mechanism of selected anti-diabetic drug

1. MECHANISM OF SELECTED
ANTI-DIABETIC DRUGS
BY
ADAKOLE JENNIFER ONYOWO
2013/1/46838BH
SUPERVISOR
DR.MRS HAMZAH R.U

2. INTRODUCTION
Diabetics mellitus: DM is described as a group of metabolic
disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from
defect in insulin action, insulin secretion, or both.
This deficiency leads to disturbances in the metabolism of
carbohydrate, fat and protein. It is characterized by:
High level of glucose in urine and fasting blood
Fatigue, and
Constant hunger

3. Type 1 diabetics mellitus
 Results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough insulin. This
form was previously referred to as "insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus" or "juvenile diabetes“(WHO,2013) because a majority of
these diabetes cases were in children.
 it can be controlled by insulin injection.
TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS

4.  It is characterized by insulin resistance which may be combined
with relatively reduced insulin secretion
 Type 2 DM is the most common type of diabetes mellitus.
(WHO,2013).
 A number of lifestyle factors are known to be important to the
development of type 2 DM, including obesity, lack of physical
activities and also genetics factor.
 It can be controlled by dietary change and regular exercise.
Type 2

5.  Gestational diabetes mellitus resembles type 2 DM in
several respects, involving a combination of relatively
inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness
 It occurs in most pregnancies and may improve or
disappear after delivery.
 Management may include dietary changes, blood
glucose monitoring, and in some cases, insulin may be
required.
Gestational diabetics

6. Management
Management concentrates on keeping blood sugar
levels as close to normal, without causing low blood
sugar. This can usually be accomplished with a healthy
diet, exercise, weight loss, and use of appropriate
medications,insulin in the case of type 1 diabetes; oral
medications, as well as possibly insulin, in type 2.

7. ORAL ANTIDIABETICS DRUGS
There are five classes of Oral Antidiabetics drugs
Sulfonylurease (e.g. Clorpropamide)
Biguanide(e.g Metformin)
Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors(e.g acarbose)
Meglitinides(e.g Repaglinide)
Thiazolidinediones(e.g Pioglitazone)

8. Biguanide Mechanism Of Action
The term biguanide refers to a group of oral type 2 diabetics
drug that work by preventing the production of glucose in the
liver
Improving the bodies sensitivities towards insulin and
reducing the amount of sugar absorbed by the intestines
The only available biguanide medication is metformin which
is commonly used as first-line treatment for type 2 diabetics

9. Sulfonylurease Mechanism Of
Action
Sulfonylurease are widely use to treat non-insulin
dependent diabetics mellitus
This drugs exert their hypoglycaemic effects by
stimulating insulin secretion from the pancreatic
beta-cell
The primary mechanisms of action is to close ATP-
sensitive K-channels in the beta-cell plasma
membrane, and so initiate a chain of events which
results insulin release

10. Fig. 1 sulfonylurease mechanism of action

11. Alpha-Glucosidase Mechanism
Of Action
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor e.g acarbose are anti
diabetics medicine that helps to reduce post meal
blood glucose levels
They don’t have direct effect on insulin secretion or
sensitivity instead they work by slowing down the
digestion of carbohydrate food by blocking enzymes in
the small intestine so that glucose from food enters the
blood stream more slowly thus reducing the rise in
blood glucose levels after eating

12. Conclusion
In conclusion, the multiple antidiabetic drugs
available in the market create a stimulating field
of research in constant expansion,especially since
the incidence of diabetics mellitus is alarmingly
increasing among all age ranges.

13. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING.