There is need to use procurement performance measurement systems in retail stores. Therefore,
the study examined the determinants of procurement performance measurement systems usage in supermarkets
in Nakuru town. More specifically the study examined the Perceived Ease of Use on procurement performance
measurement system usage. 49 questionnaires were administered among several supermarkets in Nakuru town.
In this study, Technology Acceptance Model was used to study the determinants of procurement performance
measurement systems usage. The researcher used Census design since the Target population was small hence
whole population was included in the research. Presentation of the findings was analysed using SPSS computer
application software. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics which included means, standard
deviation, frequencies and percentages while inferential statistics will by means of correlation and regression
analysis. A multiple regression model was developed and was used to guide the study. The study established
that Perceived ease of use was a significant determinant influencing the usage of procurement performance
measurement systems. The researcher therefore recommended that the supermarkets managers should encourage
their employees on measuring their performance because it enhances the overall output and also ensure
transparency in each and every activity.
The document outlines the purchasing process, including identifying needs, selecting suppliers, negotiating contracts, and managing supplier performance. It discusses purchasing objectives like supporting operations, managing the process efficiently, developing relationships, and supporting organizational goals. The core tasks of purchasing are ensuring supply continuity, innovating purchasing practices, minimizing supply vulnerability, and verifying performance. The document also addresses vulnerabilities in supply markets from lack of knowledge or complexity, and how to overcome these through risk awareness, integrated risk management, employee understanding of risks and roles, and understanding how strategy changes affect supply chain risks.
1. The document discusses marketing channels and supply chain management. It covers topics like channel intermediaries, channel structures, supply chain benefits, and logistics components.
2. Key learning objectives include explaining marketing channels, defining channel intermediaries, describing consumer and business-to-business channel structures, and discussing issues that influence channel strategy.
3. Supply chain management is defined as coordinating activities from source to consumption. It focuses on innovative solutions, competitive advantages, and customer value through synchronized product flow.
This chapter discusses the importance of performance measurement in supply chains. It explains that establishing metrics allows companies to understand how they are performing and identify areas for improvement. Good metrics should be consistent with company strategies and focus on customer needs. The chapter provides examples of different types of metrics companies can use to measure costs, inventory levels, customer service, and overall supply chain performance. These metrics can be classified in various categories and should be integrated both within and across companies to effectively drive improvement.
This document discusses various business functions and how information systems support them. It explains that the chapter will identify business functions like accounting, customer relationship management, and enterprise resource planning. It will also discuss how information technology helps manage supply chains by supporting the flow of information between a company's internal business functions and its external partners. Finally, it defines effectiveness as the degree to which a goal is achieved, and efficiency as the relationship between resources used and benefits gained in achieving a goal.
This document provides information about marketing management and the product life cycle. It defines marketing and discusses various marketing orientations like production, product, selling, and marketing concepts. It also explains the stages of the consumer decision making process and the product life cycle. The product life cycle includes the introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stages of a product.
The document provides guidance on effective pricing strategies during difficult economic times. It recommends reaffirming your pricing strategy while gaining a thorough understanding of customers, costs, and competitors. Key steps include segmenting customers, establishing pricing metrics and incentives, developing options based on analysis rather than emotions, and training salespeople on pricing fundamentals. Tools like pricing simulations and reporting systems can help implement and monitor the pricing strategy. The overall aim is to optimize pricing decisions and maximize profitability.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Policy
What makes and effective Policy?
Purchasing policies - Providing Guidance and Direction
Purchasing procedures
Reference:
Strategic cost management as a recession survival tool in the nigerian manufa...Alexander Decker
The document discusses strategic cost management as a recession survival tool in Nigeria. It aims to determine if Nigerian companies use strategic cost management techniques, the extent of their use in manufacturing and financial services, factors influencing adoption, and if it can be used as a competitive strategy for survival in recessions. The research found that while Nigerian companies are receptive to strategic cost management philosophies, challenges inhibit adoption and implementation. Manufacturing concerns utilize the tools more than financial services. Companies were encouraged to adopt strategic cost management and the government to create an enabling environment for adoption.
The document outlines the purchasing process, including identifying needs, selecting suppliers, negotiating contracts, and managing supplier performance. It discusses purchasing objectives like supporting operations, managing the process efficiently, developing relationships, and supporting organizational goals. The core tasks of purchasing are ensuring supply continuity, innovating purchasing practices, minimizing supply vulnerability, and verifying performance. The document also addresses vulnerabilities in supply markets from lack of knowledge or complexity, and how to overcome these through risk awareness, integrated risk management, employee understanding of risks and roles, and understanding how strategy changes affect supply chain risks.
1. The document discusses marketing channels and supply chain management. It covers topics like channel intermediaries, channel structures, supply chain benefits, and logistics components.
2. Key learning objectives include explaining marketing channels, defining channel intermediaries, describing consumer and business-to-business channel structures, and discussing issues that influence channel strategy.
3. Supply chain management is defined as coordinating activities from source to consumption. It focuses on innovative solutions, competitive advantages, and customer value through synchronized product flow.
This chapter discusses the importance of performance measurement in supply chains. It explains that establishing metrics allows companies to understand how they are performing and identify areas for improvement. Good metrics should be consistent with company strategies and focus on customer needs. The chapter provides examples of different types of metrics companies can use to measure costs, inventory levels, customer service, and overall supply chain performance. These metrics can be classified in various categories and should be integrated both within and across companies to effectively drive improvement.
This document discusses various business functions and how information systems support them. It explains that the chapter will identify business functions like accounting, customer relationship management, and enterprise resource planning. It will also discuss how information technology helps manage supply chains by supporting the flow of information between a company's internal business functions and its external partners. Finally, it defines effectiveness as the degree to which a goal is achieved, and efficiency as the relationship between resources used and benefits gained in achieving a goal.
This document provides information about marketing management and the product life cycle. It defines marketing and discusses various marketing orientations like production, product, selling, and marketing concepts. It also explains the stages of the consumer decision making process and the product life cycle. The product life cycle includes the introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stages of a product.
The document provides guidance on effective pricing strategies during difficult economic times. It recommends reaffirming your pricing strategy while gaining a thorough understanding of customers, costs, and competitors. Key steps include segmenting customers, establishing pricing metrics and incentives, developing options based on analysis rather than emotions, and training salespeople on pricing fundamentals. Tools like pricing simulations and reporting systems can help implement and monitor the pricing strategy. The overall aim is to optimize pricing decisions and maximize profitability.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Policy
What makes and effective Policy?
Purchasing policies - Providing Guidance and Direction
Purchasing procedures
Reference:
Strategic cost management as a recession survival tool in the nigerian manufa...Alexander Decker
The document discusses strategic cost management as a recession survival tool in Nigeria. It aims to determine if Nigerian companies use strategic cost management techniques, the extent of their use in manufacturing and financial services, factors influencing adoption, and if it can be used as a competitive strategy for survival in recessions. The research found that while Nigerian companies are receptive to strategic cost management philosophies, challenges inhibit adoption and implementation. Manufacturing concerns utilize the tools more than financial services. Companies were encouraged to adopt strategic cost management and the government to create an enabling environment for adoption.
This document discusses value chain analysis, which was first proposed by Michael Porter in 1985. It involves identifying a firm's primary and support activities that add value to its products or services and analyzing them to reduce costs or increase differentiation. The key stages of value chain analysis for strategic cost management are identifying activities, establishing their costs and importance, comparing costs, identifying cost drivers, and finding opportunities to reduce costs or improve value through internal and external linkages. This allows firms to assess their competitive positioning and strategically improve quality, reduce time and costs, and increase benefits for both the firm and partners in the value chain.
RecyleLK is a Startup (imaginary) in Sri Lanka. Information Strategy development for a Startup need to be followed with steps.
First need to identify the Business Environment. For this Portor's five forces is used. PEST analysis also used to identify the external factors of the business.
Based on the findings and trending technologies, Information System (IS) strategy is identified.
The document discusses logistics management and supply chain management. It defines logistics management as planning and implementing effective movement and storage of goods and information from origin to destination to meet customer demands. The key objectives of logistics management are reducing costs, improving customer service, increasing sales, and establishing competitive advantages. The document also discusses international marketing, supply chain trends, third-party logistics, and fourth-party logistics.
The document discusses strategic cost management, cost reduction, and value engineering. It defines strategic cost management as using cost information to develop superior strategies. It describes cost reduction as permanently lowering unit costs without compromising quality or suitability. Value engineering is defined as systematically analyzing functions to explore ways to improve performance and increase the value of products and services.
Creating and Managing Supplier RelationshipsFaHaD .H. NooR
Companies require their suppliers to deliver innovative and quality products not only in just-in-time (JIT) fashion, but also at a competitive price.
Good supplier relations can provide many benefits such as flexibility in terms of delivery, better quality, better information, and better material flows between buyers and suppliers.
Selecting the right supply partners and successfully managing these relationships over time is thus strategically important; it is often stated that “a firm is only as good as its suppliers.”
The document discusses various types of buyer-supplier relationships including transactional relationships, value-added exchanges, and collaborative/partnering relationships. It compares and contrasts transactional relationships with partnerships. Strategic alliances are defined as relationships based on mutual trust and open communication to reduce costs and improve quality. Supplier development aims to increase supplier efficiency through assistance. Effective buyer-supplier relationships require communication, trust, and a team approach. Relationship management also depends on internal team dynamics and understanding each party's goals.
1. Strategic sourcing is a continuous process that involves discovering, prioritizing, improving, and re-evaluating sourcing activities to achieve cost savings and meet business needs.
2. The document outlines a 9-step process for strategic sourcing, beginning with internal research to analyze company spend data, categorize spending, evaluate risks, select project scope, and conduct spend, cost structure, and total cost of ownership analyses.
3. The first step of internal research lays the groundwork for subsequent steps by gathering and analyzing internal company data to understand spending patterns and costs. This information is then used to inform strategic sourcing decisions.
Project by Indian Society of Management Accountants with Group of MBA Students www.cmaonline.in
ISMA Project as part of students training program to develop skills
An exemplary approach towards strong Academia Industry Partnership
Strategic cost management is a program that businesses use to regularly identify and analyze cost drivers to lower costs and maximize value. It allows businesses to not only lower costs but gain a competitive advantage. Strategic cost management involves creating a strategic plan, prioritizing operations, and ensuring efficient use of resources. Once implemented, it brings transparency to costs and allows managers to make timely cost decisions. It can also show which customers are most or least profitable. The framework includes core functions, value-adding activities, and support activities. Effective strategic cost management requires support from top management, integrated information systems, and cross-functional teams.
This presentation describes the ASQ QMD Globalization & Supply Chain Technical Committee efforts to inventory existing supplier scorecards for benchmarking and to support its efforts to create supplier scorecard standards
johncachat@hotmail.com
www.peproso.com
This document discusses various aspects of vendor development including:
1. It defines what a vendor is and outlines the stages of vendor development - survey, inquiry, negotiation/selection, and experience/evaluation.
2. The survey stage involves collecting information on potential vendors from sources like trade directories, journals, phone directories, supplier catalogs, and salespeople.
3. The inquiry stage involves a detailed analysis of potential suppliers based on factors like facilities, financial stability, reputation, and location. Shortlisted suppliers are considered for negotiation.
4. Various buying techniques for materials procurement are discussed like quotations, tenders, negotiations, and discounts. Vendor performance is also evaluated using methods like categorical, weighted point,
Vendor development in pharmaceutical industryshikha singh
This document discusses vendor development and evaluation procedures. It explains that vendor development involves identifying, developing, and evaluating prospective suppliers to ensure materials are procured at the right quality, quantity, price, and time. The key steps include vendor evaluation, rating vendors based on quality, delivery, price, and time performance, maintaining an approved vendor list, and certifying vendors. Periodic re-evaluation and monitoring of current suppliers is important for effective vendor management.
This document discusses vendor rating systems. Vendor rating systems evaluate and rank vendors based on various performance criteria such as delivery, quality, price, and other factors. These ratings help buyers select vendors, facilitate negotiations, provide feedback to vendors, and encourage continuous performance improvement. The document outlines several specific vendor rating methods including categorical, weighted point, and cost ratio plans that assign scores or rankings to vendors based on different weighted factors and costs.
The document discusses organizational buying processes and factors that influence purchasing decisions. It outlines the key players in business-to-business transactions, including producers, intermediaries, and government and institutional buyers. Several types of organizational purchases are described, from routine reorders to new task purchases that involve extensive searching. Behavioral and structural influences on purchasing are examined, as well as the typical organizational buying process of assessing needs, vendors, making purchases, and evaluating outcomes. Ethics in organizational purchasing are also covered.
Demand management and customer service, This presentation is talking about the customer services management in the logistic industry from marketing point of view.
Powered by Hany Sewilam - 2017
This document discusses the importance of supplier selection and outlines the supplier selection process. It begins by explaining that selecting suppliers is now as important as developing new products. It then describes the typical supplier selection process, which includes evaluating needs, gathering a pool of vendors, interviewing vendors, and selecting an evaluation method. Next, it outlines common supplier evaluation criteria like financial health, expertise, and operational performance. Finally, it discusses specific evaluation methods like the categorical method, weighted point method, and cost-ratio method. It concludes that determining clear requirements and communicating them to vendors allows for an objective supplier selection decision.
This document outlines Topline Ltd.'s strategic procurement process. It introduces strategic procurement planning and describes Topline's procurement cycle. The goals of strategic procurement planning are to improve Topline's procurement culture, implement an effective procurement plan, improve quality and communication, and meet stakeholder expectations. Implementing strategic procurement planning across Topline's work functions will result in timely, cost-effective project delivery through collaboration, performance evaluation, and continuous improvement.
The document evaluates the purchasing process at MRF Ltd. It discusses the importance of customers in today's competitive business environment and how customer retention is critical. It describes the role and scope of purchasing, responsibility for purchasing, and defines key purchasing terms. It provides an overview of MRF Ltd, including its products, executives, and an analysis of its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. It also gives a brief industry profile of the tyre industry in India.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses using operational performance objectives as a premise for decision making regarding capital expenditures on property, plant and equipment. It presents a methodology for analyzing new investments from this perspective. Specifically, it proposes creating an instrument to survey factors needed to evaluate how new fixed asset acquisitions align with a company's operational performance goals of quality, reliability, speed, flexibility and costs. This qualitative analysis could then be supplemented with quantitative analysis to provide a more complete evaluation compared to only considering financial returns. The document argues this approach can help identify opportunities and alternatives for investments to generate competitive benefits beyond just reducing costs.
This document discusses value chain analysis, which was first proposed by Michael Porter in 1985. It involves identifying a firm's primary and support activities that add value to its products or services and analyzing them to reduce costs or increase differentiation. The key stages of value chain analysis for strategic cost management are identifying activities, establishing their costs and importance, comparing costs, identifying cost drivers, and finding opportunities to reduce costs or improve value through internal and external linkages. This allows firms to assess their competitive positioning and strategically improve quality, reduce time and costs, and increase benefits for both the firm and partners in the value chain.
RecyleLK is a Startup (imaginary) in Sri Lanka. Information Strategy development for a Startup need to be followed with steps.
First need to identify the Business Environment. For this Portor's five forces is used. PEST analysis also used to identify the external factors of the business.
Based on the findings and trending technologies, Information System (IS) strategy is identified.
The document discusses logistics management and supply chain management. It defines logistics management as planning and implementing effective movement and storage of goods and information from origin to destination to meet customer demands. The key objectives of logistics management are reducing costs, improving customer service, increasing sales, and establishing competitive advantages. The document also discusses international marketing, supply chain trends, third-party logistics, and fourth-party logistics.
The document discusses strategic cost management, cost reduction, and value engineering. It defines strategic cost management as using cost information to develop superior strategies. It describes cost reduction as permanently lowering unit costs without compromising quality or suitability. Value engineering is defined as systematically analyzing functions to explore ways to improve performance and increase the value of products and services.
Creating and Managing Supplier RelationshipsFaHaD .H. NooR
Companies require their suppliers to deliver innovative and quality products not only in just-in-time (JIT) fashion, but also at a competitive price.
Good supplier relations can provide many benefits such as flexibility in terms of delivery, better quality, better information, and better material flows between buyers and suppliers.
Selecting the right supply partners and successfully managing these relationships over time is thus strategically important; it is often stated that “a firm is only as good as its suppliers.”
The document discusses various types of buyer-supplier relationships including transactional relationships, value-added exchanges, and collaborative/partnering relationships. It compares and contrasts transactional relationships with partnerships. Strategic alliances are defined as relationships based on mutual trust and open communication to reduce costs and improve quality. Supplier development aims to increase supplier efficiency through assistance. Effective buyer-supplier relationships require communication, trust, and a team approach. Relationship management also depends on internal team dynamics and understanding each party's goals.
1. Strategic sourcing is a continuous process that involves discovering, prioritizing, improving, and re-evaluating sourcing activities to achieve cost savings and meet business needs.
2. The document outlines a 9-step process for strategic sourcing, beginning with internal research to analyze company spend data, categorize spending, evaluate risks, select project scope, and conduct spend, cost structure, and total cost of ownership analyses.
3. The first step of internal research lays the groundwork for subsequent steps by gathering and analyzing internal company data to understand spending patterns and costs. This information is then used to inform strategic sourcing decisions.
Project by Indian Society of Management Accountants with Group of MBA Students www.cmaonline.in
ISMA Project as part of students training program to develop skills
An exemplary approach towards strong Academia Industry Partnership
Strategic cost management is a program that businesses use to regularly identify and analyze cost drivers to lower costs and maximize value. It allows businesses to not only lower costs but gain a competitive advantage. Strategic cost management involves creating a strategic plan, prioritizing operations, and ensuring efficient use of resources. Once implemented, it brings transparency to costs and allows managers to make timely cost decisions. It can also show which customers are most or least profitable. The framework includes core functions, value-adding activities, and support activities. Effective strategic cost management requires support from top management, integrated information systems, and cross-functional teams.
This presentation describes the ASQ QMD Globalization & Supply Chain Technical Committee efforts to inventory existing supplier scorecards for benchmarking and to support its efforts to create supplier scorecard standards
johncachat@hotmail.com
www.peproso.com
This document discusses various aspects of vendor development including:
1. It defines what a vendor is and outlines the stages of vendor development - survey, inquiry, negotiation/selection, and experience/evaluation.
2. The survey stage involves collecting information on potential vendors from sources like trade directories, journals, phone directories, supplier catalogs, and salespeople.
3. The inquiry stage involves a detailed analysis of potential suppliers based on factors like facilities, financial stability, reputation, and location. Shortlisted suppliers are considered for negotiation.
4. Various buying techniques for materials procurement are discussed like quotations, tenders, negotiations, and discounts. Vendor performance is also evaluated using methods like categorical, weighted point,
Vendor development in pharmaceutical industryshikha singh
This document discusses vendor development and evaluation procedures. It explains that vendor development involves identifying, developing, and evaluating prospective suppliers to ensure materials are procured at the right quality, quantity, price, and time. The key steps include vendor evaluation, rating vendors based on quality, delivery, price, and time performance, maintaining an approved vendor list, and certifying vendors. Periodic re-evaluation and monitoring of current suppliers is important for effective vendor management.
This document discusses vendor rating systems. Vendor rating systems evaluate and rank vendors based on various performance criteria such as delivery, quality, price, and other factors. These ratings help buyers select vendors, facilitate negotiations, provide feedback to vendors, and encourage continuous performance improvement. The document outlines several specific vendor rating methods including categorical, weighted point, and cost ratio plans that assign scores or rankings to vendors based on different weighted factors and costs.
The document discusses organizational buying processes and factors that influence purchasing decisions. It outlines the key players in business-to-business transactions, including producers, intermediaries, and government and institutional buyers. Several types of organizational purchases are described, from routine reorders to new task purchases that involve extensive searching. Behavioral and structural influences on purchasing are examined, as well as the typical organizational buying process of assessing needs, vendors, making purchases, and evaluating outcomes. Ethics in organizational purchasing are also covered.
Demand management and customer service, This presentation is talking about the customer services management in the logistic industry from marketing point of view.
Powered by Hany Sewilam - 2017
This document discusses the importance of supplier selection and outlines the supplier selection process. It begins by explaining that selecting suppliers is now as important as developing new products. It then describes the typical supplier selection process, which includes evaluating needs, gathering a pool of vendors, interviewing vendors, and selecting an evaluation method. Next, it outlines common supplier evaluation criteria like financial health, expertise, and operational performance. Finally, it discusses specific evaluation methods like the categorical method, weighted point method, and cost-ratio method. It concludes that determining clear requirements and communicating them to vendors allows for an objective supplier selection decision.
This document outlines Topline Ltd.'s strategic procurement process. It introduces strategic procurement planning and describes Topline's procurement cycle. The goals of strategic procurement planning are to improve Topline's procurement culture, implement an effective procurement plan, improve quality and communication, and meet stakeholder expectations. Implementing strategic procurement planning across Topline's work functions will result in timely, cost-effective project delivery through collaboration, performance evaluation, and continuous improvement.
The document evaluates the purchasing process at MRF Ltd. It discusses the importance of customers in today's competitive business environment and how customer retention is critical. It describes the role and scope of purchasing, responsibility for purchasing, and defines key purchasing terms. It provides an overview of MRF Ltd, including its products, executives, and an analysis of its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. It also gives a brief industry profile of the tyre industry in India.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses using operational performance objectives as a premise for decision making regarding capital expenditures on property, plant and equipment. It presents a methodology for analyzing new investments from this perspective. Specifically, it proposes creating an instrument to survey factors needed to evaluate how new fixed asset acquisitions align with a company's operational performance goals of quality, reliability, speed, flexibility and costs. This qualitative analysis could then be supplemented with quantitative analysis to provide a more complete evaluation compared to only considering financial returns. The document argues this approach can help identify opportunities and alternatives for investments to generate competitive benefits beyond just reducing costs.
Benchmarking is the process of comparing business processes and performance metrics to best practices from other industries. The key dimensions typically measured are quality, time and cost. Management identifies high performing companies in the target industry or other industries with similar processes. They study the targets' processes and results to learn why those companies are successful and how their own processes and performance can be improved. There are various types of benchmarking including process, performance, strategic, internal and external benchmarking. The overall goal is to continuously improve practices and increase performance.
Evolution and Growth of Supply chain.pdfGuta Mengesha
Definition of Procurement
Procurement process
Different functional names of procurement
Total cost of ownership (TCO)
Impact of procurement on cost and revenue
Procurement as a profession
. Supplier relationship management
.Strategic sourcing
.Category Management
. Contract Management
. Negotiation
Key procurement trends
Custom Clearance and relevant documents
Spend Analyzes
Supply segmentation form buyer and seller prospect
KPIs in procurement
The Contract And Procurement Management ProcessPamela Wright
The document discusses the procurement management process as it relates to project management. It describes the key aspects of contract and procurement management, including planning purchases and acquisitions, planning contracting, requesting seller responses, selecting sellers, and closing contracts. It also discusses tools that can be used in project procurement and contract management, such as make-or-buy analysis, independent cost estimates, request for information/quotation, and request for proposal. Finally, it examines the procurement management process as involving administrative, behavioral, and communication aspects to develop an effective procurement team and manage project procurement risk.
This document discusses the design of performance measurement systems. It begins by defining performance measurement as quantifying the efficiency and effectiveness of actions. It then discusses issues around designing performance measurement systems at three levels: individual measures, the set of measures (system), and how the system relates to the environment.
The document reviews common measures used to quantify quality, time, cost and flexibility. It discusses challenges in measuring these concepts and provides examples of specific measures. Finally, it discusses frameworks for designing holistic performance measurement systems and analyzing systems at the individual measure, set of measures, and environmental relationship levels.
Enhancement of the performance of an industry by the application of tqm conceptseSAT Journals
Abstract Nowadays many companies are unable to prove their performance, because they do not practice the TQM concepts in- total. In order to increase the awareness, certain TQM techniques are suggested to enhance overall performance of the organisations. Here an effort is made to apply two important basic concepts of TQM which are i)continuous improvement of production process by applying newer and innovative methods ii)establishing performance measures for the processes .This paper uses the real experimental results of cartons making industry which comprises the four machines such as Printing , Punching , Gluer and Lamination machines. We get all the machines input and output details, and then made certain suggestions based on the input values of all the four machines. Presently the four machines output values such as Availability, Performance, Quality and Overall Equipment Effectiveness are very low compared with the world class industry. In order to increase them it is suggested to reduce the downtime and other non-productive time by adopting certain simple TQM techniques. The new improved values found to be much higher than the existing values. Keywords: Total Quality Management, Availability, Performance, Quality, Overall Equipment Effectiveness, Quality Improvement.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Factors Affecting Purchasing Effectiveness in the Public Sugar Sector:A Case ...paperpublications3
Abstract:In the recent past, procurement performance has been attracting great attention from practitioners, academicians and researchers due to poor performance resulting from non adherence to proper processes and procedures. Many of the studies have devoted their content to financial factors as measures of effectiveness dismally giving consideration to non financial factors. This study aimed at investigating selected non financial factors that influence the effectiveness of purchasing function in the public sugar sector guided by four specific objectives; to find out how purchasing interaction with other departments impacts on its effectiveness, to find out how Purchasing delegated authority impacts on its effectiveness, to find out how Purchasing activity Execution impacts on its effectiveness and to find out how supplier relationship management practices impacts on purchasing function effectiveness. The four variables were found to have an effect on effectiveness of purchasing function in the public sugar sector. The study adopted a descriptive case research design and the study population comprised of 118 management staff Nzoia Sugar Company Ltd. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select a sample size of 57 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive statistics data analysis method was applied to analyze numerical data gathered using closed ended questions aided by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). From the findings, level of task execution explained 43.1% of purchasing department’s effectiveness, level of supplier relationship explained 20.9% and interaction level explained 2.2% while the level of purchasing delegated authority had a negative relationship with its effectiveness at -4.1% which means that the more autonomous purchasing department becomes the less effective it will be. The study recommends application of supplier collaboration strategies, integration of supply chain management tasks with IT to help speed up decision making process between the SCM partners, signing service level agreements (SLA),purchasing function to increase effectiveness by training and being members of professional bodies such as CIPS and KISM.
Keywords:Assessment, delegated authority, effectiveness, efficiency, inventory, non financial measures, purchasing interaction.
In recent years, management and, consequently, supply chain performance measurement, has attracted the attention of a large number of managers and researchers in the field of production and operations management. In parallel with the evolution of organizations from a single approach to a network and supply chain approach, performance measurement systems have also changed and moved towards network and supply chain performance measurement. Therefore, in order to face the storm of great change and transformation and not give in to the wave of competitive aggression, organizations have long had one thing in common, and that is to focus approaches and focus efforts towards achieving results. Results that lead to a competitive advantage and are more effective and decisive in the performance indicators of the organization, including earning more. In this study, in order to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the supply chain in manufacturing companies, using indicators such as cost, timely delivery and procurement time to evaluate the supply chain efficiency is considered. And performance evaluation was performed at the manufacturer level. Therefore, in order to evaluate the performance of the supply chain using the AHP integration approach and the DEA method approach in the fuzzy environment, the suppliers and suppliers of the manufacturing company were evaluated and ranked in terms of performance.
This document discusses the concept of contestability in public sector procurement and outlines six key steps in a commissioning framework for implementing contestability: 1) defining outcomes and end-user needs, 2) reviewing existing systems and markets, 3) designing procurement strategies, 4) conducting procurement, 5) ensuring accountability, and 6) evaluating outcomes. It notes risks at different stages and outlines questions auditors should ask to assess whether agencies are properly applying contestability. The document concludes by listing upcoming audits by the Audit Office related to contracting and commissioning of various public services.
This document summarizes a study that investigates the impact of applying activity-based costing (ABC) on organizational performance in Egyptian companies. The study uses a survey to collect data from a sample of manufacturing and service companies on their use of ABC and organizational performance. The results indicate that applying ABC is positively associated with improvements in organizational performance. ABC is shown to provide more accurate cost information and insights to support strategic decision-making around areas like pricing, product development, and process improvements. The accurate information from ABC allows companies to better measure performance and make decisions that can enhance efficiency and strategy over the long run.
ROLE OF SUPPLIER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATIONAL PERFORM...muo charles
ROLE OF SUPPLIER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICE INDUSTRY IN KENYA. A CASE OF SAFARICOM LIMITED KENYA
EFFECTS OF SUPPLIER EFFICIENCY ON PROCUREMENT PERFORMANCE IN KENYA SEED COMPA...paperpublications3
1. The document discusses supplier efficiency and procurement performance in Kenya Seed Company. It examines the criteria used to evaluate suppliers, challenges of supplier evaluation, and the relationship between evaluation criteria and procurement performance.
2. Key findings include that the company evaluates suppliers based on quality, financial position, flexibility, efficiency, charges, qualifications, experience, and compliance. However, supplier evaluation faces challenges like corruption, incompetence, inefficiencies, and lack of incentives.
3. The study recommends that Kenya Seed Company design effective evaluation criteria to ensure only competent suppliers are selected and supply chain processes are well-managed to improve procurement performance.
The importance of quality practices has considerably increased over the last years, on both a
practical and theoretical level. In competitive and global business environment, companies should create a need
for managers in manufacturing sector to effectively and continually improve quality, capability and process
efficiency. This paper presents the findings from the survey on the current status of measurement system on
CSR capability by using SQC and DMAIC method (Define-Measure-Analyze, Improve and Control) in fulfilled
the standard of quality product in home industries based. Case study was one of growth home industries
supported by CSR of PT. Pertamina Gas (Pertagas) in Prabumulih, South Sumatera. The chosen of industry as
they contribute in absorption of local content raw materials produce by using the vacant land along the yard.
The aims are to determine whether the essential quality measurement such as SQC snf DMAIC as have a
significant contribution to reduce the production reject and increasing the utility of raw material from local
content and develop the value added in the future. This paper outlines the results of the research conducted on
the industries under CSR programme, it was found that the CSR program by Pertagas was effective in reducing
product reject and give good contribution in spread the local product into the market, either local and national
area as shown by ANOVA test. The main finding from the study proved that suitable program of CSR was give
positive contribution on quality improvement.
Benchmarking is a process that compares business processes and performance metrics to industry best practices. It involves identifying high-performing companies in the same or similar industries and comparing one's own processes and performance to learn best practices. Benchmarking has been extended from comparing strategies to comparing technical products and is used widely in industries like automotive manufacturing. There are various benchmarking methodologies but they generally involve identifying areas for improvement, finding comparable processes in other industries, identifying leaders, surveying them, visiting to identify practices, and implementing improvements.
Effects of balanced scorecard on performance of firms in the service sectorAlexander Decker
This study examined the effects of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) on performance in firms in the service sector in Kakamega Municipality, Kenya. A survey of 200 service firms found that the BSC integrates both financial and non-financial performance measures across four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes, and innovation and learning. The study revealed that non-financial criteria are as important as financial criteria in measurement systems and that integrating both measures leads to superior results. Common methods firms used to enhance employees' skills and performance included training, better rewards, team building, and employee participation in decision making.
Implementation of Supply Chain Management and its Effectiveness on Marketing ...ijtsrd
Supply chain control has assumed a good sized role in firms performance and has attracted serious research interest over the last few years. A literature reviewreveals a massive spurt in studies in principle and exercise of SCM Combining and informing on capabilities of deliver control and distribution management. This integration hasresulted within the concept of prolonged. Employer and the supply chain is now appear as the collaborative deliver chain across intercompany borders to maximise the value throughout the complete deliver chain. A massive variety of research papers had been published in numerous journals in ultimate many years. On this paper an attempt is made to study the popularity of literature on supply Chain management. A literature classification scheme is proposed. a complete of 588 articles from thirteen refereed academic journals are categorised into articles in 5 methodologies i.e. Exploratory, Normative, methodology, Literature review and hypothesis testing. This literature evaluation reveals that exploratory kind of studies is normally favoured it is expected that with the maturity of SCM the hypothesis trying out approach will choose up. The articles are similarly categorised in fifteen categories on the basis of content analysis. Based on this assessment, some feasible studies issues are recognized. Prof. Rekha D. M | Sowmya A V ""Implementation of Supply Chain Management and its Effectiveness on Marketing of Business Organisations"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23876.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/23876/implementation-of-supply-chain-management-and-its-effectiveness-on-marketing-of-business-organisations/prof-rekha-d-m
operation management and operation strategyRohit Kumar
Operational management refers to the administration of business practices to create the highest level of efficiency possible within an organization. It involves planning, organizing, and overseeing manufacturing processes, supply chain functions, and other business operations. The key aspects of operational management include:
- Planning - Determining the most effective and efficient ways to use resources to produce goods and services. This includes processes like capacity planning, production planning, etc.
- Organizing - Establishing an organizational structure and assigning responsibilities to ensure smooth workflow and operations.
- Leading - Guiding employees and work teams to achieve operational goals through effective leadership and communication.
- Controlling - Monitoring operations and making corrections to address issues like quality control, inventory management, and
Similar to Determinants of Procurement Performance Measurement Systems Usage in Supermarkets In Nakuru Town, Kenya (20)
The Influence of Green Tax Implementation and Social Responsibility Programs ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The issue of climate change related to carbon emissions has become an alarming global
phenomenon. The manufacturing sector contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore,
efforts to mitigate climate change through the implementation of green taxes and Social Responsibility
Programsare important for manufacturing industry. This research aims to analyze the effect of implementing
green tax and Social Responsibility Programs on environmentally sustainable development in manufacturing
industry. A quantitative approach is used with the research object of manufacturing industry listed on the
Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2020-2022. Analyzed using Partial Least Square (PLS) method. The research
results show that the implementation of green tax has a significant effect on environmentally sustainable
development, while Social Responsibility Programsdo not have a significant effect. These findings indicate that
green tax policies are effective in encouraging companies to switch to more environmentally friendly business
practices, but Social Responsibility Programshave not been fully integrated with environmental sustainability
efforts. This research contributes to the literature related to fiscal policy instruments and corporate social
responsibility practices in supporting environmentally sound sustainable development in the manufacturing
sector.
KEYWORDS: Green tax; Social responsibility; Environmentally sustainable development; Manufacturing
industry
Creating Immersive Language Learning Environments for Young LearnersAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Creating immersive language learning environments for young learners in English as a Foreign
Language (EFL) contexts has been a topic of considerable interest and debate among educators. Despite
numerous constraints such as time, curriculum, and stakeholder expectations, it is feasible to develop effective
immersive environments. This paper explores the concept of immersion language learning, tracing its historical
development and highlighting its benefits, particularly for young learners. It discusses the distinctions between
total, partial, and dual-immersion programs, emphasizing the critical role of using the target language as the
medium of instruction. Furthermore, it examines the cognitive and academic advantages documented in seminal
immersion programs like Saint-Lambert and Coral Way. By synthesizing research and offering practical
strategies for EFL settings, this paper underscores the importance of teacher commitment, the selection of
appropriate materials, and the adoption of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) principles.
Ultimately, the findings affirm that immersive environments significantly enhance language proficiency,
cognitive flexibility, and academic achievement, advocating for their broader implementation in EFL
classrooms.
KEYWORDS : CLIL, EFL, immersion, young learners
Study of Road Patterns and Space Formation in Settlement Areas on the Edge of...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to find developments in road patterns from 2008 to 2024 and explain the
influence of road patterns on the formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar. This research uses a
quantitative descriptive approach and diachronic reading analysis techniques. This research uses overlapping
maps (superimpose), surveys, and interviews. The results of this research are to find factors that influence the
formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar, including the flat topographic conditions. Demographics
continue to increase in the population of the study location. The social culture at the study location is that the
residents who live on the edges of Lake Laut Tawar are residents who have family relationships. Distribution of
space designations that change function from agricultural land to residential land. Land values vary on the edges
of Lake Laut Tawar according to their zones.
KEYWORDS : Road Pattern, Lake Edge, Laut Tawar Lake
HAPIS AT KATANUNGAN, PANGUNGULILA NG MGA NAIWAN: SIPAT-SURI SA MAIKLING KUWEN...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang pagpapatiwakal o sariling pagtapos ng buhay ay isang malubhang dilema na madalas na
kinahaharap ng isang taong nakararanas ng malalim na hirap at kalungkutan. Ang isa sa mga dahilan ng
pagpapatiwakal ay ang pagtingin dito bilang isang paraan ng pagtakas mula sa mga suliranin at hamon ng buhay.
Ang pagsusuri sa maikling kuwentong "Bahay sa Dilim" ni Alfredo Enriquez ay isang uri ng kwalitatibong
pananaliksik na gumamit ng pagsusuring pangnilalaman upang maabot ang layunin nito na tukuyin at
maipaliwanag ang mga isyu ng dilema at desisyon sa pagpapatiwakal, pagmamahal sa pamilya, at pangungulila
at pagsisisi. Sa paggamit ng mga teoryang pampanitikan tulad ng eksistensyalismo at romantisismo bilang mga
gabay, ninais ng mga mananaliksik na magbigay-liwanag at solusyon sa mga isyu ng pagpapatiwakal. Ito ay
magiging patnubay sa pagpapalawak ng kaalaman tungkol sa mga suliranin at karanasan ng mga pamilyang
Pilipino, pati na rin sa mga laban na hinaharap ng isang tao na nakararanas ng isang dilema. Sa dulo, hinahamon
ng pag-aaral na ito na gamitin pa ang iba't ibang uri ng panitikan na mas naglalarawan ng tunay na karanasan at
realidad ng buhay.
KEYWORDS : pagpapatiwakal, dilema, kalungkutan, buhay, pangungulila
Risk Tolerance as A Moderation of Financial Literacy and Lifestyle on Old Age...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:Old age financial planning must consider various factors, such as retirement age, estimated
monthly expenses in retirement, life expectancy, current and projected income until retirement which determines
the ability to save, assets and investments already owned, and the impact of inflation on future purchasing
power. Future, as well as the level of investment return. This research is causal associative research, this
research uses a quantitative approach. The population used in this research were employees within the Rectorate
of the University of Mataram, 67 Civil Servants. The saturated sampling method or total sampling is a sampling
technique in which all members of the population are used as samples. In this questionnaire, respondents'
answers were measured using a 6-point Likert scale: with ratings of 1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), 3
(somewhat disagree), 4 (somewhat agree), 5 (agree), 6 (strongly agree). The Partial Least Square-Structural
Equation Model (PLS-SEM) with smart PLS 3.0 software was used to analyze the research data. The study's
findings indicate that financial literacy is found to have a positive and significant impact on old-age financial
planning among Rectorate employees at the University of Mataram. This indicates that as financial literacy
levels increase, so do activities relate to planning for retirement. Conversely, lifestyle does not exhibit a
significant influence on old-age financial planning for these employees. Furthermore, the interaction between
financial literacy and risk tolerance weakens the effect of financial literacy on retirement financial planning,
implying that higher risk tolerance diminishes the impact of financial literacy on planning for retirement.
However, risk tolerance does not moderate the influence of lifestyle on old-age financial planning, indicating
that the interaction between lifestyle and risk tolerance does not significantly affect retirement financial
planning for Rectorate employees at Mataram University.
KEYWORDS :Risk Tolerance, Financial Literacy, Lifestyle, Old Age Financial Planning
THE INFLUENCE OF APPLICATION FEATURES AND SECURITY THROUGH TRUST ON BRImo CUS...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This research objective is to determine the influence of application features and security
through trust on BRImo customer loyalty in Banyuwangi. This research used the Explanatory Research type.
The population used in this research is all customers who use the BRImo application as of the end of December
2022 at the BRI Banyuwangi office, totaling 89,333 customers. The sampling technique in this research used a
multistage random sampling technique (multi stage sampling). In this study, the criteria used were customers
who happened to use the BRImo application and were financially registered, totaling 100 respondents. The data
analysis method used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the SmaprtPLS application. The research
results showed that Application Features influence BRIMo Trust in Banyuwangi Regency. Security influenced
BRIMo's trust in Banyuwangi Regency. Application features influenced BRIMo customer loyalty in
Banyuwangi Regency. Security influenced BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust influenced
BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust mediated the influence of Application Features on
BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust mediated the influence of Security on BRIMo
Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency.
KEYWORDS : Application feature, security, trust, loyalty
On Storytelling & Magic Realism in Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children, Shame, and ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Salman Rushdie’s novels are humorous books about serious times. His cosmopolitanism and
hybrid identity allowed him access to multiple cultures, religions, languages, dialects, and various modes of
writing. His style is often classified as magic realism, blending the imaginary with the real. He draws
inspiration from both English literature and Indian classical sources. Throughout his works, there is a lineage of
‘bastards of history’, a carnival of shameful characters scrolling all along his works. Rushdie intertwines fiction
with reality, incorporating intertextual references to Western literature in his texts, and frequently employing
mythology to explore history. This paper focuses on Rushdie’s three novels: Midnight’s Children, Shame, and
Haroun and the Sea of Stories, analyzing his postmodern storytelling techniques that aim to explore human
vices and follies while offering socio-political criticism.
KEYWORDS : Magic Realism, Rushdie, Satire, Storytelling, Transfictional Identities
CYBER SECURITY ENHANCEMENT IN NIGERIA. A CASE STUDY OF SIX STATES IN THE NORT...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Security plays an important role in human life and endeavors. Securing information and
disseminating are critical challenges in the present day. This study aimed at identifying innovative technologies
that aid cybercrimes and can constitute threats to cybersecurity in North Central (Middle Belt) Nigeria covering
its six States and the FCT Abuja. A survey research design was adopted. The researchers employed the use of
Google form in administering the structured questionnaire. The instruments were faced validated by one expert
each from ICT and security. Cronbach Alpha reliability Coefficient was employed and achieved 0.83 level of
coefficient. The population of the study was 200, comprising 100 undergraduate students from computer science
and Computer/Robotics Education, 80 ICT instructors, technologists and lecturers in the University and
Technical Colleges in the Middle Belt Nigeria using innovative technologies for their daily jobs and 20 officers
of the crime agency such as: Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) andEconomic and Financial
Crimes Commission (EFCC). Three research purposes and questions as well as the hypothesis guided the study
on Five (5) point Likert scale. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for the three
research questions while three hypotheses were tested using t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Major findings
revealed that serious steps are needed to better secure the cybers against cybercrimes. Motivation, types, threats
and strategies for the prevention of cybercrimes were identified. The study recommends that government,
organizations and individuals should place emphasis on moral development, regular training of its employees,
regular update of software, use strong password, back up data and information, produce strong cybersecurity
policy, install antivirus soft and security surveillance (CCTV) in offices in order to safeguard its employees and
properties from being hacked and vandalized.
KEYWORDS: Cybersecurity, cybercrime, cyberattack, cybercriminal, computer virus, Virtual Private Networks
(VPN).
TACKLING ILLEGAL LOGGING: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGESAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Illegal logging poses significant environmental, economic, and social challenges worldwide. This
research explores the problems associated with illegal logging in the present and future, shedding light on the
multifaceted nature of this issue and the accompanying challenges faced by governments, organizations, and
communities. The study employs a comprehensive literature review to analyze the current state of illegal
logging, its causes, and its consequences. It examines the environmental impact of deforestation, including
biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, and climate change. The researchers identify the challenges faced in
combating illegal logging in the present and anticipate future obstacles. It considers illegal logging networks'
complex and elusive nature, the limited enforcement capacity, and the need for international cooperation and
coordination. The study also examines the adoption and effectiveness of policies, regulations, and technological
advancements in curbing illegal logging practices in Davao City.
Keywords -Problems and Challenges, Cultural Disruptions, Anticipate future problems.
Towards Developing Students’ Soft Skills: The Case of ENSAM StudentsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Building students’ soft skills has started to gain ground within the realm of higher education in
Morocco. However, the development of these skills requires a real-life context which simplifies their learning.
In this regard, the present study is mainly conducted to investigate the effect of the out-group collaborative
learning method on the development of students’ soft skills. Data for the study comes from 20 semester two
students at “Ecole Nationale Superieure d'Arts et Metiers” (ENSAM), Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, by
implementing a one-group pretest-posttest research design. The qualitative and quantitative findings confirm
that there is a statistically significant difference between the pretest and posttest results. Therefore, the adopted
treatment, the out-group collaborative learning method, has improved students’ communication, adaptability and
presentation delivery skills. The findings of this study can be useful for future studies and give language
teachers insights into the importance of using the out-group collaborative learning method in their teaching of
the soft skills.
KEYWORDS : collaborative learning, soft-skills, out-group collaborative learning method
STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HUZHOU TOURISMAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Huzhou has rich tourism resources, as early as a considerable development since the reform and
opening up, especially in recent years, Huzhou tourism has ushered in a new period of development
opportunities. At present, Huzhou tourism has become one of the most characteristic tourist cities on the East
China tourism line. With the development of Huzhou City, the tourism industry has been further improved, and
the tourism degree of the whole city has further increased the transformation and upgrading of the tourism
industry. However, the development of tourism in Huzhou City still lags far behind the tourism development of
major cities in East China. This round of research mainly analyzes the current development of tourism in
Huzhou City, on the basis of analyzing the specific situation, pointed out that the current development of
Huzhou tourism problems, and then analyzes these problems one by one, and put forward some specific
solutions, so as to promote the further rapid development of tourism in Huzhou City.
KEYWORDS:Huzhou; Travel; Development
Enhancing Losari Beach Exploration: Augmented Reality for Immersive Visualiza...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: South Sulawesi, commonly known as Makassar, boasts rich cultural heritage and customs,
making it a prominent destination for tourism. Among its attractions, Losari beach stands out as a focal point for
visitors seeking to explore the city's natural beauty and cultural offerings. In this context, leveraging modern
technology such as augmented reality presents an innovative approach to showcasing Losari beach to potential
tourists. This research endeavors to introduce tourism assets in a more visually captivating manner through the
use of augmented reality. Utilizing software tools like Unity and Adobe Illustrator, the study focuses on creating
an immersive experience where tourists can interact with virtual representations of Losari beach. By simply
pointing their mobile phone cameras at designated markers or using barcode scanners, tourists can access
augmented reality features embedded within the application. The findings of this research aim to provide
valuable information, particularly for foreign tourists, about Losari beach, positioning it as a compelling
destination within South Sulawesi's diverse array of tourist attractions. Through this technological innovation,
the study seeks to enhance the visibility and appeal of Makassar city's tourism offerings on a global scale.
KEYWORDS: Visualizing, Losari Beach, Augmented Reality
DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF TMALL DURING THE COVID-19 EPIDEMICAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:China's e-commerce enterprises have developed rapidly, among which Tmall has become one of
the largest retail shopping websites in China.But in the past year, the Covid-19 epidemic has brought a huge
impact to Chinese e-commerce enterprises, and Tmall is no exception.Therefore, the development status of
Tmall in the new crown epidemic situation was analyzed, and the viewpoint was put forward :Tmall1 stabilized
the situation in the face of the epidemic situation and made a very correct countermeasures.The influence of this
epidemic on Tmall was deeply analyzed, and the conclusion was made: the new crown epidemic is both a
challenge and an opportunity forTmall.
KEYWORDS:Tmall; COVID - 19 outbreak ; The electronic commerce
Factors affecting undergraduate students’ motivation at a university in Tra VinhAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Motivation plays an important role in foreign language learning process. This study aimed to
investigate student’s motivation patterns towards English language learning at a University in Tra Vinh, and factors
affecting their motivation change toward English language learning of non-English-major students in the semester.
The researcher used semi-structured interview at the first phase of choosing the participants and writing reflection
through the instrument called “My English Learning Motivation History” adapted from Sawyer (2007) to collect
qualitative data within 15 weeks. The participants consisted of nine first year non-English-major students who learning
General English at pre-intermediate level. They were chosen and divided into three groups of three members each
(high motivation group; average motivation group; and low motivation group). The results of the present study
identified six visual motivation patterns of three groups of students with different motivation fluctuation, through the
use of cluster analysis. The study also indicated a diversity of factors affecting students’ motivation involving internal
factors as influencing factors (cognitive, psychology, and emotion) and external factors as social factors (instructor,
peers, family, and learning environment) during English language learning in a period of 15 weeks. The findings of
the study helped teacher understand relationship of motivation change and its influential factors. Furthermore, the
findings also inspired next research about motivation development in learning English process.
KEY WORDS: language learning motivation, motivation change, motivation patterns, influential factors, students’
motivation.
The Impact of Work Stress and Digital Literacy on Employee Performance at PT ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research aims to analyze the correlation between employee work stress and digital literacy
with employee performance at PT Telkom Akses Area Cirebon, both concurrently and partially. Employing a
quantitative approach, the study's objectives are descriptive and causal, adopting a positivist paradigm with a
deductive approach to theory development and a survey research strategy. Findings reveal that work stress
negatively and significantly impacts employee performance, while digital literacy positively and significantly
affects it. Simultaneously, work stress and digital literacy have a positive and significant influence on employee
performance. It is anticipated that company management will devise workload management strategies to
alleviate work stress and assess the implementation of more efficient digital technology to enhance employee
performance.
KEYWORDS -digital literacy, employee performance,job stress, multiple regression analysis, workload
management
The Settlement of Construction Disputes Through Dispute Councils From the Per...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This research differs from the practice of business activity in the construction services industry,
which may lead to construction disputes. The settlement of construction disputes is a consensus based on the
basic principle of debate. If the discussions between the parties do not reach an agreement, the parties may take
measures to resolve the dispute through the dispute council. Because the standard governing the disputes
committee was not fully regulated, they did not comply with the principle of legal certainty. Therefore, further
research was needed to establish a theoretical basis for regulating the disputes committee in settling construction
disputes. This research is a standard legal research using a legal regulatory, conceptual, and comparative
approach. The research results show that the ideal concept of resolving construction disputes through a dispute
council based on the value of legal certainty is to establish that the position of the dispute council is a special
court that has the authority to resolve construction disputes under construction services agreements. To realize
the position of the Court of Disputation as a special court, it must be based on the creation of philosophical
values, the creationof legislative regulations, and the creation of the institutional structure of the Court of
Disputation.
KEYWORDS-Construction Disputes, Dispute Council, Special Court
VALUES OF ORAL LITERATURE IN THE SOCIETY: A STUDY OF FOLKTALES OFOGBA IN RIVE...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Oral literature is a creative work of art that portends high merit and has the creative use of
imagination in preliterate societies. It adopts the genres of literature: drama, prose and poetry in the oral milieu,
using performance as its hallmark. It thrives on the use of oral data because of its orality. This paper focuses on
the moral values or oral literature in the society using Ogba as a spring board. The study was carried out in
communities ofOgba. The population of the study consists of ten towns and village, in Ogba. The theoretical
framework used is Dell Hyme’s ethno-poetics because the works of oral literature relate to the society. This
paper concludes that oral literature serves to against all odds; communicate ideas, emotions, beliefs and
appreciation of life. The folktales in Ogba for instance, serve similar purpose through their
rendition/performance. Through the stories, the younger generation in Ogba society is familiarised with the
customs, traditions, and rituals prevalent in the society. This paper therefore recommends the use of oral
literature in all its genres to inculcate moral values and lessons to the teenagers and youths. Against this
background, Ogba (African) themselves must cease to regard oral literature as primitive and fetish.
KEYWORDS: Values, Oral Literature, Society, Ogba, Folktales
Pormalistikong Pagdalumat sa mga Tula ni Ron CanimoAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nilayon ng pag-aaral na ito na masuri ang dalawampung (20) tula ni Ron Canimo gamit ang
pormalistikong dulog batay sa mga sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at
Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e) Diksiyon. Layunin din nitong mataya ang antas ng pagtanggap ng
ginawang pagsusuri gamit ang nabuong instrumento sa pagtataya nito. Sinunod dito ang Input-Process-Output
na balangkas ng pag-aaral at ginamitan ng kwantitatib-deskriptib-ebalwatib na pamamaraan. Sa pamamagitan
ng talatanungang ibinatay sa ginamit ni Morales (2014) na naimodipika ayon sa kahingian ng kasalukuyang
pag-aaral, tatlong (3) gurong eksperto ang nagsilbing tagataya dito na siyang tumiyak sa kahusayan ng nabuong
pagsusuri ng mananaliksik. Gamit ang Content Analysis, natuklasan na makabagong pamamaraan ang istilo na
ginamit ni Ron Canimo sa pagsulat ng mga tula. Lahat ng kanyang mga tula ay walang sinusunod na sukat at
tugma, may iba‟t ibang tayutay at simbolismong ginamit, magkaibang pandama ang pinagana dahil sa mga
imahe at paglalarawang ginawa, iba‟t ibang uri ng pag-ibig ang tinalakay at gumamit ng pormal, impormal o
kumbersasyonal na wika at makabagong istilo sa pagsulat ng tula. Gamit ang mean at standard deviation,
lumabas na “Mataas” ang antas ng pagtanggap sa kabuuan ng mga gurong eksperto na tumaya sa nabuong
pagsusuri. Lumabas din na “Mataas” ang antas ng kanilang pagtanggap sa nabuong pagsusuri batay sa mga
sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e)
Diksiyon. Mula sa natayang pagsusuri at kinalabasan ng antas ng pagtanggap dito, naitala ang mga paksa sa
Junior High School Filipino na maaaring lapatan at gamitan ng nabuong pagsusuri.
KEYWORDS: Kumbensyunal, Pagdalumat, Pormalistiko, Ron Canimo, Tula
SCHOOL CULTURE ADAPTATION AMONG INDIGENOUS PEOPLES COLLEGE STUDENTS AT A PRIV...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This qualitative study investigates the adaption experiences of indigenous college students at the
University of Mindanao, Matina-main campus. Eight major themes emerged, including difficulties with language
proficiency, online learning, classroom interaction, examination systems, grading procedures, school regulations,
resource accessibility, coping mechanisms, and future goals. Implications include the requirement for targeted
language proficiency and technology use support, an understanding of adaption processes, interventions to
improve resource accessibility, and equitable public administration policies. The study underlines the importance
of adaptation in various educational contexts, as well as the role of educators and legislators in creating inclusive
learning environments.
KEYWORDS: indigenous college students, adaptation, educational challenges, coping strategies
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
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Determinants of Procurement Performance Measurement Systems Usage in Supermarkets In Nakuru Town, Kenya
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2018
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 33
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN : 2378-703X
Volume-02, Issue-06, pp-33-43
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Determinants of Procurement Performance Measurement
Systems Usage in Supermarkets In Nakuru Town, Kenya
KEVIN ORUKO1
, Mr. Wilfred Mbeche2
1
Department of Entrepreneurship, Procurement and Management, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and
Technology
1
Department of Entrepreneurship, Procurement and Management, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and
Technology
Corresponding author: KEVIN ORUKO
ABSTRACT: There is need to use procurement performance measurement systems in retail stores. Therefore,
the study examined the determinants of procurement performance measurement systems usage in supermarkets
in Nakuru town. More specifically the study examined the Perceived Ease of Use on procurement performance
measurement system usage. 49 questionnaires were administered among several supermarkets in Nakuru town.
In this study, Technology Acceptance Model was used to study the determinants of procurement performance
measurement systems usage. The researcher used Census design since the Target population was small hence
whole population was included in the research. Presentation of the findings was analysed using SPSS computer
application software. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics which included means, standard
deviation, frequencies and percentages while inferential statistics will by means of correlation and regression
analysis. A multiple regression model was developed and was used to guide the study. The study established
that Perceived ease of use was a significant determinant influencing the usage of procurement performance
measurement systems. The researcher therefore recommended that the supermarkets managers should encourage
their employees on measuring their performance because it enhances the overall output and also ensure
transparency in each and every activity.
Keywords: Kenya, Perceived ease of use, Procurement, Supermarkets, System Usage,
I. INTRODUCTION
Businesses are under constant pressure to grow profitably in an increasingly competitive and rapidly changing
business environment. According to [1], some of the factors putting pressure on organizations include growing
retail power, industry consolidation, continuing downward pressure on price and globalization. Globalization
and technology shifts require organization to reengineer their operations if they are to maintain competitiveness
[2]. These dynamics of the market economy call for a shift in business focus to consumer responsiveness and
innovative solutions that deliver value to the consumer profitably. To ensure customer satisfaction and customer
loyalty, businesses have to work with their suppliers as well as the customers to ensure delivery of desired goods
just in time [2].
Procurement encompasses the whole process of acquiring property and/or services. It begins when an agency
has identified a need and decided on its procurement requirement. Procurement continues through the processes
of risk assessment, seeking and evaluating alternative solutions, contract award, delivery of and payment for the
property and/or services and, where relevant, the ongoing management of a contract and consideration of
options related to the contract. Procurement also extends to the ultimate disposal of property at the end of its
useful life [3]. According to Thai [4], the basic principles of good procurement practice include accountability,
where effective mechanisms must be in place in order to enable procuring entities spend the limited resources
carefully, knowing clearly that they are accountable to members of the public; competitive supply, which
requires the procurement be carried out by competition unless there are convincing reasons for single sourcing;
and consistency, which emphasizes the equal treatment of all bidders irrespective of race, nationality or political
affiliation.
Performance has been described as the degree of achievement of certain effort or undertaking. It relates to the
prescribed goals or objectives which form the project parameters [5]. From project management perspective, it
is all about meeting or exceeding stake holders‘ needs and expectations from a project.
2. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2018
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It invariably involves placing consideration on three major project elements i.e. time, cost and quality (Project
Management Institute, 2014). Performance measurement is a regular measurement of the results (outcomes)
and efficiency of services or programs [6].
Regular measurements of a system‘s services and programs are important from an agency or municipality‘s
manager‘s perspective because he or she is looking to measure progress towards managing for results; which is
a customer oriented progress that focuses on maximizing benefits, and minimizing the negative consequences of
service programs. Performance measurement is key in ensuring that an organization‘s strategy is successfully
implemented. It is about monitoring an organization‘s effectiveness in fulfilling its own predetermined goals or
stakeholder requirements. A business must perform well in terms of cost, quality, flexibility, value and other
dimensions. A performance measurement system that enables a business to meet these demands successfully is
essential. It helps ensure better informed and more effective decision making at both strategic and operational
levels. Performance measurement has evolved from purely financial performance measures such as profit, cash
flow or the return on capital employed. Today there is greater emphasis on non-financial and multi-dimensional
performance measures to understand and manage the performance of the organization to achieve its goals.
Procurement performance refers to how well procurement objectives are attained [7]. The main procurement
performance indicator is the extent to which the procurement function enables the organization to get best value
for money spent on purchases and supplies [8]. While traditionally, costs were the major measure of
procurement performance, measuring procurement performance currently requires paying attention to more
variables [9]. Procurement performance measurement, in modern organizations, involves going beyond costs to
consider quality, inventory, supplier relations, risk and customer satisfaction [10]. Value for money in the
procurement procedures is determined by cost of procurement process, price of commodities, timeliness of
procurement and quality of goods or services procured [11]. While cost is an important measure of procurement
efficiency, least cost without delivering quality goods renders the procurement process ineffective [12].
Procurement Performance Measurement System is designed to make it possible to measure procurement
performance, throughout the procurement cycle, allowing for tracking of progress over time. In this way, the
system will enable the management to analyze performance related strengths and weaknesses throughout the
procurement cycle (for example weaknesses related to procurement planning, bid evaluation, or contract
management practices), to support such weaknesses through targeted capacity development interventions, and to
report on progress to different stakeholders. Organizations which do not have performance means in their
processes, procedures, and plans experience lower performance and higher customer dissatisfaction and
employee turnover [13, 14]. Measuring the performance of the purchasing function yields benefits to
organizations such as cost reduction, enhanced profitability, assured supplies, quality improvements and
competitive advantage as was noted by [15].
The use of performance measurement systems is frequently recommended for facilitating strategy
implementation and enhancing organizational performance [16]. Today, performance measurement comprises
the use of financial as well as non-financial performance measures linked to the organization‘s business
strategy. For instance, balanced scorecards (BSC) [17] and multi-criteria key performance indicators (KPI) can
be considered performance measurement systems [18, 19].
The adoption of this type of system has increased steadily in the last two decades [20]. Organizations are under
great pressure to deliver value not only to their shareholders but also to other stakeholders, and they believe
performance measurement systems can help them in this task [21, 22]. This may explain why many businesses
are investing heavily in the development and maintenance of performance measurement systems [23]. From a
research point of view, we have some knowledge about why organizations adopt these systems [24, 25]. We are,
however, less knowledgeable about their actual consequences [26]. Accounting, operations, and strategy
researchers have examined the effects of performance measurement systems. Researchers have used an array of
research methods, such as case study research [27, 28], survey research [29, 18, 30], quasi-experimental
research [16, 31), and experimental research (32, 33, 34). Researchers have focused on different levels of
analysis. For instance, the work of [19, 35] focuses on how performance measurement systems affect the
behavior and performance of individuals, whilst the work of [36] concentrates on how performance
measurement systems affect team performance.
Researchers have also investigated the effects of performance measurement systems taking into consideration
aspects such as their particular design, implementation, or use [37]. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of
consensus on the actual consequences of performance measurement. Furthermore, to our knowledge, no
integration study has been conducted to better understand the diverse effects of performance measurement
systems as well as how these effects occur. Integrating our research knowledge in this area is important to
progress the performance measurement field and to support evidence-based management initiatives [38].
The Retail Industry is one of the important sectors of any economy 39, 40, 41]. The Retail Industry sector, apart
from contributing to the national GDP, facilitates acquisition of day-to-day consumables for both the corporate
sector and individuals at the household level [8]. Retail chain stores gained prominence in the USA through the
successes of chains like Wal-Mart and Tesco [39, 40, & 41].
3. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2018
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Kenya has become, and continues to position itself as a business hub in Eastern Africa [42]. The country is an
attractive destination for investors because it acts as a gateway into the regional market and is the largest
economy in the East African region. Another factor that makes Kenya attractive to investors in the Retail
Industry is a high population growth rate [43]. Since 1969, the population of Kenya has exponentially grown
from 10.9 million to around 40 million people. What is exciting is that huge portions of the Kenyan population
are joining the middle class wealth bracket [43]. According to the [43], 55% of Kenyans are of working age and
are engaged in some income generating activity; whether at family level or commercially.
Due to such factors, the country has attracted huge investments in the Retail Industry. The capitalist path of
development has made the Kenyan society very pro-Europe or western life styles. Coupled by high literacy
levels and a very industrious people, urban centers in Kenya are a beehive of activities [42].The growth of urban
centers has signaled great potential for retail businesses. The liberal market economy has encouraged growth of
the Kenyan Retail Industry.
Consequently, numerous foreign retail firms have set shop on Kenya [44]. Consequently, Nakuru is rated highly
as a business centre due to its fast growing shopping malls, retail chains, and robust Retail Industry in general.
Some retail chain stores, such as Nakumatt, Tuskys, Uchumi, and Naivas, are leading retail stores in East Africa
[44]. The study further found that retail chain stores play an important role in the Kenyan economy. It is
estimated that the Retail Industry in Kenya contributes about 18.5% of Kenya‘s GDP. Despite the role played in
the economy, players in the Retail Industry face stiff competition. As [45] reported, supermarkets in Kenya
contribute significantly to the economy. However, due to competition many supermarkets that are not managed
properly have registered poor returns [45]. For instance, Uchumi supermarket has had to receive a government
bailout in order to resume operations. However, the challenges bedeviling it seem far from being conclusively
tackled. The study by [45] showed that procurement best practices significantly affected retail profits. For retail
players to stay competitive, procurement practices are key [46].
The retails business worldwide has experienced phenomenon growth, with key destinations experiencing huge
gains. However, different regions have experienced varied success rates. The key aspect here is differentiation
on the various brands in the market. Differentiation spelt on choice and variety coupled with new innovation in
the market. Retail industry has faced enormous transition and transformation as a result of stiff competition in
the market. Due to customer choice and preference, globalization of markets, government policies and
procedures, innovations among others, there has been radical changes in the retail industry. This has caused
consistent and rapid market growth on consumer‘s diversity and choice and thus industry changes.
The retail industry has encountered phenomenal growth and transformation as a key element to enhance
customer‘s tastes and preference. The consumers have become very sophisticated in terms of their needs and
likeness. This aspects have led to retail industry sustained opportunities and consistent growth. Global trends
influences the consumer‘s likeness and taste that has influence on the market demand in the supermarket leading
to enormous growth. The increased population in towns has caused demand of goods and services causing a
major transformation of the supermarket chains. Due to competition among the supermarkets to win the
consumers and make their supermarkets a brand of choice, aspects of modernity in terms of elegance and
comfort shopping experience coupled with suitable business location to ensure convenient shopping are driving
forces that ensure competitiveness. The ease of shopper‘s convenience to access the shopping place is a critical
aspect that determines the success of a supermarket. Supermarkets in Nakuru have faced stiff competition as
each superstores endeavor to outsmart each other. The divergent consumers taste for the different brands and the
consistent consumer disposable income has ensured considerable growth in the market. The supermarkets
compete to win customer loyalty and reference to remain competitive.
The upcoming residential estates within Nakuru and increase of population in the town have led to
mushrooming of supermarkets in the estates to ensure convenience to the shoppers. The use of performance
measurement systems is recommended for facilitating strategy implementation and enhancing organizational
performance, modernization and increased branches networks among the supermarkets which is the key to
success in the market. Each supermarket strives to ensure a memorable shopping experience to their customers
to win customers loyalty and consistent shopping visits.
II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Retail chain stores play an important role in the Kenyan economy. It is estimated that the Retail Industry in
Kenya contributes about 18.5% of Kenya‘s GDP. Despite the role played in the economy, players in the Retail
Industry face stiff competition. Supermarkets in Kenya contribute significantly to the economy. However, due to
competition many supermarkets that are not managed properly have registered poor returns[45]. For instance,
Uchumi supermarket has had to receive a government bailout in order to resume operations. Most recently
Nakumatt is almost liquidating with the total liquidating value of 5 billion being 7 times less than its outstanding
debt of 35.1 billion has However, the challenges bedeviling it seem far from being conclusively tackled.
Existing studies show that procurement best practices significantly affected retail profits. For retail players to
4. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2018
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 36
stay competitive, procurement practices are key [46] Procurement performance measurement systems are crucial
in enhancing the performance of organizations. The procurement performance measurement systems have not
been given the recognition it deserves in most companies, where else there is need to have procurement
performance measurement systems in any successful company particularly in the retail industry. Local studies
on the area of procurement have focused on the effect of procurement process in companies. The effect of
procurement activities on the operation and effectiveness of public sectors in Kenya; however the studies did not
focus on the area under study [47]. Jackinda (2011) did an investigation into the effectiveness of the
procurement performance measurement systems of large manufacturing companies in Nairobi but did not
address the determinants influencing the use of procurement performance measurement systems. However, there
lacks conclusive studies in Kenya as majority of reviewed studies focus on other areas other than retail industry.
This forms the research gap. It is for this research gap that the study sought to investigate the determinants of
procurement performance measurement systems usage in supermarkets in Nakuru town.
III. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The general objective was to evaluate the determinants of procurement performance measurement systems
usage in supermarkets in Nakuru town. More specifically the study determined the effect of perceived ease of
use on procurement performance measurement systems usage.
IV. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Ho1: Perceived Ease of Use of procurement performance measurement systems does not have a significant
relationship on procurement performance measurement systems usage in supermarkets in Nakuru town.
V. THEORETICAL REVIEW
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) [48] is a widely used model in systems field and presents an
important theoretical contribution toward understanding Systems acceptance. The Technology Acceptance
Model (TAM) introduced by [48] is an adaptation of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) specifically tailored
for modeling user acceptance of IS. TAM was developed to explain and predict computer usage behavior.
Although several theoretical models have been proposed to describe the phenomenon of systems acceptance,
TAM is increasingly recognized as a robust yet parsimonious conceptualization [49].
The goal of TAM is ―to provide an explanation of the determinants of computer acceptance that is general,
capable of explaining user behavior across a broad range of end-user computing technologies and user
populations, while at the same time being both parsimonious and theoretically justified‖ [48]. It states that
beliefs influence attitudes; which lead to intentions and to behaviors. There are two reasons for people to accept
or reject technological systems. First, people tend to use or not use an application whether the technology will
help the users performing their job better. Second, the people believe that the system is too hard to use and that
the performance benefits of usage are outweighed by the effort of using the application [48].
However, Technology Acceptance Model becomes popular because Technology Acceptance Model has been
used by many information system researchers [50].Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness are important
because they are the reasons of using technology systems. In perceived ease of use, the user will feel clear and
understandable in using technology systems. Definition of perceived ease of use gives indication that a system
will make users easy to operate and finish their job and the system is not designed to make the users difficult
[48, 51). Perceived ease of use in using procurement performance measurement systems indicates that the
system is easy to be understood and operated. Consequently, the users will have intention to use the system
regularly. Perceived usefulness is a belief that using performance measurement systems will enhance the job
transparency or will help the users in doing their job. Perceived usefulness to the systems usefulness can be
measured by several factors, there are: first by adopting the idea can increase users‘ productivity, second is
increasing job performance, transparency and third is increasing efficiency process of users [48, 51].
Someone will adopt performance measurement system, especially on procurement in this research if that system
can give usefulness for their job and achievement. In the other words, the level of usefulness affects the
behavioral intention of user. Both perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are specific perceptions and
are anchored to specific beliefs users hold about the system. In sum, it was found that TAM could successfully
predict systems acceptance behavior under different technologies and different situations. Behavioral intention
is defined as ―the degree to which a person has formulated conscious plans to perform or not perform some
specified future behavior [52].
In the application of information systems, the TAM has been successfully used by many researchers to predict
behavioral intent towards the use of technology systems [53, 54). In addition, it was found that TAM was a
much simpler; easier to use and more powerful model of the determinant of user acceptance of performance
5. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2018
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measurement systems than other models [55]. TAM has been used in the field of Information Systems (IS) since
its development. In this study it will help to explain user acceptance of systemswhich wills also shapes user
adoption of performance measurement systems.
VI. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
VII. PERCEIVED EASE OF USE
Perceived ease of use is defined as ―the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would
be free of effort‖ [48]. Another component of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is Perceived Usefulness.
According to [48] perceived usefulness is the extent to which a person believes that using a particular system
will enhance his or her performance. In TAM Model, it explains the acceptance of technology system in
performing tasks and identifies perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness as two key determinants that
enhance the use of systems. It also posits a strong direct link between perceived ease of use and perceived
usefulness. It affirmed by [56, 48] where there indicates a significant relationship between perceived ease of use
and perceived usefulness. Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness are two key factors influencing the
intended use of an information system, although the perceived ease of use often has an insignificant impact on
the intended use of experienced users [48]. On the e-Procurement analysis, the users‟ perceived ease of use level
can be studied by conducting a study on the end users to know whether they perceive that using the system is
free of effort [57]. This in turn will derive the attitude and behavior intention of a person towards using the
system. However many researchers have studied the perceived usefulness more in terms of the individual rather
than the organizational perspective.
Some of the studies on perceived usefulness and performance measurement systems adoption are in various
industries like universities, food industry, health industry, banking, commerce, education sector and public
library [58, 5). TAM suggests that perceived ease of use is thought to influence the perceived usefulness of the
performance measurement systems. The easier it is to use a technology, the greater the expected benefits from
the systems with regard to performance enhancement. This relationship has also been validated in online
technology context [60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65]. Thus, there is a significant relationship between perceived ease of
use and perceived usefulness.
VIII. PROCUREMENT PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT
Procurement has been one function whose performance is crucial in the supply chain [66]. The council also
recognizes performance measurement as one of the four key competences in the World class Logistics Model.
Others are: positioning, integration and agility. According to findings of a study done by the same council, most
managers of purchasing departments have no or little information about their own department‘s performance.
For a business or government to be successful, all its individual parts (departments, divisions or sections) must
be successful. It is impossible for any manufacturing or business organization to achieve full potential without a
successful procurement activity. In the long run, the success of a business enterprise or government depends on
every bit as much on the purchasing executive as it does on the executives who administer the other functions of
the business [67]. [68] links purchasing to management in general. That it consists of the activities of: planning,
decision- making, control and feedback. Scheuing further argues that purchasing activities form a sequence that
occurs in repetitive and cyclical manner.
The author names those activities as analysis, planning, implementation and control. Just like in the Demming‘s
Quality cycle, all these activities have some kind of control or feedback information, so that an analysis of
previous decisions can be made and in the end, better decisions can be taken [69]. By measuring the
performance of procurement, one can therefore be able to improve the conditions for better decision-making and
most certainly, make better decisions. Procurement performance measurement could be having various
definitions but the definition given by Lysons is quite satisfying. Lysons [70], defines it as: the qualitative or
quantitative assessment of the degree to which the purchasing function and those employed therein achieve the
general or specific objectives assigned to them.
IX. PROCUREMENT PERFORMANCE MEASURES AND SYSTEM
Perceived Ease of Use
Interaction with PPMS
Learning PPMS
Understanding PPMS
Implementation of
PPMS
Procurement Performance
Measurement Systems Usage
Quality of Work
Duration of Time
Dependent VariableIndependent Variable
6. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2018
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Systems and measures used to measure purchasing performance needs to be carefully selected and applied [71].
According to the researchers, it is a fallacy trying to oversimplify purchasing performance to some set standard
of performance. In addition the researchers argue that in measuring purchasing performance, there is a dual job
to be done- efficiency in departmental administration and efficiency in procurement. They further stress that
most satisfactory measures are those in which the two phases are separately considered (efficiency and
effectiveness). There is a vast difference between measuring efficiency and measuring effectiveness.
Efficiency is a measure of how much each unit of output costs whereas Effectiveness is a measure of the quality
of that output [72]. [73] agrees with [71] that if procurement measures are to be any meaningful, they should
border on procurement effectiveness and efficiency. He defines procurement effectiveness as the extent to
which, by choosing a certain course of action, a previously established goal or standard is being met. Thus it
refers to the relationship between actual and planned performance. He also defines procurement efficiency as
the relationship between planned and actual sacrifices made in order to be able to realize a goal previously
agreed upon. The performance measurement report on efficiency in purchasing and supply activities can be used
for control to improve purchasing productivity and reduce costs in an organization. This is in agreement with the
well-rehearsed adages such as "what gets measured gets done‖ and "you get what you measure‖. For this to be
achieved therefore there must be put in place an appropriate performance measurement system which will
ensure that actions are aligned to strategies and objectives [74] any organizations have spent considerable time
and resources implementing balanced performance measurement systems. So therefore, what is exactly
measured in procurement? There is no common approach as to how and what is measured in procurement and
that the whole issue is muddled. There are of course single measurements, but they only cover fragments or
pieces of the total procurement process and this is a great obstacle when it comes to improving the purchasing
function (Chao et al, 1993).
Literature points out that measuring procurement performance has largely been cost based, hence applying
traditional systems. For instance [70], details methods of evaluating purchasing performance as: accounting
approaches, comparative approaches, the purchasing audit management approach and the management by
objectives approach (pp. 393- 408). Further examination of Lysons text reveals that, he has given more weight
on the accounting approach. Further analysis of his thought reveals that he has limited his work to the
purchasing and not the entire procurement function.
This provides with little connectivity to the organization as a whole. [75] on his part has listed more than 38
quantifiable measures normally used to assess procurement performance. An examination of these measures
also reveals that they are all financial based. [71] discusses how to measure purchasing performance with a
focus on efficiency and effectiveness. In addition they argue that efficiency is measured against budgeted cost
and defend this position by saying, "the end result of purchasing is product cost, and the measurement of
purchasing performance can logically be based on that consideration (pp. 403). As regards effectiveness of
purchasing, [71],consider the performance indicators as: cost savings, inventory performance, cost avoidance,
supplier quality, supplier delivery management, and transportation management among others. All of these
parameters are measured in terms of their contribution to purchasing cost or cost avoidance. This adds to the
trend that the purchasing activity is traditionally measured.
Material cost savings generated from centralized and consolidated by activity; Material quality defect rate
categorized by material and supplier; Documented improvements attributed to strategic supplier partnerships;
Average supplier lead-time by major materials; Percentage of major suppliers certified to the buying firms
standards; and Number of long term contracts in place along with the money volumes. However, according to
[76], there are no universally accepted procurement performance measures. Each firm selects those that it
believes are most useful for its assessment purposes, and develops its own managerial appraisal and control
program. So the above list neither a panacea or exhaustive. The PMQ was developed to help managers identify
the improvement needs of their organization, to determine the extent to which the existing performance
measures support improvements and to establish an agenda for performance measurement improvements (Dixon
et al, 1990). This measurement system consists of four parts. The first provides general data used to classify
respondents. Part two assess the company‘s competitive priorities and performance measurement systems
(improvement areas), part three focuses on performance factors (performance measures). The final part asks the
respondents to provide performance measures that best evaluate their own performance and any other general
comments.
X. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study applied a descriptive research design. Descriptive research design is a type of design used to obtain
information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe "what exists" with respect to variables
or conditions in a situation. The target population of this study was employees in procurement and inventory
7. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2018
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management departments in supermarkets in Nakuru town. The study comprised of (49),purchasing clerks and
stock control staffs. The study adopted a census technique therefore ruling out application of specific sampling
technique. The researcher decided to use a census since the population of 49 is manageable and large enough,
the study aimed to reach all the procurement managers, clerks, and stock control staffs, whereby all the 49
employees working in supermarkets were issued with questionnaires. Population Census is unique in that it
provides the possibility of examining special population groups, and acquiring information on small geographic
units. Census provides a true measure of the population since there is no sampling error and more detailed
information about the study problem within the population is likely to be gathered. Primary data was collected
through the administration of semi-structured questionnaires to the targeted employees of the supermarkets,
reasons of using questionnaires is that they are fast to administer, they are relatively cheap and no prior
arrangements are needed before posting. Secondary data was obtained from a review of key procurement
systems publications and literature on the subject performance measurement of procurement system. The
researcher administered the questionnaire individually to all respondents of the study. The study exercised care
and control to ensure all questionnaires issued to the respondents are received and to achieve this, the study
maintained a register of questionnaires, which were sent, and received. The questionnaires were administered
using a drop and pick later method. Questionnaires were tested for validity and reliability. After the fieldwork
was done, before analysis, all the questionnaires were adequately checked for reliability and verification.
Editing, coding and tabulation were carried out. Descriptive statistics method was applied to analyze
quantitative data where data was scored by calculating the frequencies and percentages. This was done using
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software. SPSS is considered appropriate since it
allows the researcher to follow clear set of quantitative data analysis procedures that leads to increased data
validity and reliability and demonstrates the relationship between the research variables. SPSS also assisted in
producing frequency tables for descriptive analysis.
XI. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
From the study, 49 questionnaires were administered to the staff at supermarkets in Nakuru town. Of the 49, 37
were successfully filled and returned and as such, they were considered as the sample with a response rate of 75
%.
Perceived ease of use
The research sought to find out the ease of use of the Procurement performance measurement systems by the
staffs. The findings are as shown in the table4.5
Table 4.5: Perceived ease of use
Statements N SA A N D SD Mean Std.
deviation
PPMS is flexible to interact with 37 18 9 5 2 3 4.0 1.27
PPMS is easy to learn 37 13 10 8 4 2 3.89 1.10
PPMS is user friendly 37 11 15 6 2 3 3.78 1.18
PPMS can be easily understood 37 16 11 9 1 0 4.14 0.88
PPMS skill is not easily implemented. 37 5 8 11 13 0 3.14 1.06
The findings in table 4.5 provided evidence that Procurement performance measurement systems is flexible to
interact with this was revealed by (M=4.0; SD= 1.27).(M=3.89; SD=1.10) indicated that Procurement
performance measurement systems is easy to learn with a number of respondents disagreeing. Procurement
performance measurement systems is user friendly as revealed by (M=3.78 and SD=1.18).Further the
respondents concurred that Procurement performance measurement systems can be easily understood
with(M=4.14; SD=0.88).In addition the researcher found out that Procurement performance measurement
systems skill is not easily implemented with an average of (M=3.14; SD=1.06).
From the findings the ratings of Procurement performance measurement systems flexibility, learning ability,
friendliness, understandability and skill implementation indicates that the supermarket had the capacity to use
the systems.
Procurement Performance Measurement System
The study sought to establish the procurement performance measurement systems usage, the table 4.9 below
shows the findings.
Table 4.9: PPMS Usage
Statements N SA A N D SD Mean Std
deviation
8. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2018
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 40
I spend a lot of my time using PPMS 37 17 5 7 2 0 3.88 1.03
Most of my responsibilities at work in
PPMS
37 11 8 13 5 0 3.24 0.94
I use PPMS most often on an average
day
37 12 13 8 2 2 4.17 0.76
I feel inefficient in my tasks without
PPMS use
37 19 11 2 2 3 4.71 0.59
M=3.88; SD=1.031 Indicated that using PPMS was regularly practiced to ehnance their work. Most of my
responsibilities at work in PPMS as revealed by ( M=3.24 and SD=0.94). Further the respondents concurred that
they use PPMS most often on an average day (M=4.17;SD=0.76).In addition they averaged that they would feel
inefficient in their tasks without PPMS use (M=4.17;SD=0.59). From the findings the ratings of use of PPMS
enhances performance and its cost saving and speed in their operations leading to improved customer service.
Correlation Analysis
The questionnaire elicited responses that were in form of Likert scale. This enabled the researcher to transform
the responses into a composite score of their means. The researcher established the spearman‘s rho correlation
coefficient to establishing the relationship between the dependent and independent variable. The findings from
the analysis were presented in table 4.10
Table 4.10: Correlation Analysis
1)
procurement performance measurement
systems
Pearson
Correlation
Perceived ease of use Correlation
Coefficient
.340*
Sig. (2-tailed)
.040
N
37
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
From the table 4.10 correlation analysis results r=0.340; p=0.040 (<0.05) imply statistically significant weak
positive relationship between Perceived ease of use and procurement performance measurement systems in
supermarkets in Nakuru town.
XII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the summary of findings, the study concluded that, the supermarket has derived interest towards the
usage of the procurement performance measurement system thus enhanced performance. It was also concluded
that, the employees of the supermarket have ensured usage of these systems in accordance to supermarkets
goals. The study has confirmed that usage of procurement performance measurement system is very useful in
enhancing the performance of supermarkets and thus supermarkets should use the systems in procurement
activities if the benefits are to be realized. It is also evident ease of use of procurement performance
measurement system has enabled supermarkets to implement procurement performance measurement systems
than work on incentives to improve performance and encourage transparency. Other organizations should also
be encouraged to use the same in order to provide faster and efficient services to their customers
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