The document discusses issues with the secondary education system in India. It notes that the current examination system is defective and overly focused on rote learning and memory. Guidance and counseling services are also lacking. The examination system needs reforms to assess understanding rather than just memory. It should also evaluate students in all domains, not just knowledge. Guidance and counseling are important to help students with career selection, problem-solving, and development, but they suffer from issues like lack of funding and qualified professionals. Overall improvements are needed to make secondary education more student-centered, practical, and focused on development.

1. WELCOME TO THE SEMINAR
SUBJECT : SYSTEM AND STUCTURE OF SECONDARY AND
HIGHER SECONDARY EDUCATION (SOFT CORE 2C)
UNIT : ISSUES OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
TOPIC : DEFECTIVE EXAMINATION SYSTEM
AND GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
Presented BY
DEVARAJU B N
M.Ed. II Semester
Department of Education
Kuvempu University
Observed BY
Mr. Balachandra Madiwal
Faculty Member
Department of Education
Kuvempu University

2. INDEX
Introduction
Meaning of Secondary Education
Issues of Secondary Education
Defective Examinations System
Guidance and Counseling
 Prospectus for Improve Secondary Education
Conclusion
Bibliography

3. Introduction:
Education is the birth right of every child in India
although India has made significant progress in various field.
But, still have been facing various problems of children such
as child labour, malnutrition, child abuse etc.
These problem can be overcome from the light of
knowledge. Therefore government has formulated various
schemes, programs to ensure that no child remain uneducated
but there are various problem faced in our education system.

4. Meaning of Secondary Education
Secondary Education in India refers to an Education
provided to the students between the age of 14 to 18
following the completion of Primary Education.
According to National Education Policy 2020 the second
year education divided into two stages
 The Middle Stage (age from11to14)
 The Second Stage (age from15 to 18)

5. Issues of Secondary Education
Various commissions identify the defects in secondary education sum
of the issues of secondary education are discussed here
Heavy curriculum
Rigid time table
Expensive schemes
Not child centre
Wastage stagnation and dropout
Highly exam oriented
Lack of trained and dedicated teacher
More emphasis on English language
No emphasis on practical training
Like participation to improve personality
Lack of adequate infrastructure
Lack of career guidance
Lack of balance between academic and value of life
Neglecting of nutrition and health
Continuous and comprehensive evaluation
High people teacher ratio

6.  Limited Assessment: Examinations only assess a student's
ability to perform in a particular test-taking environment.
This may not be an accurate representation of a student's
overall knowledge and understanding of a subject.
 Heavy Curriculum secondary education predominantly
academic in nature and bookish it create issue for student
and teacher to complete the content within the finite time
period it leads for curriculum imbalance, content
overloaded.
 Not child centre present secondary education system was
content oriented and teacher based education it ignores
individual differences in intelligence aptitude and interest
of children's

7. Lack of facilities to improve personality the students who go
for higher education faces mini problems and suffer from
inferiority complex most of them lakh good communication
skill even though they have good in their subject they do not
have all round personality development.
No emphasis on practical training practical training is
considered a waste of time in many schools students are not
provided the right environment to develop their practical skill
knowledge.
Highly exam oriented most of the schools now a days are
concern about giving good result instead of stressing on an
all-round development of students children learn to pass the
exams and not for realising the developed mental goal.

8. Defective examination system
Time Constraints : CCE requires a lot of time that teachers
must spend evaluating the learners and hence, this can put
additional strain on teachers due to which there may be a
negative influence on the assessment of learners.
Negligent Attitude of Parents:The CCE system is not
supported by all and few parents may prefer the traditional
method of evaluation and this lack of support by the parents
can cause difficulty to the teacher.

9. Emphasis on Memory/Rote Learning/ Ratta System The
examination system of India put more emphasis on the ‘Ratta
system’ and this is the major defect which needs serious
attention.
Cheating: The understanding and analytical ability of
students is ignored in prevailing examination system. Due to
the privatization of education and more emphasis on the
marks or grades of students are the major reasons for
promoting cheating in examination.
Subjectivity: Subjectivity is another major defect of our
education system. It occurs at three levels namely first at the
level of paper setting by the examiner, second at the level of
student who writes answer according to his/her own
subjective nature and third at the level of evaluator who is
evaluating the answer given by the student.

10. Theoretical in nature: The knowledge, skill and attitude of the
students should be assessed to properly evaluate his/her
performance in the course, but the present examination system
only focus on the knowledge aspect of the students. The
students are encouraged to read books and the examination
are based on bookish knowledge.
Poor Content Coverage by Papers The examination system is
based upon the optional nature of question means a student
has the option to answer one question from two or more
questions and so on. This optional nature of paper setting is
responsible for poor content coverage. T

11. Techniques of Paper Marking used by Examiners Paper
marking/ checking by teachers is becoming quite defective
these days. The teachers mark the paper with bird’s eye view
by just counting the number of pages written by student for a
particular answer.
Low Quality of Question Paper: The question paper is one
of the most vital components of any examination system.
Though considerable improvements have taken place in its
design, blue print and content coverage, there is still lot more
to be done to make this tool more reliable and valid. The
preparation of the scoring key and marking scheme requires
more attention in order to reduce the element of subjectivity
in marking the script.

12. Mismanagement of Examinations: We often come across the
startling news about the leakage of question papers,
mishandling of answers scripts, mismatch of roll numbers,
erors in marking and totalling, awarding of grace marks,
wrong declaration of results etc. Most of the examining
agencies still appear to be " technology-shy" and are hesitant
in adopting the latest techniques of computerisation and
optical scanning.
Awarding of Grace Marks: The awarding of grace marks is
not based on any scientific rationale. In almost all the cases
the phenomenon is arbitrary and unscientific. The practice
currently followed is not to consider the passing probabilities
for deciding the award of grace marks.

13. Validity of a Single-stroke Examination : At the secondary
and senior secondary stage of school education, the students
have to put in 10 and 12 years of studies respectively. But
they are made to appear for the terminal examination where
they are sub.jected to three hour testing based on a limited
course content. Not only this, their sustaiiied efforts of so
many years are evaluated by the examiners in a short span of
a few minutes. This raises a question mark on the entire
system of examination because it does not take into
cognisance the work done throughout the year in terms of
projects, assignments, tests and class work, etc.

14. Suggestion for improvement
 All type of subjectivity should be avoided
 Bring the necessary reforms in examination
 Examination should provide opportunity to examine all
the domains
 Proper arrangement of resources required for the
examination
 Examination should be based on understanding and
analytical ability of student
 Proper weight age for practical components
 Teacher should be trined with new development in
examination pattern
 The evaluation work should be made under proper
vigilance and random

15. Guidance and counseling
Guidance and counseling is the process of helping individuals
realize their potentials and develop them into skills. It is also a
way of helping individuals understand their problems and deal
with them effectively.

16. Lack of cooperation :While guidance and counselling is
certainly an effective way of providing assistance to someone
who needs it, not everyone may be willing to accept the
advice given to them. Many individuals may not cooperate
with the advice given to them which can cause an obstruction
in the way of guidance.
Inadequate Facilities : To ensure the proper functioning and
efficiency of guidance and counselling services, proper
facilities are needed. Facilities such as a guidance and
counselling room, proper furniture, bookshelves, and the like
are necessary.

17. Lack or Absence of Funding: Guidance and counselling take
place in an atmosphere surrounded by motivation and
positivity. However, this is not possible if there are no
adequate facilities. To ensure the adequacy of facilities,
funding is needed and many educational institutions suffer a
lack of funding when it comes to guidance and counselling.
Shortage of Professionals: Guidance and counselling are
terms that are often used interchangeably. However, they do
have a slight difference. While guidance can be given by
anyone, counselling can only be given by an expert in the
field. Hence, finding a professional counsellor can be difficult.

18. Lack of Support : Although there is a rise in the awareness
of the need for guidance and counselling in the educational
sphere, there is still an air of neglect that hangs when it
comes to the implementation of these services.
Lack of Time: Along with the lack of funding and
sufficient resources, there is also a shortage of time. School
timetables cannot seem to fit in some space for guidance
and counselling.

19. Neglect from Parents : For the implementation of guidance
and counselling to be successful, there needs to support
from everyone including the school, teachers, parents, and
the learners themselves. However, many parents may not
give guidance and counselling enough consideration and
importance to it thereby causing an obstruction in the
implementation of these services.

20. Need and Importance of Educational Guidance
Services in Schools
Assessment Of Learner’s Abilities: Guidance is needed to
assess the abilities, interests, potentialities, learning
capacity, and the like of the learners for their proper
development and growth.
Educational Policies: The Secondary Education
Commission (1952) and the Kothari Commission (1964-66)
have stressed upon the importance of inclusion of guidance
in the educational curriculum. Students can face a dilemma
while choosing between subjects and proper guidance can
help them make the right decision.

21. Decision Making: Making decisions can be tough and
confusing. Guidance helps learners understand their needs and
problems and helps them make effective decisions.
Self-direction : Guidance enables learners to discover their
talents and abilities so that they can work on them. It enables
them to improve these abilities into something valuable and
worthwhile.
Solve Problems: The number of students in a school is
increasing these days. Students may be facing multiple social,
personal, emotional, psychological, and educational problems.
Guidance can help learners to understand their problems and
solve the same.

22. All-round Development Guidance ensures the overall and
all around development of all learners. It encourages the
development of learners in social, personal, emotional, and
other spheres.
Career Selection: Guidance and counselling also enable
learners to select the right professional field in which they
can progress their career by helping them choose the right
courses and the right opportunities.

23.  To achieve positive mental health.
 Provide assistant to solve problems through intimate personal
relationship
 It makes students satisfactory adjustment for improved academic
pursuits and useful life.
 Childcentered assistance for self knowledge, self realisation and
self development.
 It improve students attitude and behaviour.
 It helpful for comprehensive careers presentation
 Understanding of their personality strength and weaknesses to
find the right career
 It create pathway for planning based on there interest ability and
goals
 It help the child to maintain good mental and physical health
 Majority of adolescence are facing situations like shy fear full
loneliness to bring out students from their character guidance and
counselling is needed.

24. Conclusion:
Guidance and counselling plays an important role
in a learner’s life as it paves the way for the learner to
achieve the most he or she can such as career choice,
making use of talents and potential. This way, it assists the
learner in many ways.

25. Bibliography:
•Dr.H.V.Vamadevappa (2015)Psychology of Learning and
Instruction (Educational Psychology) Shreyas publication
Davanagere-577004.
•Prof. B.R.Ramachandraiah, H.G.Devika (2018) Childhood
And Adolescence (The Science Of Human growth And
Development)Vismaya prakashna, Mysore-573023.
•http://educationsummary.com
•http://udrc.lkouniv.ac.in
•http://edugyan.in
•http://www.steemit.com
•http://bedstudymat.com
•http://Anyfilp.com
•http://educerecentre.com
•http://principleofgrowthanddevelopment.pdf