This document discusses energy detection of unknown signals in fading environments. It proposes modeling the received signal power distribution under combined slow and fast fading. This allows deriving the distribution of the detector's decision variable in closed form. Specifically:
1) It models the received signal as the sum of the signal and noise, scaled by a complex channel amplitude representing fast and slow fading.
2) It derives an expression for the sufficient statistic at the detector's output and simplifies it under assumptions of high sample numbers and independent samples.
3) It expresses the distribution of the decision variable as an integral of the distribution for a fixed SNR, averaged over the SNR distribution due to fading.
4) It provides the specific
The document discusses convolution and its applications in digital signal processing. It begins with an introduction to convolution and its mathematical definitions for both continuous and discrete time signals. It then discusses various types of convolution including linear and circular convolution. The properties of convolution such as commutativity, associativity and distributivity are also covered. Applications of convolution in areas such as statistics, optics, acoustics, electrical engineering and digital signal processing are summarized. Finally, the document discusses symmetric convolution and its advantages over traditional convolution methods.
Noise Uncertainty in Cognitive Radio Analytical Modeling and Detection Perfor...Marwan Hammouda
The document proposes methods for primary user detection in cognitive radio that are robust to noise uncertainty (NU). It derives closed-form probability density functions of the signal and energy statistics under NU, allowing an optimal detector to be employed. It models NU using a log-normal distribution and evaluates detection performance for the energy detector. The proposed detector that accounts for the NU distribution can avoid the "SNR wall" phenomenon and achieve better detection performance than a worst-case detector that is not informed by the NU distribution.
Design limitations and its effect in the performance of ZC1-DPLLIDES Editor
The paper studies the dynamics of a conventional
positive going zero crossing type digital phase locked loop
(ZC1-DPLL) taking non-ideal responses of the loop constituent
blocks into account. The finite width of the sampling pulses
and the finite propagation delay of the loop subsystems are
properly modeled mathematically and the system dynamics is
found to change because of their influence considered
separately. However, when these two are taken simultaneously,
the system dynamics can be made nearly equivalent to that of
the ideal system. Through an extensive numerical simulation
a set of optimum parameters to overcome design limitations
have been obtained.
The document discusses diversity techniques for flat fading channels. It describes different types of diversity including space, time, frequency, and polarization diversity. It also discusses selection diversity and maximum ratio combining (MRC). MRC is shown to provide optimal performance by maximizing the output signal-to-noise ratio. For large average SNR, the bit error rate for MRC is proportional to (1/SNR)^L, where L is the diversity order, providing significant diversity gain.
A New Enhanced Method of Non Parametric power spectrum Estimation.CSCJournals
The spectral analysis of non uniform sampled data sequences using Fourier Periodogram method is the classical approach. In view of data fitting and computational standpoints why the Least squares periodogram(LSP) method is preferable than the “classical” Fourier periodogram and as well as to the frequently-used form of LSP due to Lomb and Scargle is explained. Then a new method of spectral analysis of nonuniform data sequences can be interpreted as an iteratively weighted LSP that makes use of a data-dependent weighting matrix built from the most recent spectral estimate. It is iterative and it makes use of an adaptive (i.e., data-dependent) weighting, we refer to it as the iterative adaptive approach (IAA).LSP and IAA are nonparametric methods that can be used for the spectral analysis of general data sequences with both continuous and discrete spectra. However, they are most suitable for data sequences with discrete spectra (i.e., sinusoidal data), which is the case we emphasize in this paper. Of the existing methods for nonuniform sinusoidal data, Welch, MUSIC and ESPRIT methods appear to be the closest in spirit to the IAA proposed here. Indeed, all these methods make use of the estimated covariance matrix that is computed in the first iteration of IAA from LSP. MUSIC and ESPRIT, on the other hand, are parametric methods that require a guess of the number of sinusoidal components present in the data, otherwise they cannot be used; furthermore.
This document discusses techniques for pulse shaping to reduce inter-symbol interference (ISI) in digital communication systems. It introduces the Nyquist criteria that pulse shapes must satisfy to avoid ISI, including having zero crossings at symbol intervals, zero areas within symbol periods, and zero values at decision thresholds. Methods like raised cosine filtering are presented that trade off bandwidth for smoothness to meet the Nyquist criteria. The document also discusses partial response signaling techniques like duobinary that relax the criteria but require differential encoding to avoid error propagation.
Transport coefficients of QGP in strong magnetic fieldsDaisuke Satow
1. Transport coefficients of QGP in strong magnetic fields are discussed, including electrical conductivity.
2. Quarks exhibit Landau quantization in strong magnetic fields, with their motion confined to one dimension along the field. Gluons also acquire an effective mass through interactions with quarks.
3. Electrical conductivity is calculated using the linear response theory and Kubo formula. It is found that only the component along the magnetic field is non-zero, in contrast to the isotropic conductivity at weak fields.
2015_Reduced-Complexity Super-Resolution DOA Estimation with Unknown Number o...Mohamed Mubeen S
The document presents a novel technique for super-resolution direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation when the number of sources is unknown. The technique formulates an optimization problem to minimize beamformer output power while constraining the weight vector norm, making it insensitive to the estimated number of sources. This provides resolution comparable to super-resolution techniques like MUSIC but with significantly lower computational cost, as it requires solving a generalized eigenvalue problem only once rather than for each scan direction. Analysis shows the technique works similarly to the minimum-norm algorithm while avoiding dependence on the estimated model order. Simulation results demonstrate it outperforms using model order estimation with subspace-based techniques.
The document discusses convolution and its applications in digital signal processing. It begins with an introduction to convolution and its mathematical definitions for both continuous and discrete time signals. It then discusses various types of convolution including linear and circular convolution. The properties of convolution such as commutativity, associativity and distributivity are also covered. Applications of convolution in areas such as statistics, optics, acoustics, electrical engineering and digital signal processing are summarized. Finally, the document discusses symmetric convolution and its advantages over traditional convolution methods.
Noise Uncertainty in Cognitive Radio Analytical Modeling and Detection Perfor...Marwan Hammouda
The document proposes methods for primary user detection in cognitive radio that are robust to noise uncertainty (NU). It derives closed-form probability density functions of the signal and energy statistics under NU, allowing an optimal detector to be employed. It models NU using a log-normal distribution and evaluates detection performance for the energy detector. The proposed detector that accounts for the NU distribution can avoid the "SNR wall" phenomenon and achieve better detection performance than a worst-case detector that is not informed by the NU distribution.
Design limitations and its effect in the performance of ZC1-DPLLIDES Editor
The paper studies the dynamics of a conventional
positive going zero crossing type digital phase locked loop
(ZC1-DPLL) taking non-ideal responses of the loop constituent
blocks into account. The finite width of the sampling pulses
and the finite propagation delay of the loop subsystems are
properly modeled mathematically and the system dynamics is
found to change because of their influence considered
separately. However, when these two are taken simultaneously,
the system dynamics can be made nearly equivalent to that of
the ideal system. Through an extensive numerical simulation
a set of optimum parameters to overcome design limitations
have been obtained.
The document discusses diversity techniques for flat fading channels. It describes different types of diversity including space, time, frequency, and polarization diversity. It also discusses selection diversity and maximum ratio combining (MRC). MRC is shown to provide optimal performance by maximizing the output signal-to-noise ratio. For large average SNR, the bit error rate for MRC is proportional to (1/SNR)^L, where L is the diversity order, providing significant diversity gain.
A New Enhanced Method of Non Parametric power spectrum Estimation.CSCJournals
The spectral analysis of non uniform sampled data sequences using Fourier Periodogram method is the classical approach. In view of data fitting and computational standpoints why the Least squares periodogram(LSP) method is preferable than the “classical” Fourier periodogram and as well as to the frequently-used form of LSP due to Lomb and Scargle is explained. Then a new method of spectral analysis of nonuniform data sequences can be interpreted as an iteratively weighted LSP that makes use of a data-dependent weighting matrix built from the most recent spectral estimate. It is iterative and it makes use of an adaptive (i.e., data-dependent) weighting, we refer to it as the iterative adaptive approach (IAA).LSP and IAA are nonparametric methods that can be used for the spectral analysis of general data sequences with both continuous and discrete spectra. However, they are most suitable for data sequences with discrete spectra (i.e., sinusoidal data), which is the case we emphasize in this paper. Of the existing methods for nonuniform sinusoidal data, Welch, MUSIC and ESPRIT methods appear to be the closest in spirit to the IAA proposed here. Indeed, all these methods make use of the estimated covariance matrix that is computed in the first iteration of IAA from LSP. MUSIC and ESPRIT, on the other hand, are parametric methods that require a guess of the number of sinusoidal components present in the data, otherwise they cannot be used; furthermore.
This document discusses techniques for pulse shaping to reduce inter-symbol interference (ISI) in digital communication systems. It introduces the Nyquist criteria that pulse shapes must satisfy to avoid ISI, including having zero crossings at symbol intervals, zero areas within symbol periods, and zero values at decision thresholds. Methods like raised cosine filtering are presented that trade off bandwidth for smoothness to meet the Nyquist criteria. The document also discusses partial response signaling techniques like duobinary that relax the criteria but require differential encoding to avoid error propagation.
Transport coefficients of QGP in strong magnetic fieldsDaisuke Satow
1. Transport coefficients of QGP in strong magnetic fields are discussed, including electrical conductivity.
2. Quarks exhibit Landau quantization in strong magnetic fields, with their motion confined to one dimension along the field. Gluons also acquire an effective mass through interactions with quarks.
3. Electrical conductivity is calculated using the linear response theory and Kubo formula. It is found that only the component along the magnetic field is non-zero, in contrast to the isotropic conductivity at weak fields.
2015_Reduced-Complexity Super-Resolution DOA Estimation with Unknown Number o...Mohamed Mubeen S
The document presents a novel technique for super-resolution direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation when the number of sources is unknown. The technique formulates an optimization problem to minimize beamformer output power while constraining the weight vector norm, making it insensitive to the estimated number of sources. This provides resolution comparable to super-resolution techniques like MUSIC but with significantly lower computational cost, as it requires solving a generalized eigenvalue problem only once rather than for each scan direction. Analysis shows the technique works similarly to the minimum-norm algorithm while avoiding dependence on the estimated model order. Simulation results demonstrate it outperforms using model order estimation with subspace-based techniques.
(If visualization is slow, please try downloading the file.)
Part 2 of a tutorial given in the Brazilian Physical Society meeting, ENFMC. Abstract: Density-functional theory (DFT) was developed 50 years ago, connecting fundamental quantum methods from early days of quantum mechanics to our days of computer-powered science. Today DFT is the most widely used method in electronic structure calculations. It helps moving forward materials sciences from a single atom to nanoclusters and biomolecules, connecting solid-state, quantum chemistry, atomic and molecular physics, biophysics and beyond. In this tutorial, I will try to clarify this pathway under a historical view, presenting the DFT pillars and its building blocks, namely, the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem, the Kohn-Sham scheme, the local density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA). I would like to open the black box misconception of the method, and present a more pedagogical and solid perspective on DFT.
Adaptive Noise Cancellation using Multirate TechniquesIJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
DSP_FOEHU - MATLAB 04 - The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)Amr E. Mohamed
The document discusses the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and its implementation in MATLAB. It introduces the DFT as a numerically computable alternative to the discrete-time Fourier transform and z-transform. The DFT decomposes a sequence into its constituent frequency components. MATLAB functions like fft and ifft efficiently compute the DFT and inverse DFT using fast Fourier transform algorithms. Zero-padding a sequence provides more samples of its discrete-time Fourier transform without adding new information. Circular convolution relates to the DFT through its properties. Linear convolution can be computed from the DFT of zero-padded sequences.
Cognitive radio spectrum sensing and performance evaluation of energy detecto...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on cognitive radio spectrum sensing using an energy detector. It formulates the spectrum sensing problem using two hypotheses: H0 that the primary signal is absent and H1 that it is present. It models the received signal as Rayleigh distributed under each hypothesis. The test statistic is the sum of squared signal energies over the sensing time. Probability of false alarm and detection are calculated based on comparing this test statistic to a threshold, assuming it follows a chi-squared distribution. Simulation results show that lower false alarm probability and higher detection probability cannot be achieved simultaneously by adjusting the threshold.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
In this lecture, I will describe how to calculate optical response functions using real-time simulations. In particular, I will discuss td-hartree, td-dft and similar approximations.
1) The document introduces the stabilizer formalism for describing quantum error correction. The stabilizer formalism uses concepts from algebra to compactly describe quantum error detection and correction.
2) It provides background on quantum computation, including the mathematical formalism using tensor products, quantum states and state spaces, quantum gates, and measurement.
3) Any error on a quantum system can be described as a Pauli operation (X, Y, or Z), and the stabilizer formalism allows describing a quantum error correcting code in terms of the Pauli operators it detects and corrects.
The document discusses the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for modeling computational electrodynamics and solving Maxwell's equations numerically. It explains that the FDTD method works by discretizing Maxwell's equations using central difference approximations in space and time. The electric and magnetic fields are then iteratively solved on a grid to simulate electromagnetic wave propagation. A key aspect is the Yee lattice, which spatially staggers the electric and magnetic field components to improve accuracy. An example 1D FDTD MATLAB code is also included to demonstrate the technique.
Computational Method to Solve the Partial Differential Equations (PDEs)Dr. Khurram Mehboob
This document discusses various computational methods for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) using MATLAB. It begins by introducing three types of PDEs - elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic - and provides examples of each. It then describes explicit methods like the Forward Time Centered Space (FTCS) method, Lax method, and Crank-Nicolson (CTCS) method for solving the advection equation. The document provides MATLAB code implementing these methods for a test case of solving the advection equation modeling a square wave.
This document provides an overview of spectral clustering. It begins with a review of clustering and introduces the similarity graph and graph Laplacian. It then describes the spectral clustering algorithm and interpretations from the perspectives of graph cuts, random walks, and perturbation theory. Practical details like constructing the similarity graph, computing eigenvectors, choosing the number of clusters, and which graph Laplacian to use are also discussed. The document aims to explain the mathematical foundations and intuitions behind spectral clustering.
This lecture discusses linear time-invariant (LTI) systems and convolution. Any input signal can be represented as a sum of time-shifted impulse signals. The output of an LTI system is determined by its impulse response h[n] using convolution. Convolution involves multiplying and summing the input signal with time-shifted versions of the impulse response. This allows predicting a system's response to any input based only on its impulse response. Examples show calculating convolution by summing scaled signal segments and using the non-zero elements of h[n]. Exercises include reproducing an example convolution in MATLAB.
Ch7 noise variation of different modulation scheme pg 63Prateek Omer
This document summarizes the noise performance of various modulation schemes. It begins by introducing a receiver model and defining figures of merit used to evaluate performance. It then analyzes the noise performance of coherent demodulation for DSB-SC and SSB modulation. The following key points are made:
1) Coherent detection of DSB-SC signals results in signal and noise being additive at both the input and output of the detector. The detector completely rejects the quadrature noise component.
2) For DSB-SC, the output SNR and reference SNR are equal, resulting in a figure of merit of 1.
3) Analysis of SSB modulation shows it achieves a 3 dB improvement in output SNR over
Ch2 probability and random variables pg 81Prateek Omer
This document discusses probability and random variables. It begins by defining key terms like random experiment, random event, sample space, mutually exclusive events, union and intersection of events, occurrence of an event, and complement of an event. It then discusses definitions of probability, including the relative frequency definition and classical definition. It also covers conditional probability, Bayes' theorem, and statistical independence. The key concepts of probability theory and random variables are introduced to enable analysis and characterization of random signals.
This document discusses quantum noise and error correction. It introduces classical linear error correction codes and describes how they can be used to create quantum error correction codes, specifically codes developed by Calderbank, Shor, and Steane. It then presents a formalism for describing quantum noise using density operators and quantum operations. It discusses the depolarizing channel as an example and introduces the concept of fidelity to quantify the effect of noise on quantum states. Finally, it describes the Shor 9-qubit code, one of the first quantum error correction codes developed.
This document discusses density functional theory (DFT) and exact exchange methods. It provides background on DFT, the Kohn-Sham equations, and common exchange-correlation functionals like the local density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximations (GGA). It then introduces exact exchange (EXX) methods, which neglect correlation and use the Hartree-Fock exchange energy. Calculating the functional derivative of the exchange energy is discussed to obtain the exchange potential within the Kohn-Sham scheme for EXX.
The document discusses various image filtering techniques in the frequency domain. It begins by introducing convolution as frequency domain filtering using the Fourier transform. It then provides examples of low pass and high pass filtering using sharp cut-off and Gaussian filters. Additional topics covered include the Butterworth filter, homomorphic filtering to separate illumination and reflectance, and systematic design of 2D finite impulse response (FIR) filters.
EM 알고리즘을 jensen's inequality부터 천천히 잘 설명되어있다
이것을 보면, LDA의 Variational method로 학습하는 방식이 어느정도 이해가 갈 것이다.
옛날 Andrew Ng 선생님의 강의노트에서 발췌한 건데 5년전에 본 것을
아직도 찾아가면서 참고하면서 해야 된다는 게 그 강의가 얼마나 명강의였는지 새삼 느끼게 된다.
High-order Finite Elements for Computational PhysicsRobert Rieben
The document discusses high order finite element methods for computational physics from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's perspective. It introduces the weak variational formulation of partial differential equations, finite element approximation using a Galerkin method, and the use of discrete differential forms and basis functions to represent solutions. The goal is to develop robust, modular software for solving multi-physics problems on massively parallel architectures.
Lynda Goldman Presentation For Expo East Sept 21 2011Lynda819
This document summarizes a retailer workshop on attracting loyal supplement buyers. It provides tips on standing out from competition through excellent customer service, products, and marketing. Specific recommendations include partnering with local health professionals, hosting in-store events, creating an engaging online presence through keywords and video content, and connecting with customers by sharing your store's story. The overall goals are to be seen as the local expert, provide guidance to customers, and implement at least one new marketing idea.
Every now and then we follow a text book in mathematics. Let us assume it’s a high school algebra book, the classic Hall and Knight. So, we are looking at the middle term break factorization. So, there are a lot of examples; just a few manipulations in the figures else the skeleton of the problems is more or less same. So, this excellent observation can actually be put to a wonderful use by software designers and programmers to design automated problem generation in Mathematics. The type or variety of problems shall span from basic linear equations, quadratic problems to matrix manipulations, interpolations and so on. The basic objective of the algorithm is to ease the efforts from the shoulders of teachers and academicians in preparing question papers. Moreover, we have put in a lot of thought regarding the diversity and difficulty level of generated problems in details using collaborative algorithms and machine learning.
(If visualization is slow, please try downloading the file.)
Part 2 of a tutorial given in the Brazilian Physical Society meeting, ENFMC. Abstract: Density-functional theory (DFT) was developed 50 years ago, connecting fundamental quantum methods from early days of quantum mechanics to our days of computer-powered science. Today DFT is the most widely used method in electronic structure calculations. It helps moving forward materials sciences from a single atom to nanoclusters and biomolecules, connecting solid-state, quantum chemistry, atomic and molecular physics, biophysics and beyond. In this tutorial, I will try to clarify this pathway under a historical view, presenting the DFT pillars and its building blocks, namely, the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem, the Kohn-Sham scheme, the local density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA). I would like to open the black box misconception of the method, and present a more pedagogical and solid perspective on DFT.
Adaptive Noise Cancellation using Multirate TechniquesIJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
DSP_FOEHU - MATLAB 04 - The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)Amr E. Mohamed
The document discusses the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and its implementation in MATLAB. It introduces the DFT as a numerically computable alternative to the discrete-time Fourier transform and z-transform. The DFT decomposes a sequence into its constituent frequency components. MATLAB functions like fft and ifft efficiently compute the DFT and inverse DFT using fast Fourier transform algorithms. Zero-padding a sequence provides more samples of its discrete-time Fourier transform without adding new information. Circular convolution relates to the DFT through its properties. Linear convolution can be computed from the DFT of zero-padded sequences.
Cognitive radio spectrum sensing and performance evaluation of energy detecto...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on cognitive radio spectrum sensing using an energy detector. It formulates the spectrum sensing problem using two hypotheses: H0 that the primary signal is absent and H1 that it is present. It models the received signal as Rayleigh distributed under each hypothesis. The test statistic is the sum of squared signal energies over the sensing time. Probability of false alarm and detection are calculated based on comparing this test statistic to a threshold, assuming it follows a chi-squared distribution. Simulation results show that lower false alarm probability and higher detection probability cannot be achieved simultaneously by adjusting the threshold.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
In this lecture, I will describe how to calculate optical response functions using real-time simulations. In particular, I will discuss td-hartree, td-dft and similar approximations.
1) The document introduces the stabilizer formalism for describing quantum error correction. The stabilizer formalism uses concepts from algebra to compactly describe quantum error detection and correction.
2) It provides background on quantum computation, including the mathematical formalism using tensor products, quantum states and state spaces, quantum gates, and measurement.
3) Any error on a quantum system can be described as a Pauli operation (X, Y, or Z), and the stabilizer formalism allows describing a quantum error correcting code in terms of the Pauli operators it detects and corrects.
The document discusses the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for modeling computational electrodynamics and solving Maxwell's equations numerically. It explains that the FDTD method works by discretizing Maxwell's equations using central difference approximations in space and time. The electric and magnetic fields are then iteratively solved on a grid to simulate electromagnetic wave propagation. A key aspect is the Yee lattice, which spatially staggers the electric and magnetic field components to improve accuracy. An example 1D FDTD MATLAB code is also included to demonstrate the technique.
Computational Method to Solve the Partial Differential Equations (PDEs)Dr. Khurram Mehboob
This document discusses various computational methods for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) using MATLAB. It begins by introducing three types of PDEs - elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic - and provides examples of each. It then describes explicit methods like the Forward Time Centered Space (FTCS) method, Lax method, and Crank-Nicolson (CTCS) method for solving the advection equation. The document provides MATLAB code implementing these methods for a test case of solving the advection equation modeling a square wave.
This document provides an overview of spectral clustering. It begins with a review of clustering and introduces the similarity graph and graph Laplacian. It then describes the spectral clustering algorithm and interpretations from the perspectives of graph cuts, random walks, and perturbation theory. Practical details like constructing the similarity graph, computing eigenvectors, choosing the number of clusters, and which graph Laplacian to use are also discussed. The document aims to explain the mathematical foundations and intuitions behind spectral clustering.
This lecture discusses linear time-invariant (LTI) systems and convolution. Any input signal can be represented as a sum of time-shifted impulse signals. The output of an LTI system is determined by its impulse response h[n] using convolution. Convolution involves multiplying and summing the input signal with time-shifted versions of the impulse response. This allows predicting a system's response to any input based only on its impulse response. Examples show calculating convolution by summing scaled signal segments and using the non-zero elements of h[n]. Exercises include reproducing an example convolution in MATLAB.
Ch7 noise variation of different modulation scheme pg 63Prateek Omer
This document summarizes the noise performance of various modulation schemes. It begins by introducing a receiver model and defining figures of merit used to evaluate performance. It then analyzes the noise performance of coherent demodulation for DSB-SC and SSB modulation. The following key points are made:
1) Coherent detection of DSB-SC signals results in signal and noise being additive at both the input and output of the detector. The detector completely rejects the quadrature noise component.
2) For DSB-SC, the output SNR and reference SNR are equal, resulting in a figure of merit of 1.
3) Analysis of SSB modulation shows it achieves a 3 dB improvement in output SNR over
Ch2 probability and random variables pg 81Prateek Omer
This document discusses probability and random variables. It begins by defining key terms like random experiment, random event, sample space, mutually exclusive events, union and intersection of events, occurrence of an event, and complement of an event. It then discusses definitions of probability, including the relative frequency definition and classical definition. It also covers conditional probability, Bayes' theorem, and statistical independence. The key concepts of probability theory and random variables are introduced to enable analysis and characterization of random signals.
This document discusses quantum noise and error correction. It introduces classical linear error correction codes and describes how they can be used to create quantum error correction codes, specifically codes developed by Calderbank, Shor, and Steane. It then presents a formalism for describing quantum noise using density operators and quantum operations. It discusses the depolarizing channel as an example and introduces the concept of fidelity to quantify the effect of noise on quantum states. Finally, it describes the Shor 9-qubit code, one of the first quantum error correction codes developed.
This document discusses density functional theory (DFT) and exact exchange methods. It provides background on DFT, the Kohn-Sham equations, and common exchange-correlation functionals like the local density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximations (GGA). It then introduces exact exchange (EXX) methods, which neglect correlation and use the Hartree-Fock exchange energy. Calculating the functional derivative of the exchange energy is discussed to obtain the exchange potential within the Kohn-Sham scheme for EXX.
The document discusses various image filtering techniques in the frequency domain. It begins by introducing convolution as frequency domain filtering using the Fourier transform. It then provides examples of low pass and high pass filtering using sharp cut-off and Gaussian filters. Additional topics covered include the Butterworth filter, homomorphic filtering to separate illumination and reflectance, and systematic design of 2D finite impulse response (FIR) filters.
EM 알고리즘을 jensen's inequality부터 천천히 잘 설명되어있다
이것을 보면, LDA의 Variational method로 학습하는 방식이 어느정도 이해가 갈 것이다.
옛날 Andrew Ng 선생님의 강의노트에서 발췌한 건데 5년전에 본 것을
아직도 찾아가면서 참고하면서 해야 된다는 게 그 강의가 얼마나 명강의였는지 새삼 느끼게 된다.
High-order Finite Elements for Computational PhysicsRobert Rieben
The document discusses high order finite element methods for computational physics from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's perspective. It introduces the weak variational formulation of partial differential equations, finite element approximation using a Galerkin method, and the use of discrete differential forms and basis functions to represent solutions. The goal is to develop robust, modular software for solving multi-physics problems on massively parallel architectures.
Lynda Goldman Presentation For Expo East Sept 21 2011Lynda819
This document summarizes a retailer workshop on attracting loyal supplement buyers. It provides tips on standing out from competition through excellent customer service, products, and marketing. Specific recommendations include partnering with local health professionals, hosting in-store events, creating an engaging online presence through keywords and video content, and connecting with customers by sharing your store's story. The overall goals are to be seen as the local expert, provide guidance to customers, and implement at least one new marketing idea.
Every now and then we follow a text book in mathematics. Let us assume it’s a high school algebra book, the classic Hall and Knight. So, we are looking at the middle term break factorization. So, there are a lot of examples; just a few manipulations in the figures else the skeleton of the problems is more or less same. So, this excellent observation can actually be put to a wonderful use by software designers and programmers to design automated problem generation in Mathematics. The type or variety of problems shall span from basic linear equations, quadratic problems to matrix manipulations, interpolations and so on. The basic objective of the algorithm is to ease the efforts from the shoulders of teachers and academicians in preparing question papers. Moreover, we have put in a lot of thought regarding the diversity and difficulty level of generated problems in details using collaborative algorithms and machine learning.
The document summarizes why brands should advertise with The Guardian newspaper and digital platforms. It outlines that The Guardian has a large, affluent, educated audience across print, mobile, and online platforms. It also describes the creative services, advertising options, and recent campaign successes that The Guardian offers brands to help them reach their target audiences.
Results of DNA Horses before Columbus research by geneticist Alessandro AchilliRuben LLumihucci
The entire horse mtDNA was amplified in 11 overlapping PCR fragments, using a set of oligonucleotides with matching annealing temperatures (Table S10). Oligonucleotides were checked (through GenBank BLAST) in order to avoid amplification of nuclear insertions of mitochondrial sequences (numts) (1). After PCR, the fragments were purified using the ExoSAP-IT® enzymatic system (Exonuclease I and Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatase, GE Healthcare) and standard dideoxysequencing was performed by using a set of 33 nested primers (Table S11) specifically designed for this protocol. An ABI 3730 sequencer with 96 capillaries was employed for separation of the sequencing ladders. Complete sequences were aligned, assembled, and compared using the program Sequencher 4.9 (Gene Codes). Traces were generally of excellent quality and there was extensive overlap between reads with most observed mutations determined by at least two independent sequencing reactions. At least two independent operators read each sequence and any potentially ambiguous base call was tested by additional and independent PCR and sequencing reactions.
Japanese culture is shaped by its geography as an island nation comprising over 3,000 islands, most mountainous with volcanic activity. Its population of around 128 million is over 98% ethnically Japanese. Shintoism and Buddhism are the main religions. Traditional customs include arranged marriages, tea ceremonies, and seasonal festivals celebrating the new year, children, and ancestors. The family structure is patriarchal with defined gender roles and emphasis on education and bringing honor. Foods like sushi, tempura, and noodles are popular. Ethnic Japanese make up a small portion of the diverse population in the CNMI and have historical and economic ties to the islands.
Role Modeling Lifelong Learning Through TechnologyTorrey Trust
Discover the value of Professional Learning Networks and the tools you can use to build your own. The presentation also covers information literacy, networking, and surviving PLN overload.
Stephen Hawking is a renowned astrophysicist, professor, and author. He has received numerous awards for demonstrating through his work that the universe is more complex than previously thought. Some of Hawking's accomplishments include working on the basic laws that govern the universe, publishing his best-selling book A Brief History of Time, and considering how particle emission relates to the concept of God and black holes. Hawking has had an illustrious career at both Oxford and Cambridge universities studying physics and cosmology.
PDHPE is one of the six key learning areas taught in Australian primary schools that focuses on both the theoretical and practical aspects of physical and health education to develop individuals and improve quality of life. Students are encouraged to participate fully in PDHPE lessons to learn important life skills like making healthy choices, developing friendships, and learning new physical activities in order to lead healthier lives both in and out of school.
2011 NLDS Wild Card Champions St. Louis Cardinalsaesims
The St. Louis Cardinals won the 2011 National League Division Series Wild Card championship. As the Wild Card team, the Cardinals defeated their NLDS opponent to advance to the NLCS. This single sentence summary highlights the key facts that the document is about the 2011 St. Louis Cardinals baseball team and their achievement of winning the NLDS Wild Card playoff series.
El documento presenta el orden de tiro para el campeonato de pesca deportiva de la Asociación Metropolitana de Pesca Deportiva del Paraguay en 2014. Se divide en dos fechas que tendrán lugar en la cancha Sajonia e incluye los nombres y clubes de 46 participantes clasificados por categoría y orden de tiro.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of serotonin and endorphins which elevate mood and may help prevent mental illness.
Fundamental Rights and Values of the European Union (in Albanian Language) by...Lorenc Gordani
Lecture on the Fundamental Rights and Values of the European Union (in Albanian Language) by Dr Lorenc Gordani, 05-01-2015, Tirana, Albania
Dr. Lorenc Gordani - Leksion mbi Vlerat dhe Liritë Themelore te Bashkimit Evropiane
Bashkimi Evropiane si çdo forme organizimi ngjizet nga një projekt i përbashkët qe ka ne baze disa vlera te themelore. Te kuptuarit dhe përvetësuarit e te cilit gjate trajtimi te kuadrit kushtetuese behet thelbësore për te zotëruar kuptimi e rendit ligjore dhe vete strukturën e Unionit.
Për sa me sipër me specifikisht ne këtë kuadër do referojnë nder te tjera mbi te drejtat themelore ne traktatet e BE-se dhe respektimin e tyre me ane te procedures se sanksionit. Duke u ndaluar ne mënyre specifike: tek projeksionin e Bashkimit si promotorë i paqes, vlera e përhershme e unitetit dhe barazisë, garantimi i lirive themelore te lëvizjes, parimi i solidaritetit e drejtësisë sociale, pluralizmi kulturorë e identitetet kombëtare, dhe politikat e sigurisë dhe mirëqenies shoqërore (welfare).
Ipod Touches could be used in the classroom to engage students and cut costs compared to textbooks, as they allow access to unlimited educational applications across subjects and grade levels for all students, including those with special needs or who are learning English. The document discusses how iPod Touches could benefit students in language arts, math, and science.
1) The document discusses travelling wave solutions for pulse propagation in negative index materials (NIMs) in the presence of an external source.
2) It obtains fractional-type solutions containing trigonometric and hyperbolic functions by using a fractional transform to map the governing equation to an elliptic equation.
3) Specific solutions include periodic solutions and bright/dark solitary wave solutions, with the intensity profiles of the bright solitary wave shown.
1) The document discusses travelling wave solutions for pulse propagation in negative index materials (NIMs) in the presence of an external source.
2) It obtains fractional-type solutions containing trigonometric and hyperbolic functions by using a fractional transform to map the governing equation to an elliptic equation.
3) Specific solutions include dark/bright solitary waves described by a sech-squared profile, as well as periodic solutions.
This document provides an outline and introduction to the course "ELEG 867 - Compressive Sensing and Sparse Signal Representations" taught by Gonzalo R. Arce at the University of Delaware in Fall 2011. The course covers topics including vector spaces, the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, sparsity, sparse signal representation, and compressive sensing. It discusses how compressive sensing allows reconstructing signals from far fewer samples than required by the Nyquist-Shannon theorem when the signals are sparse or compressible in some domain.
Non-interacting and interacting Graphene in a strong uniform magnetic fieldAnkurDas60
We study monolayer graphene in a uniform magnetic field in the absence and presence of interactions. In the non-interacting limit for p/q flux quanta per unit cell, the central two bands have 2q Dirac points in the Brillouin zone in the nearest-neighbor model. These touchings and their locations are guaranteed by chiral symmetry and the lattice symmetries of the honeycomb structure. If we add a staggered potential and a next nearest neighbor hopping we find their competition leads to a topological phase transition. We also study the stability of the Dirac touchings to one-body perturbations that explicitly lowers the symmetry.
In the interacting case, we study the phases in the strong magnetic field limit. We consider on-site Hubbard and nearest-neighbor Heisenberg interactions. In the continuum limit, the theory has been studied before [1]. It has been found that there are four competing phases namely, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, charge density wave, and Kekulé distorted phases. We find phase diagrams for q=3,4,5,6,9,12 where some of the phases found in the continuum limit are co-existent in the lattice limit with some phases not present in the continuum limit.
[1] M. Kharitonov PRB 85, 155439 (2012)
*NSF DMR-1306897
NSF DMR-1611161
US-Israel BSF 2016130
This document summarizes research on quantum chaos, including the principle of uniform semiclassical condensation of Wigner functions, spectral statistics in mixed systems, and dynamical localization of chaotic eigenstates. It discusses how in the semiclassical limit, Wigner functions condense uniformly on classical invariant components. For mixed systems, the spectrum can be seen as a superposition of regular and chaotic level sequences. Localization effects can be observed if the Heisenberg time is shorter than the classical diffusion time. The document presents an analytical formula called BRB that describes the transition between Poisson and random matrix statistics. An example is given of applying this to analyze the level spacing distribution for a billiard system.
Performance of cognitive radio networks with maximal ratio combining over cor...Polytechnique Montreal
This document analyzes the performance of cognitive radio networks using maximal ratio combining over correlated Rayleigh fading channels. It presents a simple analytical method to derive closed-form expressions for the probabilities of detection and false alarm. The key findings are:
1) The detection probability is a monotonically increasing function of the number of antennas, as more antennas provides more diversity gain.
2) Antenna correlation degrades the sensing performance compared to independent antennas. Higher correlation results in lower detection probability.
3) Complementary receiver operating characteristic curves illustrate that both higher signal-to-noise ratio and lower antenna correlation improve detection performance by increasing the detection probability and decreasing the probability of miss at a given false alarm probability.
Pres Simple and Practical Algorithm sft.pptxDonyMa
1. The Sparse Fourier Transform (SFT) algorithm takes advantage of the sparsity of signals to efficiently compute their frequency spectra. It does this by mapping frequency points into "bins" and only calculating the non-zero frequency components, reducing computational load.
2. The core ideas of SFT are permuting the signal spectrum, filtering it using a flat-top window function, and taking a subsampled fast Fourier transform (FFT). This converts the signal into a shorter sequence for FFT while maintaining spectral accuracy.
3. By adding up frequency points in each "bin" and ignoring empty bins, SFT reconstructs the original spectrum using far fewer computations than a standard discrete Fourier transform, allowing it to handle
DONY Simple and Practical Algorithm sft.pptxDonyMa
The Sparse Fourier Transform (SFT) algorithm provides an efficient method to compute the frequency spectrum of sparse signals. It takes advantage of signal sparsity by only calculating non-zero frequency components, greatly reducing computational load compared to the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). The SFT works by permuting the signal spectrum, filtering it using window functions, taking a subsampled FFT to locate non-zero frequencies, and then estimating their amplitudes. This allows it to handle much larger signals faster than the DFT, with applications in areas like signal processing, image compression, and machine learning.
Alexei Starobinsky - Inflation: the present statusSEENET-MTP
This document summarizes a presentation on inflation and the present status of inflationary cosmology. It discusses the key epochs in the early universe, including inflation, and how inflation solved issues with prior models. Observational evidence for inflation is presented, including measurements of the primordial power spectrum and constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio. Simple single-field inflation models are shown to match observations. The document also discusses the generation of primordial perturbations from quantum fluctuations during inflation and how this provides the seeds for structure formation.
The document provides an overview and history of the wavelet transform. It can be summarized as follows:
1. The wavelet transform was developed to address limitations of the Fourier transform and short-time Fourier transform in analyzing signals both in time and frequency. It uses wavelets of limited duration that can be scaled and translated.
2. The history of the wavelet transform began in 1909 with Haar wavelets. The concept of wavelets was then proposed in 1981 and the term was coined in 1984. Important developments included the construction of additional orthogonal wavelets in 1985, the proposal of the multiresolution concept in 1988, and the fast wavelet transform algorithm in 1989, enabling numerous applications.
3.
This document provides an overview of circuits and communication topics covered in an electrical engineering course. It discusses voltage sources, driving circuits, operational amplifier circuits, and communications concepts like matched filtering and receiver synchronization. The goal is to introduce practical circuit ideas and fundamental communication principles, with a focus on robustly detecting signals and data in the presence of noise. Worked examples are provided for repeating codes, on-off keying, and antipodal signalling transmission scenarios.
This document reviews research on the convergence of perturbation series in quantum field theory. It discusses Dyson's argument that perturbation series in quantum electrodynamics (QED) have zero radius of convergence due to vacuum instability when the coupling constant is negative. Large-order estimates show that perturbation series coefficients grow factorially fast in quantum mechanics and field theories. Finally, it describes the method of Borel summation, which may allow extracting the exact physical quantity from a divergent perturbation series through a unique mapping.
This document discusses laser linewidth and the factors that contribute to it. It provides equations to relate population inversion to gain and laser oscillation threshold. Key points:
- Laser linewidth is not a single sharp frequency due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Energy levels have a lineshape function that represents their width.
- Rate equations describe how stimulated emission and absorption change the population of energy levels over time and relate this to the laser intensity.
- Gain occurs when there is population inversion where more atoms are in the excited state than ground state. The gain coefficient relates how much the optical field is amplified per unit length in the laser medium.
- For lasing to start, the gain must overcome the cavity
Speech signal time frequency representationNikolay Karpov
This lecture discusses spectrogram analysis and the short-term discrete Fourier transform. It defines normalized time and frequency, examines the effect of window length on time-frequency resolution, and derives descriptions of frequency and time resolution. It also reviews properties of the discrete Fourier transform and illustrates the uncertainty principle with examples.
Identification of the Memory Process in the Irregularly Sampled Discrete Time...idescitation
This poster paper analyzes the memory process in the irregularly sampled daily solar radio flux signal between 1972-2013. The authors apply Savitzky-Golay filtering to denoise the signal, then use Finite Variance Scaling Method and Hurst exponent analysis to investigate the memory pattern. Their analysis finds the signal exhibits short memory behavior, suggesting it may have multi-periodic or pseudo-periodic characteristics. This provides insight into the internal dynamics and particle acceleration processes of the Sun.
Cognitive radio spectrum sensing and performance evaluation of energy detecto...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on spectrum sensing in cognitive radio using an energy detector. It formulates the spectrum sensing problem using two hypotheses - the presence or absence of a primary signal. It derives expressions for the test statistic, probability of false alarm, and probability of detection when the received signal is modeled as Rayleigh distributed. Simulation results show that increasing the detection threshold γth decreases the probability of false alarm but also decreases the probability of detection, presenting a tradeoff.
Noise uncertainty in cognitive radio sensing analytical modeling and detectio...Marwan Hammouda
This document summarizes a paper that analyzes noise uncertainty in cognitive radio signal detection. It proposes modeling the noise process statistically when there is noise uncertainty present. Specifically, it models the inverse noise standard deviation with a Gaussian distribution and shows it agrees well with the more common lognormal distribution for low to moderate noise uncertainty. It derives closed-form probability density functions for noise samples and energy of multiple samples, allowing optimal detection even with noise uncertainty. Initial measurements explore energy detection at low SNR, demonstrating noise calibration can provide useful detection down to -16 dB and noise uncertainty is not significant for instrument-grade low-noise amplifiers over sub-minute acquisition times.
Investigation of Steady-State Carrier Distribution in CNT Porins in Neuronal ...Kyle Poe
In this work, the carrier distribution of a carbon nanotube inserted into the spinal ganglion neuronal membrane is examined. After primary characterization based on previous work, the nanotube is approximated as a one-dimensional system, and the Poisson and Schrödinger equations are solved using an iterative finite-difference scheme. It was found that carriers aggregate near the center of the tube, with a negative carrier density of ⟨ρn⟩ = 7.89 × 10^13 cm−3 and positive carrier density of ⟨ρp⟩ = 3.85 × 10^13 cm−3. In future work, the erratic behavior of convergence will be investigated.
N. Bilić: AdS Braneworld with Back-reactionSEENET-MTP
- A 3-brane moving in an AdS5 background of the Randall-Sundrum model behaves like a tachyon field with an inverse quartic potential.
- When including the back-reaction of the radion field, the tachyon Lagrangian is modified by its interaction with the radion. As a result, the effective equation of state obtained by averaging over large scales describes a warm dark matter.
- The dynamical brane causes two effects of back-reaction: 1) the geometric tachyon affects the bulk geometry, and 2) the back-reaction qualitatively changes the tachyon by forming a composite substance with the radion and a modified equation of state.
Signal Constellation, Geometric Interpretation of SignalsArijitDhali
This is a handy presentation consisting the graphical and geometrical representation. Describing about orthonormality in a brief, along with basic vector and signal space. Also describing the QPSK constellation diagram and types of QPSK.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
1. Detection of Unknown Signals in a Fading Environment
Yogesh Wankhede1, Abhishek Kumar2, Amutha Jeyakumar3
Department of Electrical Engineering, V.J.T.I
Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
1
yogesh17.wankhede@gmail.com
2
abkvjti@gmail.com
3
amuthajaykumar@vjti.org.in
Abstract— In this paper we consider the effect of combined slow Various combinations of fast/slow fading
and fast fading on the energy detection. We model the received
signal power distribution and propose a simplified parameters. In addition, it allows analyzing
approximation to this distribution. The approximation allows us distributed detection schemes where each sensor
to derive the distribution of the decision variable at the detector’s observes different fast/slow fading values.
output in closed-form. By using the suggested distribution, we
find that in the block fading channel the impact of slow fading is
not significant. In the case of multiple independent fast fading
realizations with common slow fading value we can show how the
SYSTEM MODEL
II.
slow fading starts to dominate the detection performance. The energy detection problem is usually treated as
a hypothesis test. The detector has to separate
Keywords— Fading channels, Rayleigh fading, signal detection.
between the noise, hypothesis H0, and the jointly
I. INTRODUCTION presence of signals and noise, hypothesis H1. Under
The energy detection is a common approach to these two hypotheses the received band pass
decide whether unknown signals exist in the waveform has the following form
medium. The first step of the detector design
requires a model for the distribution of the noise r (t ) = R{[ hs (t ) + n(t )]e j 2π fct },..........H1
and the signal. It is reasonable to describe the noise
as a simple white Gaussian process. The signal R { n ( t ) e j 2 π f c t }, .......... H 0 (1)
model has to be more complex to incorporate the where we use a common complex signal
fading effects. representation and the real part R(.) of it. The signal
The energy detection of unknown signals in s(t)=sr(t)+jsi(t) and the noise n(t) = nr(t)+jni(t) are
additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) Recently, expressed in terms of their equivalent lowpass
the energy detector has been revised to incorporate components. The signal is also scaled with the
decision after fast fading channels. In these studies complex channel amplitude h = αejθ and fc stands
the detector performance is described analytically for the carrier frequency.
in Nakagami and Rayleigh channels. However, the At the input of the detector the received
combined impact of fast and slow fading on the waveform is filtered by the ideal band pass filter of
energy detection lacks attention in the literature. positive bandwidth W. If N0/2 denotes the two-sided
This is partly due to the difficulty to obtain a power spectral density of noise, the noise power PN
closed-form description for the detection at the output of the filter equals PN = N0W. The
performance. One has to resort either to numerical filter output is squared and one complex sample is
integration or to simulations. Both of these collected in every 1/W s. equivalently, for N
approaches makes the system analysis very measured samples the total observation time T
cumbersome. equals T = N/2W s. The N samples are summed
In this paper we propose a model that describes the together and normalized by the noise power. The
signal power distribution in fast/slow fading calculated metric serves as a sufficient statistic L
environment. The proposed model allows us to for the hypothesis test. By using the sampling
obtain in closed-form, the distribution of the energy theorem, the sufficient statistic in case of
detector’s decision variable. This distribution helps hypothesis H1 can be approximated as
us to investigate the detector performance with
2. 1 N 2 power, γ . In the presence of combined fast/slow
L≃
PN
∑ (α (cos(θ )sr ,k − sin(θ )si,k + nr ,k )2
k =1
fading, the fast fading is distributed around its mean
value that follows the slow fading distribution
N 2 (2) ∞
1
+
PN
∑ (α (cos(θ )si,k + sin(θ )sr ,k + ni,k )
k =1
2
p (γ ) = ∫ p (γ |γ ) p (γ )d γ (5)
0
Where p(γ ) is the slow fadingdistribution that
Where sr,k,, si,,k,nr,k, ni,k are k-th samples of the is usually approximated by the log-normal
signal and noise corresponding real and imaginary distribution .
parts. By inserting (5) into (4) we have
For high N and independent noisy and signal ∞∞
samples, (2) can be simplified as p ( L) = ∫ ∫ p ( L | γ ). p (γ | γ ). p (γ )d γ )d γ (6)
1 N 0 0
L≃ ∑ (α 2 sk2 + nk2 )........H1
PN k =1 In case of AWGN and a fixed SNR, the decision
(3) variable L has the non-central chi-square
1 N 2
≃ ∑ nk .................H 2
PN k =1
distribution with non-centrality parameter equal to
2γ. We have for the first term in (6)
Where sk2 , nk2 are powers of the k-th complex signal 1 L N −2 L + 2γ
p ( L | γ ) = ( ) 4 e( − ) I N |2 −1 ( 2 Lγ ) (7)
and noise sample. 2 2γ 2
After calculating L, we compare it with a Where Iv(.) is the modified Bessel function of the
threshold λ and vote for one of the hypotheses. In first kind.
order to select λ we need to derive the distribution
of L under the two hypotheses, p(L|H1) and A. Detection probability in Rayleigh-gamma fading
p(L|H0). Obviously, the distribution p(L|H0) is channel
central chi-square with N degrees of freedom. In Assume the detector collects a block of power
what follows we derive the distribution of p(L|H1), samples. Over the block the slow fading value does
hereafter p(L) in the presence of combined fast and not change and is defined by its instantaneous value
slow fading. γ. If the detector moves slowly the fast fading value
does not change either during the block. In the
Rayleigh modeled channel, the fast fading value is
III. DISTRIBUTIONS one particular realization from the exponential
distribution. In order to encompass more complex
Equation (3) shows that under H1, the L is a environments, we consider the case where the fast
function of the signal to noise ratio (SNR,γ). fading takes multiple different values over the block
Therefore the distribution p(L) can be found by this could model an environment where the channel
averaging the distribution of L for a fixed SNR coherence time is less than the total observation
p(L|γ), over all possible γ values time. Alternatively it can also be interpreted as
∞
measurements collected by multiple sensors. Each
p ( L) = ∫ p ( L / γ ) p (γ )d γ (4) sensor has block fading channel with the same slow
0
fading value but the particular fast fading
where p(γ) is the the distribution of SNR due to the fading.
The instantaneous SNR is computed as realizations are different. If we combine n
p rx α 2 . s k2 independent Rayleigh fading samples the signal
γ = = power has chi-square distribution with n degrees of
pn PN
freedom.
In a non line-of-sight channel the fast fading signal γ
1 γ n− 2 − γ
amplitude distribution is commonly modeled by the px2 (γ | γ ) = 2
( ) e (8)
Rayleigh distribution. The Rayleigh distribution n
Γ( )γ γ
depends only on one parameter, the mean signal 2
3. If the fast fading is modeled by the chi-square Where F1 ( ・ , ・ ; ・ ) is the hyper geometric
distribution and the slow fading by the log-normal function of first kind.
distribution, equation (5) has a closed-form solution
in integral form. In order to acquire an analytical
insight into the detector performance we recall that IV. ILLUSTRATIONS
the slow fading can also be described by a gamma We illustrate the usage of (13) by computing the
distribution miss probability of the energy detector. The miss
( α sf −1) γ probability is described by the CDF of the decision
γ . exp( − ) variable L. We compute the CDF by integrating
β sf
p g (γ , α sf , β sf ) = α
(9) (13) numerically. In the computations we assumed
Γ (α sf ).( β sf ) sf that the slow fading has mean SNR µdB = 5 and
By selecting the values of αsf, βsf we can match standard deviation σdB = 3. The size of the block,
the CDF of gamma distribution and the empirical the number of collected power samples, is N =
CDF obtained from measurement records. 1000. The predictions made by the model are
In order to compare the slow fading compared to the simulation results. The simulations
approximation by gamma and log-normal are carried out for Rayleigh/gamma and
distributions we set the moments of those two Rayleigh/log-normal fading environments. Since
distributions to be the same. we do not validate the models against any
measurements, it is difficult to predict whether the
α sf = (eσ − 1) −1 , β sf = e µ +σ / 2 (eσ − 1)
2 2 2
(10) log-normal or the gamma distribution describes
where µ and σ are the scaled mean and standard better the slow fading. Recall that both distributions
deviation of the corresponding log-normal are only approximations to the real fading process.
distribution. Because in (10) we express the log- However, we stress that unlike the lognormal
normal parameters in dB the scaling factor is approximation our model allows analytical
[log(10)/10] : µ = [log(10)/10] µdB and σ = treatment. Because of that, it is easier to study for
[log(10)/10] σdB where µdB and σdB are the mean instance the impact of fast/slow fading parameters
and standard deviation of 10 log10 γ . to the detection performance.
By inserting (8) and (9) into (5) we have
4γ
1 n
(α sf + )
(γ / β sf ) 2 2
.K n / 2 −α sf ( )
β sf
p (γ ) = 2. (11)
γ .Γ (n / 2).Γ (α sf )
where Kν( ・ ) is the modified Bessel function of
second kind. Unfortunately, as far as we know, by
using (11) and (7), equation (4) does not lead to a
closed-form solution. To overcome this problem we
notice that (11) can be closely approximated by a
gamma distribution. Again we do the
approximation by matching the two first moments
of (11). The gamma distribution approximating (11)
has parameters
α sf .n / 2
αγ = , βγ = β sf (1 + α sf + (n / 2)) (12)
1 + α sf + (n / 2) Fig.1. Miss Probability if fast fading has exponential
Using pg(γ,αγ, βγ) and (7) in (4) we have distribution, n = 2.
( N / 2 − 1) −L/2
L .e N L/2
p(L) = F (α , ,
γ ) (13)
2 1 + 1/ βγ
1
N α
2N /2 Γ( )(1 + β γ ) γ
2
4. not provide much improvement (compare fast/slow
fading calculated curves). In general, if we increase
the number of independent fast fading samples we
notice that the slow fading starts to dominate the
decision variable distribution and thus the detection
performance. This result agrees with intuition: the
impact of fast fading is averaged out as n increases.
For high n the calculated and the simulated results
with Rayleigh/gamma modeled distribution match
quite well. If the n increases the approximation
becomes tighter. Difference between the
Rayleigh/gamma and Rayleigh/lognormal curves is
due to the different tails of gamma and log-normal
distributions. However, both the gamma and
Fig.2. Miss Probability if fast fading has chi-square lognormal distributions are only approximating
distribution, n = 20 models of the real slow fading process. In this paper
Below, we investigate the impact of slow fading we matched the first two moments of gamma
with respect to the number of independent fast distribution to the corresponding log-normal
fading samples over a block of received samples. distribution. In practice the gamma distribution
Equation (13) allows us to select the number of moments have to be matched to the measurement
independent fast fading samples n per measured data.
block. An interesting extreme case is the block
fading channel where the fast and slow fading each
V. CONCLUSION
take a single value over the block. For a single fast
fading value we have n = 2. However, during the In this paper we proposed a model that
block there are actually N/n signal samples with the describes the signal power distribution in fast/slow
same power. By summing the power samples as in fading environment. The model allowed deriving
(3) we increase the mean of the observed the distribution of the decision variable in energy
distribution. The increase of the mean can be detection. With this distribution at hand, we could
incorporated into the equation by scaling up the easily predict the detector performance. The
mean of the slow fading: µdB → µdB + 10log10 proposed model is a useful tool for studying the
(N/n). It is interesting to note that for n = 2 the detection performance in different fading
impact of slow fading is relatively small. The signal environments. We illustrated that by comparing the
model that accounts solely for the fast fading detection performance in the fast/slow fading
describes the detector performance quite well (Fig. environment with the fast fading environment.
1). The situation is reversed when the block We found that if the mean signal power does not
contains multiple fast fading values. This case is change during the measured block of the signal
illustrated in Fig. 2 where we combine 10 samples, the simple fast fading model describes the
independent fading blocks with 50 complex detector performance quite well. The slow fading
samples each, n = 20: the cdf for the fast/slow becomes more important if multiple blocks with
fading model and the model that contains only fast different fast fading values are combined.
fading are significantly different.
By comparing Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 one can deduce REFERENCES
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that the combination of blocks with different fast sensing based on energy detection for dynamic spevctrum access,” in
fading values improves the detector performance Proc. IEEE VTC, pp. 1394-1398, May 2008.
(compare fast fading only calculated curves). [2] F. F. Digham, M. S. Alouini, and M. K. Simon, “On the energy detection
However, if the fast fading samples have the same of unknown signals over fading channels,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 55,
no 1, pp. 21-24, Jan. 2007.
slow fading mean, the combination of them does