Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance, resulting in symptoms such as frequent urination, increased thirst, and hunger. It is classified into three types: type 1 (autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells), type 2 (insulin resistance often related to lifestyle), and gestational diabetes (developing during pregnancy). Long-term complications can include cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, and neuropathy.

1. BY :
RIKHA KURNIA RAHMAWATI
MATRIC NUMBER
1218742

2. DEFINITION
TYPES
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
COMPLICATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
RISK FACTORS

3. WHAT IS DIABETES MELLITUS?
• Diabetes Mellitus can be called simply as
diabetes
• DIABETES = dia+bainein “to go through” or
“excessive discharge of urine”
• MELLITUS = mell “honey-sweet”
• A lifelong (chronic) metabolic disease in
which there are high levels of sugar in the
blood.

4. WHAT IS DIABETES MELLITUS?
• Either because the pancreas does not produce
enough insulin (insulin deficiency), or cells do
not respond to the insulin that is produced
(insulin resistance).
• This high blood sugar produces the classical
symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination),
polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia
(increased hunger).

5. WHAT IS INSULIN?
• Insulin is a hormone produced by the
pancreas
• It has a function to control the amount
of blood sugar
• It works by attaching to the insulin
receptor in cell to influence the Glut-4
to transport glucose
Go to the picture

7. WHAT HAPPEN
WITH
THE
INSULIN
WHEN
SOMEONE
SUFFER

8. TYPE OF DIABETES MELLITUS
 There are three types of Diabetes
Mellitus:
1. Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
2. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
3. Gestational Diabetes

9. Diabetes mellitus TYPE 1
• Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by:
 loss of the insulin-producing beta cells
of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
 in which beta cell loss is a T-cell-
mediated attack.
 leading to insulin deficiency.
• The majority of type 1 diabetes is of the
immune-mediated nature
• Thus, can be further classified as immune-
mediated or idiopathic.

10. Diabetes mellitus TYPE 1
• Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age,
• But it is most often diagnosed in children,
teens, or young adults.
• In this disease, the body makes little or no
insulin.
• Daily injections of insulin are needed.

11. Diabetes Mellitus TYPE 2
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by:
 insulin resistance, which may be
combined with relatively reduced insulin
secretion.
 The defective responsiveness of body
tissues to insulin is believed to involve the
insulin receptor.

12. Diabetes Mellitus TYPE 2
• Type 2 diabetes makes up most diabetes
cases.
• It most often occurs in adulthood.
• However, because of high obesity rates,
teens and young adults are now being
diagnosed with it.
• Many people with type 2 diabetes do not
know they have it.

13. GESTATIONAL DIABETES
• Gestational diabetes is high blood sugar
that develops at any time during pregnancy
in a woman who does not have diabetes.
• GDM resembles type 2 diabetes in several
respects, involving a combination of
relatively inadequate insulin secretion and
responsiveness.

14. • It occurs in about 2%–5% of all
pregnancies and may improve or disappear
after delivery.
• Gestational diabetes is fully treatable, but
requires careful medical supervision
throughout the pregnancy.
• About 20%–50% of affected women
develop type 2 diabetes later in life.

15. What causes diabetes mellitus?
The cause of diabetes depends on the type
1. Type 1 Diabetes:
 The cause of this diabetes is partly inherited,
and then
 It is triggered by certain infections, (with
some evidence pointing at Coxsackie B4
virus).
 A genetic element in individual susceptibility
to some of these triggers has been traced to
particular HLA genotypes.

16. 2. Type 2 Diabetes
 Usually, this Diabetes is due primarily to lifestyle
factors and genetics.
 The following is a comprehensive list of other causes
of diabetes type 2
 Genetic defects of β-cell function
 Genetic defects in insulin processing or
insulin action
 Exocrine pancreatic defects
 Endocrinopathies
 Infections
 Drugs

17. 3. Gestational
Diabetes
 Increased level of certain hormones made in
placenta during pregnancy

18. High blood sugar levels can cause several
symptoms, including:
 Blurry vision
 Excess thirst
 Fatigue
 Hunger
 Urinating often
 Weight loss

20. COMPLICATIONS
After many years, diabetes can lead to other serious
problems, the major long-term complications relate to
 Damage blood vessels cardiovascular disease
 The main "macro vascular" diseases atherosclerosis
of larger arteries ischemic heart disease
(angina and myocardial infarction), stroke and
peripheral vascular disease.
 damages the capillaries microangiopathy.
 Diabetic retinopathy, which affects blood vessel
formation in the retina of the eye visual
symptoms, reduced vision, blindness

21. Other COMPLICATIONS
 Diabetic nephropathy, scarring changes in
the kidney tissue, loss of small or
progressively larger amounts of protein in the
urine chronic kidney disease.
 Diabetic neuropathy numbness, tingling
and pain in the feet skin damage (due to
altered sensation)
 Together with vascular disease in the legs,
neuropathy diabetes-related foot
problems (such as diabetic foot ulcers)
difficult to treat require amputation.

22. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by
recurrent or persistent hyperglycaemia,
and is diagnosed by demonstrating any
one of the following:
 Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/l
(126 mg/dl)
 Plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l (200
mg/dL) two hours after a 75 g oral
glucose load as in a glucose tolerance
test
 Symptoms of hyperglycaemia and casual

23.  Risk of diabetes typically increase when you are:
 Older age (45 years or older)
 Less active (sedentary life)
 Overweight or obese
 Family history of diabetes
 Pacific Islander, Asian, African, Hispanic,
Native American ancestry
 Pre-diabetes
 High blood pressure
 High lipids (triglycerides and low HDL)
 Diabetes during pregnancy or baby >9 lbs.

24. THANK YOU…