Diabetes Mellitus is a common disease. Here in this presentation, we will discuss what is diabetes. The anatomy and physiology of the Endocrine gland, the role of endocrine glands in diabetes, how diabetes occurs, classification, the pathophysiology of type1 and type2 diabetes, causes related to diabetes, risk factors, and complications due to diabetes.

1. Diabetes Mellitus
Presented by Shazia

2. Anatomy and physiology of Endocrine Pancreas
• Pancreas is a soft, finely lobulated elongated exo- endocrine
gland.
• Present in retroperitoneal cavity.
• The pancreasis an oblong flattened gland, about 6 inches
long.
• Located deep in the abdomen , sandwiched between the
stomach and the spine.
• It has five parts, the tail, body , neck, head and uncinate
process.
• The pancreas is made up of glandular tissues and a
system of ducts.

3. Con,,,
• The endocrine pancreas refer to those cells with in pancreas that
synthesize and secrete harmones.
• The endocrine portion of pancreas take the form of many small
clusters of cells called islets of langerhans .
• 𝛼 cells : Secrete glucagon that stimulates glycogenolysis in
liver.
• 𝛽 cells : Secrete Insulin that stimulates glycogenesis in liver.
• ∆ cells :Secrete somatostatin that regulates 𝛼 and 𝛽 cells.

5. Diabetes Mellitus
• Diabetes mellitus is a chronic
disorder of carbohydrates,
protiens and fat metabolism
resulting from insulin
deficiency or abnormality in
the use of insulin.

6. TYPE 2 Diabetes
• Formely knowns as Non
Insulin- Dependent Diabetes
Mellitus (NIDDM).
Probably caused by:
• Disturbance in insulin
reception in the cells.
• Decreased number of insulin
receptors.
• Loss of beta cells
responsiveness to glucose
leading to slow or decrease
insulin release by the pancreas.

7. Classification,,,
TYPE 1 Diabetes
• Formely known as Insulin
Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
(IDDM).
• Autoimmune (Islets cell
antibodies) destroy cells that
produce insulin.
• Destruction of beta cells of
pancreas leads to little or no
insulin production.
• It requires daily insulin admin.

8. Pathophysiology of TYPE 1

9. Pathophysiology of TYPE 2 Diabetes

10. Sign and Symptoms
• TYPE 1 Diabetes
• Often urination
• Feeling very thirsty
• Feeling hungry
• Extreme fatigue
• Blurry vision
• Tingling, pain or numbness
• TYPE 2 Diabetes
• Increased thirst
• fatigue
• Slow healing sores
• Frequent infection
• Unintended weight loss

11. Risk factors
• Obesity
• Race
• History of CVD
• Hypertention
• Physically inactive
• Family history
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
• Gestational Diabetes

12. Etiology of DM

13. Complications include,,
• Acute complications include
Ketoacidosis, hyperglycemia,
hypoglycemia and non
ketotic comma.
• Chronic complications such
as cardiovascular and
peripheralvascular disease,
neuropathy and nephropathy.