 2 involves relative insulin deficiency coupled with insulin resistance. Management aims to minimize metabolic derangements and complications through diet, exercise, education, and medications to control blood glucose levels.
Diabetes mellitus
This document provides information on therapy for diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes and describes its pathophysiology and complications. Risk factors and diagnostic tests are outlined. The goals of therapy are to control symptoms and prevent complications. Nonpharmacologic therapy involves diet, exercise and weight control. Pharmacologic options include insulin, oral hypoglycemics like sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones and others. Adverse effects of different drugs are also discussed.
Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes mellitus.pptx
DM1 is characterized by the destruction of beta cells and DM2 is characterized by insulin resistance.
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action.
Diabetes mellitus
Hyperglycemia
metabolism
health
Health
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This document provides information on dietary management of diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. It describes the main types of diabetes - type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes - and their characteristics. The document also outlines symptoms of diabetes, diagnostic tests, complications, methods of insulin therapy, and the key aspects of diabetes management: monitoring, education, diet, exercise, and medication.
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Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by an increase in plasma blood glucose (hyperglycemia).
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Diabetes mellitus DM, is a metabolic disorder of biomolecules characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin synthesis or utilization or both
DM requires lifelong therapy. A multidisciplinary approach is needed to control glycemia, as well as to limit the development of its devastating complications and manage such complications when they do occur.
Increases cost of living and reduces life expectancy
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This document discusses the classification and types of diabetes that can present in young people. It describes Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA), Ketosis Prone Diabetes (KPD), and Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY). Key differences between these types include phenotypes, presence of insulin resistance, family history, fasting c-peptide levels, and autoantibodies. The document provides guidance on approaches to diagnosis diabetes in young patients based on these distinguishing factors.
DIABETES MELLITUS AN OVERVIEW.pptx
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM), including its classification, etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnosis, and management. There are four main types of DM: type 1 caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells; type 2 resulting from insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency; gestational DM during pregnancy; and secondary DM caused by other conditions. Management involves lifestyle changes and medications like insulin, sulfonylureas, metformin, and others to control symptoms and prevent complications. The goals are to reduce risks and promote overall well-being.
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 - Pathology.pptx
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion leading to hyperglycemia. It accounts for 90-95% of diabetes cases and is associated with obesity, physical inactivity, and genetic factors. The pathogenesis involves both insulin resistance in tissues and a relative insulin deficiency due to beta cell dysfunction. Clinical features include polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss, and diagnosis is based on elevated blood glucose levels. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medication to control blood sugar and prevent complications affecting organs like the eyes, kidneys, and nerves.
Approach towards management of Diabetes mellitus management lecture
MODY is a monogenic form of diabetes caused by mutations in genes regulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, with some subtypes requiring no treatment while others need low or high-dose sulfonylurea therapy; secondary diabetes can be caused by various conditions and drugs that induce insulin resistance or impair insulin secretion; prediabetes is characterized by impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance and lifestyle changes can prevent or delay progression to diabetes.
Alpha-amylase inhibitors: alternative approach for the treatment of type 2 di...
This document discusses alpha-amylase inhibitors as an alternative treatment for type 2 diabetes. It begins by introducing diabetes and its causes and symptoms. It then discusses the different types of diabetes and current diabetes medication options. Finally, it focuses on alpha-amylase inhibitors, explaining that they work by inhibiting the alpha-amylase enzyme involved in starch digestion, which helps control post-meal blood sugar spikes for type 2 diabetes patients.
Diabetes (2) (1)
This document discusses diabetes, including the main types (Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes). Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells, resulting in inadequate insulin production. Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90-95% of cases and involves insulin resistance and sometimes relative insulin deficiency. Gestational diabetes involves glucose intolerance during pregnancy. The causes of diabetes vary by individual but include genetic and lifestyle factors. Diagnosis involves fasting blood glucose tests. Treatment includes diet, exercise, oral medications, insulin therapy, blood glucose monitoring, and education to promote self-care and management.
1 dm
This document provides an overview of endocrinology with a focus on diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders for second year anesthesia students. It defines diabetes mellitus and classifies it into two main types. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by an absolute insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells, while type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and a relative insulin deficiency. The document discusses the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and complications of both types of diabetes mellitus. It also outlines the goals of diabetes management and various pharmacologic therapies.
Diabetes mellitus.pptx
This document provides an overview of pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disease involving elevated blood glucose levels due to problems with insulin production or insulin resistance. The main types of diabetes are described as type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 results from failure of insulin production and type 2 from insulin resistance. Signs and symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, weight loss and fatigue. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as medications to improve insulin availability or overcome insulin resistance.
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Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes mellitus.pptx
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Diabetes mellitus type 2
- 1. DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2 YASHODHAN SUNIL KUNJIR GROUP -1
- 2. Introduction • Chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, and relative insulin deficiency. • It is also known as Lifestyle DM & Non-insulin dependent DM
- 3. Etiolog y
- 4. Etiolog y • In T2DM, the response to insulin is diminished, and this is defined as insulin resistance • T2DM is most commonly seen in persons older than 45 years. Still, it is increasingly seen in children, adolescents, and younger adults due to rising levels of obesity, physical inactivity, and energy-dense diets.
- 5. Pathophysiolog y • Type 2 DM is characterized by insulin insensitivity as a result of insulin resistance, declining insulin production, and eventual pancreatic beta-cell failure.
- 7. Symptoms
- 8. Diagnosis • Diabetes can be diagnosed either by the hemoglobin A1C criteria or plasma glucose concentration (fasting or 2-hour plasma glucose). • OGTT
- 9. Pharma Treatment • Metformin (Fortamet, Glumetza, others) • Biguanides • Sulfonylureas • Meglitinides • Thiazolidinediones • Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors • Incretin-Based Therapies • Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors • Bromocriptine
- 10. Conclusion • Type 2 DM is a metabolic disease that can be prevented through lifestyle modification, diet control, and control of overweight and obesity • Education of the populace is still key to the control of this emerging epidemic. • Novel drugs are being developed, yet no cure is available in sight for the disease, despite new insight into the pathophysiology of the disease. • Management should be tailored to improve the quality of life of individuals with type 2 DM.
- 11. Reference • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC3464757/ • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK513253/ • https://emedicine.medscape.com/ article/117853-overview • https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms- causes/syc-20351193
- 12. THANK YOU 😊