Diabetes is a chronic disease where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body does not properly use insulin, resulting in high blood sugar. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 is caused by an autoimmune reaction that destroys insulin-producing cells and requires insulin treatment; type 2 is caused by the body not properly using insulin and may be treated with diet, exercise, oral medication or insulin; gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after giving birth.

1. Understanding Diabetes
Definition
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease caused
by inherited and/or acquired deficiency in
production of insulin by pancreas, or by
ineffectiveness of the insulin produced.
Such a deficiency
results in increased
concentrations of glucose in blood which in
turn could lead to damage of many of the
body’s systems, specially the blood vessels
and nerves.
(Source - WHO)
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2. Understanding Diabetes
Definition
Diabetes Mellitus is a syndrome characterised
by chronic hyperglycemia and disturbances of
carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
associated
with
absolute
or
relative
deficiencies in insulin secretion and/ or insulin
action.
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3. Understanding Diabetes
Glucose & Insulin
G
Glucose : This is the energy
for the body.
Insulin
: Lets the body use
glucose for energy.
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4. Understanding Diabetes
Pancreas
Islets of
Langherhans
Insulin
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5. Understanding Diabetes
Insulin Action
Food enters the digestive system and is broken down.
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6. Understanding Diabetes
Insulin Action
G
The body breaks down the food into basic
elements, including, Glucose. Glucose is the
body’s main source of energy.
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7. Understanding Diabetes
Insulin Action
Glucose enters the bloodstream, and the level
of glucose in the blood begins to rise.
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8. Understanding Diabetes
Insulin Action
Sensing the increase in blood glucose level the
pancreas releases a hormone called INSULIN.
Insulin helps the glucose to enter the cells.
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9. Understanding Diabetes
Insulin Action
Insulin acts as a key
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10. Understanding Diabetes
Insulin Action
Insulin fits into the special receptors on the cells,
causing the tiny channels to open.
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11. Understanding Diabetes
Insulin Action
This enables the glucose to enter the cells.
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12. Understanding Diabetes
Insulin Action
In the absence of insulin or due to
inefficiency of the insulin produced,
the body is unable to utilize the
glucose. The glucose level in the
blood rises abnormally leading to
Hyperglycemia.
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13. Understanding Diabetes
Signs & Symptoms
D iuretic symptoms – the frequent urge to urinate
I ncreased infections
A bnormal weight loss
B lurred vision
E xcessive thirst
T ingling or numbness of the feet or hands
E xtreme hunger
S low-to-heal wounds
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14. Classification of Diabetes
• Type 1 (IDDM)
• Type 2 (NIDDM)
• Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
• Secondary Diabetes Mellitus
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15. Classification of Diabetes
Type 1
In the absence of insulin the glucose can not enter
the cells and begins to build up in the blood leading
to Hyperglycemia.
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16. Classification of Diabetes
Type 1 - Causes
Results from a cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of the -cells of the
pancreas.
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17. Classification of Diabetes
Type 1 - Management
 Insulin
 Diet
 Exercise
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18. Classification of Diabetes
Type 2
Insulin resistance does not allow the cells to open its
channels to glucose, hence the glucose cannot enter
the cells.
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19. Classification of Diabetes
Type 2
Over a period of time the pancreas produces
less insulin leading to insulin deficiency.
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20. Classification of Diabetes
Type 2 - Causes
 Hereditary
 Obesity
 Lifestyle changes
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21. Classification of Diabetes
Type 2 - Management
 Diet
 Exercise
 Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
 Combination Therapy
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22. Classification of Diabetes
Difference Between Type 1 & Type 2
Type-1
Type-2
X
Absolute
deficiency
of Insulin
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Relative
deficiency
of Insulin
X
Insulin
resistance

23. Classification of Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes
• Gestational Diabetes is a type of
diabetes that occurs only in
pregnancy and usually disappears
after the birth of the baby.
• Present in less than 15% of all
pregnancies.
• Usually detected at 24-28 weeks of
pregnancy.
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