Diabetes is a disease where the body does not produce enough insulin or properly use insulin, leading to high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). There are two main types of diabetes: type 1, where the body does not produce insulin, and type 2, where cells do not respond properly to insulin. Diabetes occurs when blood sugar levels are too high and can damage many parts of the body like the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart over time if not managed well. Managing diabetes involves eating healthy, exercising regularly, and sometimes taking medication to control blood sugar levels.

1. Diabetes
The blue circle is the global symbol for diabetes, introduced by the International
Diabetes Federation

2. Diabetes mellitus is a
disease in which the body
doesn’t produce insulin or
properly use insulin, leading
to hyperglycemia.
Lets understand how it can happen

3. Body Cell:- needs glucose to
produce Energy and glucose enter
inside the cell by the help of INSULIN
(key of your locked room)

4. CAR: Same as your car needs
fuel to run and petrol pump boy
switch the button and fuel enter
inside the car tank & ready for
producing ENERGY

5. How Food Becomes Glucose

6. How Glucose Becomes Energy
Pancreas
During digestion, food is broken
down to sugar (glucose)
Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, lowers
blood sugar by helping sugar move from blood into
cells
The body’s cells use sugar for energy

8. GLUCOSE
All carbohydrate in food that we eat (such as fruit,
burgers, fish, rice etc.) will be broken down into sugar
by our digestive system.
The body then breaks down all of the sugars and
starches (carbohydrates) into glucose, which is the
basic energy fuel for all cells in the body.
Glucose is a very simple sugar. It is transported to
each cell in the whole body via the bloodstream.

9. Carbohydrate Metabolism
Glycolysis - is the metabolic pathway that
converts glucose, into pyruvate .
The free energy released in this process is used to
form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine
triphosphate)

10. Glycogenesis is the process of
glycogen synthesis, in which glucose
molecules are added to chains of
glycogen for storage.
Glycogenolysis is the break down of
glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate
and glucose.

11. Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that
results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate
carbon substrates such as
lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.

13. INSULIN
Insulin is a hormone.
Insulin is secreted by
groups of cells within the
pancreas called islet cells.
The pancreas is an
organ that sits behind the
stomach

14. Pancreas

16. INSULIN

17. Not Producing
INSULIN
Producing
INSULIN
Pancreas
INSULIN Receptor not Responding

18. Not Producing
INSULIN
Producing
INSULIN
Pancreas
INSULIN Receptor
not Responding
CELL unable to utilize
GLUCOSE
Glucose level increases in blood (Hyperglycemia)

19. GLUCOSE IMBALANCE
Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Glucose level
increases in blood
Glucose level
decreases in blood

20. Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the body
doesn’t produce insulin or properly use insulin,
leading to hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia
Glucose level increases
in blood

21. Glucose level
increases in blood

22. Diabetes
Diabetes arises when the beta cells in the pancreas fail to produce
enough of the hormone insulin - Type 1 diabetes
Or
When the body cannot effectively use the insulin produced - Type 2
diabetes..
90% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes.

23. Type 1 diabetes
In type 1 diabetes, the beta cells in the pancreas are
destroyed or suppressed.
It looks like my
days of producing
insulin are over!

24. Type 2 diabetes may be caused by:
• Resistance to insulin action in target tissues
• Abnormal insulin secretion
• Inappropriate hepatic gluconeogenesis (overproduction
of glucose).

25. Type 2 diabetes is also strongly linked with high
blood pressure, high cholesterol and an
“apple” body shape (where excess weight is
carried around waist).

26. Open
glucose
portal
Glucose
converted
to energy
Closed
glucose
portal
Diabetic body cell
Diabetic body cell
In type 2 diabetes, the body’s
cells develop a resistance to
insulin, making it more difficult
for glucose to enter the cell.
Normal body cell

27. As a result, cells don’t get enough Energy. This
lack of Energy causes glucose to build up in the
blood vessels,resulting in damage to all body
organs.

29. Patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes may report
symptoms related to hyperglycemia, such as:
Excessive urination (polyuria)
Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
Excessive eating (polyphagia)
Weight loss
Fatigue
Weakness
Vision changes
Frequent skin infections
Dry, itchy skin
Vaginal discomfort.

30. Normal Blood GLUCOSE level
80 -120 mg/dL

32. What tests tell us
A diagnosis of diabetes mellitus may be
confirmed by:
•Symptoms of diabetes and a random blood
glucose level equal to or above 200 mg/dl
• A fasting plasma glucose level equal to or
greater than 126 mg/dl on at least two
occasions
•A blood glucose level above 200 mg/dl on
the second hour of the glucose tolerance test
and on at least one other occasion during a
glucose tolerance test.

33. Diabetes Can Cause Problems in Many Parts of the
Eyes
Body
Blood Vessels: Heart
Kidneys: Nerves:

34. Diabetes Can Cause Problems in Many
Parts of the Body: What Problems Can
You Look For?
Eyes:
•Blurred vision/
vision loss
Nerves:
•Unusual sensations:
tingling, burning,
numbness,
or shooting pain
•Problems with digestion
•Sexual dysfunction
Heart:
•Chest pain
•Shortness of breath
• Fast heart beat
•May not have any symptoms
Kidneys:
•Swelling in feet and legs
• Increase in blood
pressure
Blood Vessels:
• Slow healing of wounds

35. Diabetes, mainly type 2 diabetes is very
common in India. By 2025, India is
predicted to have the most number of
diabetics in the world. Women are as
equally affected by diabetes as men.

36. Daily exercising-to-control-diabetes

37. Plan your meal to control risk of Diabetes

38. Thanks to advances in medicine,
diabetes can be successfully
controlled. Our role is essential to
making a diabetes management
plan succeed.

39. Now I Know That
Diabetes mellitus
How Food Becomes Glucose
How Glucose Becomes Energy
Carbohydrate Metabolism

40. Now I Know That
INSULIN & Pancreas
GLUCOSE IMBALANCE

42. THANK
YOU
kammph@gmail.com