The document describes various DHCP options for configuring DHCP clients. It lists over 30 options specified in RFC 1497 and RFC 2132 for settings like IP addresses, subnet masks, DNS servers, and other network parameters. For each option, it provides the RFC code, data type (e.g. string, IP address, boolean), and purpose or meaning of the option.
20 common port numbers and their purposes salamassh
This document lists 20 common port numbers and their associated protocols, providing brief descriptions of each. It covers protocols for file transfer (FTP, SSH, Telnet), email (SMTP, POP2/3, IMAP), networking (DNS, BOOTP/DHCP, HTTP, SQL, SMB/CIFS, LDAP, NFS), and secure variants (HTTPS). The port numbers, protocol names and basic functions are provided for each entry.
IP is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. It is a connectionless, best-effort protocol that does not guarantee delivery. IP packets can be fragmented into smaller units if their size exceeds the maximum transmission unit of the network. Fragmentation involves splitting the packet into multiple fragments that contain the same identification field but varying fragment offset and total length fields. The fragments are reassembled into the original packet at the destination.
The document discusses IPv4 and IPv6 addressing and protocols. It provides:
1) IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses represented in dotted decimal notation, consisting of a network and node identifier. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to allow for more networks and devices.
2) IPv4 is a connectionless protocol that does not guarantee delivery, while IPv6 includes improvements like larger addresses, better header format, new options, and more security.
3) Transition technologies like dual stack, NAT-PT, 6to4, and 4to6 allow migration from IPv4 to IPv6 networks.
IPv6 is the successor to IPv4 and provides a vastly larger 128-bit address space. It features stateless address autoconfiguration, no need for NAT, and built-in IPsec support. The document provides details on IPv6 addressing and headers, neighbor discovery, autoconfiguration, extensions, tools, and RFCs.
The document discusses the OSI reference model and TCP/IP model in detail. It provides information on each layer of the OSI model from layer 1 to layer 7 and compares the TCP/IP model. It also describes protocols like TCP, UDP, IP and how they operate at different layers. The key functions of each layer including addressing, encapsulation, reliable data transfer and connection establishment processes are explained.
IP is the network layer protocol that provides an unreliable, connectionless, best-effort delivery service for transmitting data packets across networks. It operates by fragmenting large data packets into smaller fragments if needed to meet the maximum transmission unit size of the underlying data link layer. Key fields in the IP header include the identification field to identify fragments of the same packet, the fragment offset field to indicate the position of data in the original packet, and flags to indicate if a packet is a fragment or the last fragment.
Port numbers are used to identify protocols and applications using the TCP/IP protocol suite. Some common port numbers and their associated protocols include port 80 for HTTP, port 443 for HTTPS, port 25 for SMTP email, and port 53 for DNS. Port numbers help direct network traffic to the appropriate application or service.
20 common port numbers and their purposes salamassh
This document lists 20 common port numbers and their associated protocols, providing brief descriptions of each. It covers protocols for file transfer (FTP, SSH, Telnet), email (SMTP, POP2/3, IMAP), networking (DNS, BOOTP/DHCP, HTTP, SQL, SMB/CIFS, LDAP, NFS), and secure variants (HTTPS). The port numbers, protocol names and basic functions are provided for each entry.
IP is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. It is a connectionless, best-effort protocol that does not guarantee delivery. IP packets can be fragmented into smaller units if their size exceeds the maximum transmission unit of the network. Fragmentation involves splitting the packet into multiple fragments that contain the same identification field but varying fragment offset and total length fields. The fragments are reassembled into the original packet at the destination.
The document discusses IPv4 and IPv6 addressing and protocols. It provides:
1) IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses represented in dotted decimal notation, consisting of a network and node identifier. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to allow for more networks and devices.
2) IPv4 is a connectionless protocol that does not guarantee delivery, while IPv6 includes improvements like larger addresses, better header format, new options, and more security.
3) Transition technologies like dual stack, NAT-PT, 6to4, and 4to6 allow migration from IPv4 to IPv6 networks.
IPv6 is the successor to IPv4 and provides a vastly larger 128-bit address space. It features stateless address autoconfiguration, no need for NAT, and built-in IPsec support. The document provides details on IPv6 addressing and headers, neighbor discovery, autoconfiguration, extensions, tools, and RFCs.
The document discusses the OSI reference model and TCP/IP model in detail. It provides information on each layer of the OSI model from layer 1 to layer 7 and compares the TCP/IP model. It also describes protocols like TCP, UDP, IP and how they operate at different layers. The key functions of each layer including addressing, encapsulation, reliable data transfer and connection establishment processes are explained.
IP is the network layer protocol that provides an unreliable, connectionless, best-effort delivery service for transmitting data packets across networks. It operates by fragmenting large data packets into smaller fragments if needed to meet the maximum transmission unit size of the underlying data link layer. Key fields in the IP header include the identification field to identify fragments of the same packet, the fragment offset field to indicate the position of data in the original packet, and flags to indicate if a packet is a fragment or the last fragment.
Port numbers are used to identify protocols and applications using the TCP/IP protocol suite. Some common port numbers and their associated protocols include port 80 for HTTP, port 443 for HTTPS, port 25 for SMTP email, and port 53 for DNS. Port numbers help direct network traffic to the appropriate application or service.
UNIT I WIRELESS LAN 9 Introduction-WLAN technologies: Infrared, UHF narrowband, spread spectrum -IEEE802.11: System architecture, protocol architecture, physical layer, MAC layer, 802.11b, 802.11a – Hiper LAN: WATM, BRAN, HiperLAN2 – Bluetooth: Architecture, Radio Layer, Baseband layer, Link manager Protocol, security - IEEE802.16-WIMAX: Physical layer, MAC, Spectrum allocation for WIMAX UNIT II MOBILE NETWORK LAYER 9 Introduction - Mobile IP: IP packet delivery, Agent discovery, tunneling and encapsulation, IPV6-Network layer in the internet- Mobile IP session initiation protocol - mobile ad-hoc network: Routing, Destination Sequence distance vector, Dynamic source routing UNIT III MOBILE TRANSPORT LAYER 9 TCP enhancements for wireless protocols - Traditional TCP: Congestion control, fast retransmit/fast recovery, Implications of mobility - Classical TCP improvements: Indirect TCP, Snooping TCP, Mobile TCP, Time out freezing, Selective retransmission, Transaction oriented TCP - TCP over 3G wireless networks. UNIT IV WIRELESS WIDE AREA NETWORK 9 Overview of UTMS Terrestrial Radio access network-UMTS Core network Architecture: 3G-MSC, 3G-SGSN, 3G-GGSN, SMS-GMSC/SMS-IWMSC, Firewall, DNS/DHCP-High speed Downlink packet access (HSDPA)- LTE network architecture and protocol. UNIT V 4G NETWORKS 9 Introduction – 4G vision – 4G features and challenges - Applications of 4G – 4G Technologies: Multicarrier Modulation, Smart antenna techniques, OFDM-MIMO systems, Adaptive Modulation and coding with time slot scheduler, Cognitive Radio.
Ports and sockets allow processes on the same device to communicate over a network. Every TCP connection is uniquely identified by its two endpoints - the source port and destination port. Ports map incoming data to specific processes using port numbers between 0-65535. A socket is the endpoint of a connection and is defined by an IP address and port number combination. Sockets provide an interface for programming networks at the transport layer and allow devices to establish connections to communicate.
This tutorial gives very good understanding on Protocols.After completing this tutorial,You will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in Protocols port Number.
This document provides a cheat sheet on IPv6 addressing and protocols. It lists the fields of the IPv6 header such as version, traffic class, flow label, payload length, next header, and hop limit. It describes various types of IPv6 addresses including global unicast, multicast, anycast, IPv4-compatible, and link-local addresses. It also outlines IPv6 extension headers, ICMPv6 message types, commonly used next header values, multicast addresses, and Ethernet protocol types.
PPT Slides explains about OSI layer, Internet Protocol(IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP) & Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP). It focuses on Protocol Headers and the interpretation of various header fields.
PPT describes about how to detect malicious datagrams, packet filtering systems behaviors & anomalies causing due to fragmentation.
The document discusses inter-process communication and network protocols. It describes two forms of IPC - local and network IPC. Local IPC allows communication between processes on the same host using mechanisms like pipes, FIFOs, message queues and shared memory. Network IPC allows communication between processes on different hosts using sockets. It provides examples of client-server communication over a local Ethernet network and across different LANs connected by a WAN. It also discusses TCP and UDP protocols, and how TCP establishes and terminates connections using three-way and four-way handshakes.
The document provides information on IPv6 addressing architecture and formats. It discusses IPv6 address types including unicast, multicast, and link-local addresses. It also covers IPv6 header formats, extension headers, and address autoconfiguration processes.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service on GSM networks that provides faster data transmission rates than GSM. It allows more efficient use of network resources by allowing radio channels to be shared and users to pay for the amount of data transferred rather than connection time. GPRS serves as an important step towards 3G networks by using a similar business model and network architecture. The key network elements that support GPRS include the SGSN, GGSN, PCU and DNS.
This document lists common network port numbers used in Windows, including RDP port 3389, FTP port 21, TFTP port 69, Telnet port 23, SMTP port 25, DNS port 53, DHCP port 68, POP3 port 110, HTTP port 80, HTTPS port 443, NNTP port 119, NTP port 123, IMAP port 143, LDAP port 389, SSH port 22.
When we desire a communication between two applications possibly running on different machines, we need sockets. This presentation aims to provide knowledge of basic socket programming to undergraduate students. Basically, this presentation gives the importance of socket in the area of networking and Unix Programming. The presentation of Topic (Sockets) has designed according to the Network Programming Subject, B.Tech, 6th Semester syllabus of Punjab Technical University Kapurthala, Punjab.
This document summarizes various socket options that can be used to configure sockets and control their behavior. It describes generic socket options like SO_BROADCAST and SO_LINGER. It also covers IPv4-specific options like IP_TOS and IP_TTL that control fields in IPv4 packet headers. IPv6 options like IPV6_HOPLIMIT and ICMPv6 options like ICMP6_FILTER are also outlined. The document provides details on how these options can be used to get and set socket configuration values that impact functionality.
Www ccnav5 net_ccna_1_chapter_7_v5_0_exam_answers_2014Đồng Quốc Vương
This document contains exam answers for CCNA 1 Chapter 7 v5.0. It provides 22 multiple choice questions about transport layer protocols like TCP and UDP. For each question, it lists the possible answer choices and indicates the correct answer with an asterisk. The questions cover topics like TCP three-way handshake, port numbers, sockets, and functions of the transport layer like multiplexing and ensuring reliable data delivery.
Networking Fundamentals: Transport Protocols (TCP and UDP)Andriy Berestovskyy
Transport Layer of TCP/IP. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) basics and network sockets explained. How TCP connection get established, error recovered and terminated.
User Datagram Protocol and its comparison to TCP. Quality of Service (QoS).
TCP provides reliable byte stream delivery over unreliable IP networks using connection-oriented transmissions with sequencing and acknowledgment of data segments. It establishes connections between client and server applications, and delivers data as a continuous byte stream while maintaining reliability through retransmission of lost segments. The TCP header contains fields for port numbers, sequence numbers, acknowledgment numbers, flags, window size, checksum, and other fields to support its connection-oriented and reliable data transmission functions.
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is used by the vast majority of applications to transport their data reliably across the Internet and in the cloud. TCP was designed in the 1970s and has slowly evolved since then. Today's networks are multipath: mobile devices have multiple wireless interfaces, datacenters have many redundant paths between servers, and multihoming has become the norm for big server farms. Meanwhile, TCP is essentially a single-path protocol: when a TCP connection is established, the connection is bound to the IP addresses of the two communicating hosts and these cannot change. Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is a major modification to TCP that allows multiple paths to be used simultaneously by a single transport connection. Multipath TCP circumvents the issues mentioned above and several others that affect TCP. The IETF is currently finalising the Multipath TCP RFC and an implementation in the Linux kernel is available today.
This tutorial will present in details the design of Multipath TCP and the role that it could play in cloud environments. We will start with a presentation of the current Internet landscape and explain how various types of middleboxes have influenced the design of Multipath TCP. Second we will describe in details the connection establishment and release procedures as well as the data transfer mechanisms that are specific to Multipath TCP. We will then discuss several use cases for the deployment of Multipath TCP including improving the performance of datacenters and
mobile WiFi offloading on smartphones. All these use cases are key when both accessing cloud-based services or when providing them. We will end the tutorial with some open research issues.
This tutorial was given at the IEEE Cloud'Net 2012 conference in novembrer 2012.
The pptx version containing animations that are not shown here is available from http://www.multipath-tcp.org
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit identifiers for interfaces compared to 32-bit in IPv4. The presentation discusses the various address formats and types in IPv6 including unicast, anycast, and multicast. It also covers the changes in IPv6 packet header format versus IPv4 as well as new features like flow labeling and extension headers. Key advantages of IPv6 are larger address space, simplified header format, improved support for extensions, and better mobility and security features.
The document provides information about network configuration and security best practices:
1. HTTPS should be used to transfer credit card information on a company website to encrypt the transmission.
2. A branch office router connecting to headquarters should be configured with encapsulation PPP and IP address 192.168.5.21 to establish the serial connection.
3. The service password-encryption and enable secret commands ensure passwords are encrypted in the router configuration.
Logical addressing provides a hierarchical structure to separate networks and assign logical addresses dynamically. Logical addresses contain a network ID and host ID. Examples include IPX and IP, with IP being the most widely used and forming the backbone of the Internet. IP provides logical addressing, unique host/network identification, and routing functions. Originally defined in RFC 760, IPv4 introduced widespread deployment but will be replaced by IPv6 due to limited IPv4 address space.
Subnetting allows a network to be logically divided into subnetworks (subnets) to help reduce traffic and conceal complexity. It improves network speed, security, and efficiency by reducing congestion. Subnetting a /26 network that contains 64 addresses into subnets of 32, 16, and 16 addresses requires masks of /27, /28, and /28 respectively. An IPv4 address consists of four octets while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses typically written in hexadecimal. The IPv4 header contains fields for version, header length, protocol, source/destination addresses while IPv6 simplified the fixed length header and removed fragmentation.
IP addresses are 32-bit numbers that uniquely identify devices on the internet. They consist of a network portion and host portion. IP addresses are divided into classes A, B, and C based on the number of bits used for the network portion. Class A uses 8 bits for the network portion, allowing up to 16 million hosts, Class B uses 16 bits for networks of 65,000 hosts, and Class C uses 24 bits for networks of 254 hosts. IP addresses are written in dotted decimal notation with each 8-bit octet represented as a number between 0-255.
UNIT I WIRELESS LAN 9 Introduction-WLAN technologies: Infrared, UHF narrowband, spread spectrum -IEEE802.11: System architecture, protocol architecture, physical layer, MAC layer, 802.11b, 802.11a – Hiper LAN: WATM, BRAN, HiperLAN2 – Bluetooth: Architecture, Radio Layer, Baseband layer, Link manager Protocol, security - IEEE802.16-WIMAX: Physical layer, MAC, Spectrum allocation for WIMAX UNIT II MOBILE NETWORK LAYER 9 Introduction - Mobile IP: IP packet delivery, Agent discovery, tunneling and encapsulation, IPV6-Network layer in the internet- Mobile IP session initiation protocol - mobile ad-hoc network: Routing, Destination Sequence distance vector, Dynamic source routing UNIT III MOBILE TRANSPORT LAYER 9 TCP enhancements for wireless protocols - Traditional TCP: Congestion control, fast retransmit/fast recovery, Implications of mobility - Classical TCP improvements: Indirect TCP, Snooping TCP, Mobile TCP, Time out freezing, Selective retransmission, Transaction oriented TCP - TCP over 3G wireless networks. UNIT IV WIRELESS WIDE AREA NETWORK 9 Overview of UTMS Terrestrial Radio access network-UMTS Core network Architecture: 3G-MSC, 3G-SGSN, 3G-GGSN, SMS-GMSC/SMS-IWMSC, Firewall, DNS/DHCP-High speed Downlink packet access (HSDPA)- LTE network architecture and protocol. UNIT V 4G NETWORKS 9 Introduction – 4G vision – 4G features and challenges - Applications of 4G – 4G Technologies: Multicarrier Modulation, Smart antenna techniques, OFDM-MIMO systems, Adaptive Modulation and coding with time slot scheduler, Cognitive Radio.
Ports and sockets allow processes on the same device to communicate over a network. Every TCP connection is uniquely identified by its two endpoints - the source port and destination port. Ports map incoming data to specific processes using port numbers between 0-65535. A socket is the endpoint of a connection and is defined by an IP address and port number combination. Sockets provide an interface for programming networks at the transport layer and allow devices to establish connections to communicate.
This tutorial gives very good understanding on Protocols.After completing this tutorial,You will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in Protocols port Number.
This document provides a cheat sheet on IPv6 addressing and protocols. It lists the fields of the IPv6 header such as version, traffic class, flow label, payload length, next header, and hop limit. It describes various types of IPv6 addresses including global unicast, multicast, anycast, IPv4-compatible, and link-local addresses. It also outlines IPv6 extension headers, ICMPv6 message types, commonly used next header values, multicast addresses, and Ethernet protocol types.
PPT Slides explains about OSI layer, Internet Protocol(IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP) & Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP). It focuses on Protocol Headers and the interpretation of various header fields.
PPT describes about how to detect malicious datagrams, packet filtering systems behaviors & anomalies causing due to fragmentation.
The document discusses inter-process communication and network protocols. It describes two forms of IPC - local and network IPC. Local IPC allows communication between processes on the same host using mechanisms like pipes, FIFOs, message queues and shared memory. Network IPC allows communication between processes on different hosts using sockets. It provides examples of client-server communication over a local Ethernet network and across different LANs connected by a WAN. It also discusses TCP and UDP protocols, and how TCP establishes and terminates connections using three-way and four-way handshakes.
The document provides information on IPv6 addressing architecture and formats. It discusses IPv6 address types including unicast, multicast, and link-local addresses. It also covers IPv6 header formats, extension headers, and address autoconfiguration processes.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service on GSM networks that provides faster data transmission rates than GSM. It allows more efficient use of network resources by allowing radio channels to be shared and users to pay for the amount of data transferred rather than connection time. GPRS serves as an important step towards 3G networks by using a similar business model and network architecture. The key network elements that support GPRS include the SGSN, GGSN, PCU and DNS.
This document lists common network port numbers used in Windows, including RDP port 3389, FTP port 21, TFTP port 69, Telnet port 23, SMTP port 25, DNS port 53, DHCP port 68, POP3 port 110, HTTP port 80, HTTPS port 443, NNTP port 119, NTP port 123, IMAP port 143, LDAP port 389, SSH port 22.
When we desire a communication between two applications possibly running on different machines, we need sockets. This presentation aims to provide knowledge of basic socket programming to undergraduate students. Basically, this presentation gives the importance of socket in the area of networking and Unix Programming. The presentation of Topic (Sockets) has designed according to the Network Programming Subject, B.Tech, 6th Semester syllabus of Punjab Technical University Kapurthala, Punjab.
This document summarizes various socket options that can be used to configure sockets and control their behavior. It describes generic socket options like SO_BROADCAST and SO_LINGER. It also covers IPv4-specific options like IP_TOS and IP_TTL that control fields in IPv4 packet headers. IPv6 options like IPV6_HOPLIMIT and ICMPv6 options like ICMP6_FILTER are also outlined. The document provides details on how these options can be used to get and set socket configuration values that impact functionality.
Www ccnav5 net_ccna_1_chapter_7_v5_0_exam_answers_2014Đồng Quốc Vương
This document contains exam answers for CCNA 1 Chapter 7 v5.0. It provides 22 multiple choice questions about transport layer protocols like TCP and UDP. For each question, it lists the possible answer choices and indicates the correct answer with an asterisk. The questions cover topics like TCP three-way handshake, port numbers, sockets, and functions of the transport layer like multiplexing and ensuring reliable data delivery.
Networking Fundamentals: Transport Protocols (TCP and UDP)Andriy Berestovskyy
Transport Layer of TCP/IP. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) basics and network sockets explained. How TCP connection get established, error recovered and terminated.
User Datagram Protocol and its comparison to TCP. Quality of Service (QoS).
TCP provides reliable byte stream delivery over unreliable IP networks using connection-oriented transmissions with sequencing and acknowledgment of data segments. It establishes connections between client and server applications, and delivers data as a continuous byte stream while maintaining reliability through retransmission of lost segments. The TCP header contains fields for port numbers, sequence numbers, acknowledgment numbers, flags, window size, checksum, and other fields to support its connection-oriented and reliable data transmission functions.
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is used by the vast majority of applications to transport their data reliably across the Internet and in the cloud. TCP was designed in the 1970s and has slowly evolved since then. Today's networks are multipath: mobile devices have multiple wireless interfaces, datacenters have many redundant paths between servers, and multihoming has become the norm for big server farms. Meanwhile, TCP is essentially a single-path protocol: when a TCP connection is established, the connection is bound to the IP addresses of the two communicating hosts and these cannot change. Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is a major modification to TCP that allows multiple paths to be used simultaneously by a single transport connection. Multipath TCP circumvents the issues mentioned above and several others that affect TCP. The IETF is currently finalising the Multipath TCP RFC and an implementation in the Linux kernel is available today.
This tutorial will present in details the design of Multipath TCP and the role that it could play in cloud environments. We will start with a presentation of the current Internet landscape and explain how various types of middleboxes have influenced the design of Multipath TCP. Second we will describe in details the connection establishment and release procedures as well as the data transfer mechanisms that are specific to Multipath TCP. We will then discuss several use cases for the deployment of Multipath TCP including improving the performance of datacenters and
mobile WiFi offloading on smartphones. All these use cases are key when both accessing cloud-based services or when providing them. We will end the tutorial with some open research issues.
This tutorial was given at the IEEE Cloud'Net 2012 conference in novembrer 2012.
The pptx version containing animations that are not shown here is available from http://www.multipath-tcp.org
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit identifiers for interfaces compared to 32-bit in IPv4. The presentation discusses the various address formats and types in IPv6 including unicast, anycast, and multicast. It also covers the changes in IPv6 packet header format versus IPv4 as well as new features like flow labeling and extension headers. Key advantages of IPv6 are larger address space, simplified header format, improved support for extensions, and better mobility and security features.
The document provides information about network configuration and security best practices:
1. HTTPS should be used to transfer credit card information on a company website to encrypt the transmission.
2. A branch office router connecting to headquarters should be configured with encapsulation PPP and IP address 192.168.5.21 to establish the serial connection.
3. The service password-encryption and enable secret commands ensure passwords are encrypted in the router configuration.
Logical addressing provides a hierarchical structure to separate networks and assign logical addresses dynamically. Logical addresses contain a network ID and host ID. Examples include IPX and IP, with IP being the most widely used and forming the backbone of the Internet. IP provides logical addressing, unique host/network identification, and routing functions. Originally defined in RFC 760, IPv4 introduced widespread deployment but will be replaced by IPv6 due to limited IPv4 address space.
Subnetting allows a network to be logically divided into subnetworks (subnets) to help reduce traffic and conceal complexity. It improves network speed, security, and efficiency by reducing congestion. Subnetting a /26 network that contains 64 addresses into subnets of 32, 16, and 16 addresses requires masks of /27, /28, and /28 respectively. An IPv4 address consists of four octets while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses typically written in hexadecimal. The IPv4 header contains fields for version, header length, protocol, source/destination addresses while IPv6 simplified the fixed length header and removed fragmentation.
IP addresses are 32-bit numbers that uniquely identify devices on the internet. They consist of a network portion and host portion. IP addresses are divided into classes A, B, and C based on the number of bits used for the network portion. Class A uses 8 bits for the network portion, allowing up to 16 million hosts, Class B uses 16 bits for networks of 65,000 hosts, and Class C uses 24 bits for networks of 254 hosts. IP addresses are written in dotted decimal notation with each 8-bit octet represented as a number between 0-255.
IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numbers that uniquely identify devices on the Internet. They consist of a network portion and host portion, with the subnet mask defining which bits belong to each portion. Addresses can be assigned statically or dynamically via DHCP. The IPv4 header contains fields like source/destination addresses, flags, fragmentation information, TTL, and checksum to route packets between networks.
The document summarizes key concepts about the network layer:
1) The network layer is responsible for transporting data segments from sending to receiving hosts by encapsulating segments into datagrams. Routers examine header fields to forward datagrams.
2) The network layer provides three key functions - forwarding, routing, and call setup. Forwarding moves packets through routers, routing determines the path between source and destination, and call setup establishes connections before data flows.
3) The Internet's network layer uses IP to define addressing and datagram format. Routing protocols determine paths and ICMP reports errors. This allows connectionless and best-effort delivery across media.
The document provides information about the CO5I Advanced Computer Network course, including:
- The course vision is to develop professionals with technical skills and ethical values to serve society.
- The course objectives are to impart technical knowledge, provide strong practical and theoretical skills in computer engineering, and develop necessary skills and ethics in students.
- The course outcomes include implementing various network layer, transport layer, and application layer protocols.
- The document lists several experiments related to networking concepts that students will perform, including subnetting, IPv6 configuration, routing protocols, and application layer protocols.
This document discusses the network layer in the internet. It covers the internet protocol (IP) which provides connectionless best-effort delivery of packets called internet datagrams. The transmission control protocol (TCP) provides reliable stream service using acknowledgments, while the user datagram protocol (UDP) provides connectionless datagram service. The document then describes the IP version 4 protocol, including the header fields, fragmentation, addressing, and subnetting techniques.
Chapter VI of Networking talks about IP protocol & Routing. It also covers aspects of socket programming used for converting servers into Linux Daemons.
The document describes the TCP/IP protocol stack and its layers, including the application, transport, internet, and link layers. It explains the roles and functions of each layer, such as how the application layer provides access to network resources, the transport layer prepares data for transport, and the internet layer handles logical addressing and routing. Key protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, and Ethernet are also discussed in relation to how they operate within the TCP/IP model and enable communication across networks and the internet.
The document discusses logical addressing and IP addressing. It covers the following key points:
1. The network layer encapsulates transport segments into datagrams and delivers them to the receiving host. Routers examine header fields to route IP datagrams.
2. An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that defines a device's connection to the Internet. IPv4 has over 4 billion possible addresses.
3. Subnets divide the host portion of an IP address into a subnet number and host number, creating a three-layer hierarchy of network prefix, subnet number, and host number.
This presentation gives a brief description about IP Address (Internet protocol address), Classes of IPv4. And also included, what is IPv4 and what is IPv6.
IPv6 Basics cheat sheet provides concise summaries of IPv6 fundamentals in 3 sentences or less:
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit and provide up to 3.4×1038 unique addresses. IPv6 headers are simplified to a fixed 40 bytes and extension headers allow additional options. Neighbor discovery uses neighbor solicitation and advertisement messages to determine link-layer addresses and manage address autoconfiguration via stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) or DHCPv6.
The document contains multiple choice questions about networking concepts. Key points include:
- A network application is loaded on a local computer and accessed from a remote computer. Examples include instant messaging.
- When troubleshooting a wireless client not getting an IP address, first check the SSID and if DHCP is configured.
- Setting a router's security to WEP encrypts data between the wireless client and access point.
- Routers can provide DHCP clients with default gateways, dynamic IP addresses, and DNS server addresses.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) including:
- IPv4 provides unreliable, connectionless delivery of packets called internet datagrams between hosts on diverse networks.
- The IPv4 header contains fields for version, header length, type of service, total length, identification, flags, fragment offset, time-to-live, protocol, header checksum, source address, and destination address.
- IPv4 addresses are hierarchical, consisting of a network portion and local host portion, and are divided into classes A, B, and C based on network size.
IPv6 is the successor to IPv4 with a vastly larger 128-bit address space. It features simpler header format, extension headers, automated address configuration, improved security, and mobility support. Key aspects include stateless autoconfiguration using router advertisements, neighbor discovery for link-layer addresses, duplicate address detection, and IPv6/IPv4 translation techniques.
This course describes the basic networking elements and how they are used in practice. The course covers:
The evolution and principles of networking;
The basic notions used in this domain;
Types of equipment;
Description and general information of basic networking protocols.
The practical examples provide configuration commands, packet captures and a real feel of how to build a simple network
The course attendees will be encouraged to show their understanding by answering questions and debating the issues and solutions that they might have encountered when working with networks.
Ccnav5.org ccna 1-v50_itn_practice_final_exam_answersĐồng Quốc Vương
An administrator is attempting to configure a message-of-the-day banner on a router but is unable to get it to display correctly for Telnet users. The problem is that the banner message contains the delimiting character (V) that is being used to enclose the message. Removing the delimiting character from the message should fix the issue.
The document provides the questions and answers to the CCNA 1 v5.0 ITN Practice Final Exam. It includes 33 multiple choice questions covering topics such as wireless connectivity recommendations, host configuration settings, IPv4 and IPv6 headers, IP addressing, OSI model layers, router functions, network devices, and wireless network security settings.
This document provides an overview of the TCP/IP model created by the Department of Defense (DoD) and compares it to the OSI reference model. The DoD model consists of four layers - Process/Application, Host-to-Host, Internet, and Network Access - which correspond to a condensed version of the seven-layer OSI model. The document describes the functions of each layer and some of the key protocols that operate at each layer, such as TCP, IP, ARP, and Ethernet. It also covers topics like IP addressing, private vs public addresses, broadcast vs unicast traffic, and network access technologies.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
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• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
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Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
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- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
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Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
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The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
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How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
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Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
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Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024
Dhcp options supported
1. All DHCP options described in RFC 2131 should be supported. To set an option in
a dhcp packet you first create a dhcp packet :
from dhcp_packet import DhcpPacket
mypacket = DhcpPacket()
Then you set an option like this :
mypacket.SetOption('option_name',option_data)
<option_data> MUST be a list of integer between 0 and 255.
Data types
==========
* Single IP : 4 octets list (ex : [191.121.212.11])
* Multiple IP : MUST be a multiple of 4 octets list (4 octets at least)
* 32-bits : integer of 4 octets.
* String : a list of octet interpreted as ascii characters with a minimal size
of 1.
RFC 1497 Vendor Extensions
==========================
* subnet_mask
RFC code : 1
Type : Single IP
The subnet mask option specifies the client's subnet mask as per RFC 950.
* time_offset
RFC code : 2
Type : 32-bits
The time offset field specifies the offset of the client's subnet in seconds
from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The offset is expressed as a two's
complement 32-bit integer. A positive offset indicates a location east of the
zero meridian and a negative offset indicates a location west of the zero
meridian.
* router_option (code 3)
RFC code : 3
Type : Multiple IP
The router option specifies a list of IP addresses for routers on the client's
subnet. Routers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* time_server
RFC code : 4
Type : Multiple IP
The time server option specifies a list of RFC 868 time servers available to the
client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* name_server
RFC code : 5
Type : Multiple IP
The name server option specifies a list of IEN 116 name servers available to the
client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* domain_name_server
RFC code : 6
Type : Mutltiple IP
The domain name server option specifies a list of Domain Name System (STD 13,
2. RFC 1035) name servers available to the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in
order of preference.
* log_server
RFC code : 7
Type : Multiple IP
The log server option specifies a list of MIT-LCS UDP log servers available to
the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* cookie_server
RFC code : 8
Type : Multiple IP
The cookie server option specifies a list of RFC 865 cookie servers available to
the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* lpr_server
RFC code : 9
Type : Multiple IP
The LPR server option specifies a list of RFC 1179 line printer servers
available to the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* impress_server
RFC code : 10
Type : Multiple IP
The Impress server option specifies a list of Imagen Impress servers available
to the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* resource_location_ server
Code : 11
Type : Multiple IP
This option specifies a list of RFC 887 Resource Location servers available to
the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* host_name
RFC code : 12
Type : String
This option specifies the name of the client. The name may or may not be
qualified with the local domain name. See RFC 1035 for character set
restrictions.
* boot_file_size
RFC code : 13
Type : 16-bits (unsigned integer)
This option specifies the length in 512-octet blocks of the default boot image
for the client.
* merit_dump_file
RFC code : 14
Type : String
This option specifies the path-name of a file to which the client's core image
should be dumped in the event the client crashes. The path is formatted as a
character string consisting of characters from the NVT ASCII character set.
* domain_name
RFC code : 15
Type : String
3. This option specifies the domain name that client should use when resolving
hostnames via the Domain Name System.
* swap_server
RFC code : 16
Type : Single IP
This specifies the IP address of the client's swap server.
* root_path
RFC code : 17
Type : String
This option specifies the path-name that contains the client's root disk. The
path is formatted as a character string consisting of characters from the NVT
ASCII character set.
* extensions_path
RFC code : 18
Type : String
A string to specify a file, retrievable via TFTP, which contains information
which can be interpreted in the same way as the 64-octet vendor-extension field
within the BOOTP response, with the following exceptions:
- the length of the file is unconstrained;
- all references to Tag 18 (i.e., instances of the BOOTP Extensions Path field)
within the file are ignored.
IP Layer Parameters per Host
============================
This section details the options that affect the operation of the IP layer on a
per-host basis.
* ip_forwarding
RFC code : 19
Type : Bool
This option specifies whether the client should configure its IP layer for
packet forwarding. A value of 0 means disable IP forwarding, and a value of 1
means enable IP forwarding.
* nonlocal_source_routing
RFC code : 20
Type : Bool
This option specifies whether the client should configure its IP layer to allow
forwarding of datagrams with non-local source routes. A value of 0 means
disallow forwarding of such datagrams, and a value of 1 means allow forwarding.
* policy_filter
RFC code : 21
Type : Special - Multiple IP/Mask
This option specifies policy filters for non-local source routing. The filters
consist of a list of IP addresses and masks which specify destination/mask pairs
with which to filter incoming source routes. Any source routed datagram whose
next-hop address does not match one of the filters should be discarded by the
client. The minimum length of this option is 8, and the length MUST be a
multiple of 8.
4. * maximum_datagram_reassembly_size
RFC code : 22
Type : 16-bits
This option specifies the maximum size datagram that the client should be
prepared to reassemble. The size is specified as a 16-bit unsigned integer. The
minimum value legal value is 576.
* default_ip_time-to-live
RFC code : 23
Type : 8-bits unsigned int
This option specifies the default time-to-live that the client should use on
outgoing datagrams. The TTL is specified as an octet with a value between 1 and
255.
* path_mtu_aging_timeout
RFC code : 24
Type : 32-bits unsigned int
This option specifies the timeout (in seconds) to use when aging Path MTU values
discovered by the mechanism defined in RFC 1191 [12]. The timeout is specified
as a 32-bit unsigned integer.
* path_mtu_plateau_table
RFC code : 25
Type : 16-bits unsigned integer list
This option specifies a table of MTU sizes to use when performing Path MTU
Discovery as defined in RFC 1191. The table is formatted as a list of 16-bit
unsigned integers, ordered from smallest to largest. The minimum MTU value
cannot be smaller than 68.
IP Layer Parameters per Interface
=================================
This section details the options that affect the operation of the IP layer on a
per-interface basis. It is expected that a client can issue multiple requests,
one per interface, in order to configure interfaces with their specific
parameters.
* Interface MTU Option
RFC code : 26
Type : 16-bit unsigned integer
This option specifies the MTU to use on this interface. The minimum legal value
for the MTU is 68.
* all_subnets_are_local
RFC code : 27
Type : Bool
This option specifies whether or not the client may assume that all subnets of
the IP network to which the client is connected use the same MTU as the subnet
of that network to which the client is directly connected. A value of 1
indicates that all subnets share the same MTU. A value of 0 means that the
client should assume that some subnets of the directly connected network may
have smaller MTUs.
* broadcast_address
RFC code : 28
Type : Single IP
5. This option specifies the broadcast address in use on the client's subnet.
* perform_mask_discovery
RFC code : 29
Type : Bool
This option specifies whether or not the client should perform subnet mask
discovery using ICMP. A value of 0 indicates that the client should not perform
mask discovery. A value of 1 means that the client should perform mask
discovery.
* mask_supplier
RFC code : 30
Type : Bool
This option specifies whether or not the client should respond to subnet mask
requests using ICMP. A value of 0 indicates that the client should not respond.
A value of 1 means that the client should respond.
* perform_router_discovery
RFC code : 31
Type : Bool
This option specifies whether or not the client should solicit routers using the
Router Discovery mechanism defined in RFC 1256. A value of 0 indicates that the
client should not perform router discovery. A value of 1 means that the client
should perform router discovery.
* router_solicitation_address
RFC code : 32
Type : Single IP
This option specifies the address to which the client should transmit router
solicitation requests.
* static_route
RFC code : 33
Type : Special - Multiple of 2 IP.
This option specifies a list of static routes that the client should install in
its routing cache. If multiple routes to the same destination are specified,
they are listed in descending order of priority.
The routes consist of a list of IP address pairs. The first address is the
destination address, and the second address is the router for the destination.
The default route (0.0.0.0) is an illegal destination for a static route.
Link Layer Parameters per Interface
===================================
This section lists the options that affect the operation of the data link layer
on a per-interface basis.
* trailer_encapsulation
RFC code : 34
Type : Bool
This option specifies whether or not the client should negotiate the use of
trailers (RFC 893) when using the ARP protocol. A value of 0 indicates that the
client should not attempt to use trailers. A value of 1 means that the client
should attempt to use trailers.
* arp_cache_timeout
6. RFC code : 35
Type : 32-bits unsigned int
This option specifies the timeout in seconds for ARP cache entries. The time is
specified as a 32-bit unsigned integer.
* ethernet_encapsulation
RFC code : 36
Type : Bool
This option specifies whether or not the client should use Ethernet Version 2
(RFC 894) or IEEE 802.3 (RFC 1042) encapsulation if the interface is an
Ethernet. A value of 0 indicates that the client should use RFC 894
encapsulation. A value of 1 means that the client should use RFC 1042
encapsulation.
TCP Parameters
==============
This section lists the options that affect the operation of the TCP layer on a
per-interface basis.
* tcp_default_ttl
RFC code : 37
Type : 8-bits unsigned integer
This option specifies the default TTL that the client should use when
sending TCP segments. The minimum value is 1.
* tcp_keepalive_interval
RFC code : 38
Type : 32-bits unsigned integer
This option specifies the interval (in seconds) that the client TCP should wait
before sending a keepalive message on a TCP connection. A value of zero
indicates that the client should not generate keepalive messages on connections
unless specifically requested by an application.
* tcp_keepalive_garbage
RFC code : 39
Type : Bool
This option specifies the whether or not the client should send TCP keepalive
messages with a octet of garbage for compatibility with older implementations.
A value of 0 indicates that a garbage octet should not be sent. A value of 1
indicates that a garbage octet should be sent.
Application and Service Parameters
==================================
This section details some miscellaneous options used to configure miscellaneous
applications and services.
* nis_domain
RFC code : 40
Type : String
This option specifies the name of the client's NIS [17] domain. The domain is
formatted as a character string consisting of characters from the NVT ASCII
character set.
* nis_servers
RFC code : 41
7. Type : Multiple IP
This option specifies a list of IP addresses indicating NIS servers available to
the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* ntp_servers
RFC code : 42
Type : Multiple IP
This option specifies a list of IP addresses indicating NTP servers available to
the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* vendor_specific_information
RFC code : 43
Type : Special - n-octet
This option is used by clients and servers to exchange vendor-specific
information. The information is an opaque object of N octets, presumably
interpreted by vendor-specific code on the clients and servers. The definition
of this information is vendor specific. The vendor is indicated in the vendor
class identifier option. Servers not equipped to interpret the vendor-specific
information sent by a client MUST ignore it (although it may be reported).
Clients which do not receive desired vendor-specific information SHOULD make an
attempt to operate without it, although they may do so (and announce they are
doing so) in a degraded mode.
If a vendor potentially encodes more than one item of information in this
option, then the vendor SHOULD encode the option using "Encapsulated vendor-
specific options" as described below:
The Encapsulated vendor-specific options field SHOULD be encoded as a sequence
of code/length/value fields of identical syntax to the DHCP options field with
the following exceptions:
* There SHOULD NOT be a "magic cookie" field in the encapsulated vendor-specific
extensions field.
* Codes other than 0 or 255 MAY be redefined by the vendor within the
encapsulated vendor-specific extensions field, but SHOULD conform to the tag-
length-value syntax defined in section 2.
* Code 255 (END), if present, signifies the end of the encapsulated vendor
extensions, not the end of the vendor extensions field. If no code 255 is
present, then the end of the enclosing vendor-specific information field is
taken as the end of the encapsulated vendor-specific extensions field.
* nbns
RFC code : 44
Type : Multiple IP
The NetBIOS name server (NBNS) option specifies a list of RFC 1001/1002 NBNS
name servers listed in order of preference.
* nbdd
RFC code : 45
Type : Multiple IP
The NetBIOS datagram distribution server (NBDD) option specifies a list of RFC
1001/1002 NBDD servers listed in order of preference.
* nb_node_type
RFC code : 46
Type : special - one octet
The NetBIOS node type option allows NetBIOS over TCP/IP clients which are
configurable to be configured as described in RFC 1001/1002. The value is
8. specified as a single octet which identifies the client type as follows:
Value Node Type
----- ---------
0x1 B-node
0x2 P-node
0x4 M-node
0x8 H-node
In the above chart, the notation '0x' indicates a number in base-16
(hexadecimal).
* nb_scope
RFC code :47
Type : Special - String
The NetBIOS scope option specifies the NetBIOS over TCP/IP scope
parameter for the client as specified in RFC 1001/1002.
* x_window_system_font_server
RFC code : 48
Type : Multiple IP
This option specifies a list of X Window System [21] Font servers available to
the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
The code for this option is 48. The minimum length of this option is 4 octets,
and the length MUST be a multiple of 4.
* x_window_system_display_manager
RFC code : 49
Type : Multiple IP
This option specifies a list of IP addresses of systems that are running the X
Window System Display Manager and are available to the client.
Addresses SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* nis+_domain
RFC code : 64
Type : String
This option specifies the name of the client's NIS+ [17] domain. The domain is
formatted as a character string consisting of characters from the NVT ASCII
character set.
* nis+_servers
RFC code : 65
Type : Multiple IP
This option specifies a list of IP addresses indicating NIS+ servers available
to the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* mobile_ip_home_agent
RFC code : 68
Type : Special - Multiple IP
This option specifies a list of IP addresses indicating mobile IP home agents
available to the client. Agents SHOULD be listed in order of preference. Its
minimum length is 0 (indicating no home agents are available).
* smtp_server
RFC code : 69
9. Type : Multiple IP
The SMTP server option specifies a list of SMTP servers available to the client.
Servers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* pop3_server
RFC code : 70
Type : Multiple IP
The POP3 server option specifies a list of POP3 available to the client.
Servers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* nntp_server
RFC code : 71
Type : Multiple IP
The NNTP server option specifies a list of NNTP available to the client.
Servers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* default_www_server
RFC code : 72
Type : Multiple IP
The WWW server option specifies a list of WWW available to the client. Servers
SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* default_finger_server
RFC code : 73
Type : Multiple IP
The Finger server option specifies a list of Finger available to the client.
Servers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* default_irc_server
RFC code : 74
Type : Multiple IP
The IRC server option specifies a list of IRC available to the client. Servers
SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* streettalk_server
RFC code : 75
Type : Multiple IP
The StreetTalk server option specifies a list of StreetTalk servers available to
the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of preference.
* streettalk_directory_assistance_server
RFC code : 76
Type : Multiple IP
The StreetTalk Directory Assistance (STDA) server option specifies a list of
STDA servers available to the client. Servers SHOULD be listed in order of
preference.
9. DHCP Extensions
==================
This section details the options that are specific to DHCP.
* requested_ip_address
RFC code : 50
Type : Single IP
10. This option is used in a client request (DHCPDISCOVER) to allow the client to
request that a particular IP address be assigned.
* ip_address_lease_time
RFC code : 51
Type : 32-bits unsigned integer
This option is used in a client request (DHCPDISCOVER or DHCPREQUEST) to allow
the client to request a lease time for the IP address. In a server reply
(DHCPOFFER), a DHCP server uses this option to specify the lease time it is
willing to offer. The time is in units of seconds.
* option_overload
RFC code : 52
Type : 8-bit
Warning : Do not use. This option will be automagically managed by the
pydhcplib.
This option is used to indicate that the DHCP 'sname' or 'file' fields are being
overloaded by using them to carry DHCP options. A DHCP server inserts this
option if the returned parameters will exceed the usual space allotted for
options.
If this option is present, the client interprets the specified additional fields
after it concludes interpretation of the standard option fields.
Legal values for this option are:
Value Meaning
----- --------
1 the 'file' field is used to hold options
2 the 'sname' field is used to hold options
3 both fields are used to hold options
* tftp_server_name
RFC code : 66
Type : String
This option is used to identify a TFTP server when the 'sname' field in the DHCP
header has been used for DHCP options.
* bootfile_name
RFC code : 67
Type : String
This option is used to identify a bootfile when the 'file' field in the DHCP
header has been used for DHCP options.
* dhcp_message_type
RFC code : 53
Type : Special - 8-bits
This option is used to convey the type of the DHCP message.
Legal values for this option are:
Value Message Type
----- ------------
1 DHCPDISCOVER
2 DHCPOFFER
3 DHCPREQUEST
4 DHCPDECLINE
5 DHCPACK
11. 6 DHCPNAK
7 DHCPRELEASE
8 DHCPINFORM
* server_identifier
RFC code : 54
Type : Single IP
This option is used in DHCPOFFER and DHCPREQUEST messages, and may optionally be
included in the DHCPACK and DHCPNAK messages. DHCP servers include this option
in the DHCPOFFER in order to allow the client to distinguish between lease
offers. DHCP clients use the contents of the 'server identifier' field as the
destination address for any DHCP messages unicast to the DHCP server. DHCP
clients also indicate which of several lease offers is being accepted by
including this option in a DHCPREQUEST message. The identifier is the IP address
of the selected server.
* Parameter Request List
RFC code : 55
Type : Special - N octets
This option is used by a DHCP client to request values for specified
configuration parameters. The list of requested parameters is specified as n
octets, where each octet is a valid DHCP option code as defined in this
document.
The client MAY list the options in order of preference. The DHCP server is not
required to return the options in the requested order, but MUST try to insert
the requested options in the order requested by the client.
* message
RFC code : 56
Type : String
This option is used by a DHCP server to provide an error message to a DHCP
client in a DHCPNAK message in the event of a failure. A client may use this
option in a DHCPDECLINE message to indicate the why the client declined the
offered parameters. The message consists of N octets of NVT ASCII text, which
the client may display on an available output device.
* maximum_dhcp_message_size
RFC code : 57
Type : 16-bits unsigned integer
This option specifies the maximum length DHCP message that it is willing to
accept. The length is specified as an unsigned 16-bit integer. A client may use
the maximum DHCP message size option in DHCPDISCOVER or DHCPREQUEST messages,
but should not use the option in DHCPDECLINE messages.
The minimum legal value is 576 octets.
* renewal_time_value
RFC code : 58
Type : 32-bits unsigned integer
This option specifies the time interval from address assignment until the client
transitions to the RENEWING state.
The value is in units of seconds, and is specified as a 32-bit unsigned integer.
* rebinding_time_value
RFC code : 59
Type : 32-bits unsigned integer
This option specifies the time interval from address assignment until the client
12. transitions to the REBINDING state.
* vendor_class_identifier
RFC code : 60
Type : String
This option is used by DHCP clients to optionally identify the vendor type and
configuration of a DHCP client. The information is a string of n octets,
interpreted by servers. Vendors may choose to define specific vendor class
identifiers to convey particular configuration or other identification
information about a client. For example, the identifier may encode the client's
hardware configuration. Servers not equipped to interpret the class-specific
information sent by a client MUST ignore it (although it may be reported).
Servers that respond SHOULD only use option 43 to return the vendor-specific
information to the client.
* client_identifier
RFC code : 61
Type : Special
This option is used by DHCP clients to specify their unique identifier. DHCP
servers use this value to index their database of address bindings. This value
is expected to be unique for all clients in an administrative domain.
Identifiers SHOULD be treated as opaque objects by DHCP servers.
The client identifier MAY consist of type-value pairs similar to the
'htype'/'chaddr' fields. For instance, it MAY consist of a hardware type and
hardware address. In this case the type field SHOULD be one of the ARP hardware
types defined in STD2. A hardware type of 0 (zero) should be used when the value
field contains an identifier other than a hardware address (e.g. a fully
qualified domain name).
For correct identification of clients, each client's client-identifier MUST be
unique among the client-identifiers used on the subnet to which the client is
attached. Vendors and system administrators are responsible for choosing client-
identifiers that meet this requirement for uniqueness.