This document discusses the design of internal combustion engine components. It describes the classification of IC engines as either spark ignition or compression ignition, and as two-stroke or four-stroke engines. The main components discussed include the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and valve gear system. Empirical formulas and design considerations are provided for determining the dimensions and materials selection for each component based on factors like engine size, speed, and operating pressures and stresses.
The piston is a disc that reciprocates within the cylinder. It receives force from expanding gases and transmits energy to the crankshaft. Pistons consist of a head, rings, skirt, and pin. They must withstand pressure and heat while minimizing mass. Common piston materials are cast iron, aluminum alloys, and steels. Piston design considers strength, heat dissipation, sealing, and stress distribution. The thickness of the head, rings, and skirt are calculated based on these factors. Ring design ensures sealing between the piston and cylinder while withstanding pressure and heat.
The modern trend is to develop IC
Engine of increased power capacity. One of
the design criteria is the endeavor to reduce
the structures weight and thus to reduce fuel
consumption. This has been made possible
by improved engine design. In the internal
combustion engine there are many
reciprocating parts which are responsible for
giving the motion to the engine. The piston
is “Heart” of the engine and its working
condition is the worst one of the key parts of
engine in the working environment. So it is
very important for design and structural
analysis of the piston.
The piston in an engine converts chemical energy from fuel burning into mechanical energy. It transfers energy to the crankshaft via the connecting rod. The piston ring provides a seal between the piston and cylinder. Pistons must withstand high pressures and temperatures while being strong yet lightweight. They are typically made of aluminum alloys or cast iron. The design of a piston considers factors like strength, weight, sealing, heat dispersion, and tolerating thermal and mechanical stresses.
The document discusses the design of connecting rods for internal combustion engines. It describes the functions of connecting rods as transmitting force between the piston and crankshaft. The dimensions and material selection of connecting rods are important considerations. Connecting rods must be strong enough to withstand buckling forces while also being as lightweight as possible. The document provides steps for calculating the cross-sectional dimensions, sizes of bearings, bolts, and other components of connecting rods based on engine specifications and safety factors.
Thermal Barrier Coating on IC Engine Piston to Enhance Better Utilization of ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses applying thermal barrier coatings to internal combustion engine pistons to improve engine efficiency. It first provides background on how internal combustion engines work and the purpose of pistons. It then discusses how thermal barrier coatings can insulate engine components and reduce heat transfer, leading to improved heat efficiency and reduced fuel consumption. The document goes on to describe modeling and analysis conducted to design a piston coated with yttria stabilized zirconia thermal barrier material for a 150cc motorcycle engine. Key parameters of the coated piston are presented. In summary, thermal barrier coatings are analyzed as a method to insulate pistons and increase internal combustion engine efficiency by reducing heat losses.
This document discusses the design of internal combustion engine components. It covers the materials, dimensions, and equations used to calculate the thickness of engine parts like the cylinder, cylinder head, piston, and piston head. The thickness of the cylinder wall is calculated based on gas pressure and stress limits. Empirical formulas are also provided to estimate thicknesses. A numerical example is included to demonstrate calculating the bore, stroke, and head thickness of a diesel engine cylinder based on power and pressure specifications.
The document discusses the design of cylinder components in an internal combustion engine. It describes the principal parts of an engine including the cylinder and cylinder liner. The cylinder is usually made of cast iron or cast steel to withstand high temperatures and pressures. Cylinder liners are used for replaceability and can be dry or wet types. The design of a cylinder involves determining the cylinder wall thickness, bore and length, flange and studs, and cylinder head. Formulas are provided to calculate the cylinder wall thickness based on gas pressure and permissible stresses. The bore is selected based on the required engine power. Cylinder flanges use studs 0.75-1 times the flange thickness. The cylinder head accommodates ports and
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The piston is a disc that reciprocates within the cylinder. It receives force from expanding gases and transmits energy to the crankshaft. Pistons consist of a head, rings, skirt, and pin. They must withstand pressure and heat while minimizing mass. Common piston materials are cast iron, aluminum alloys, and steels. Piston design considers strength, heat dissipation, sealing, and stress distribution. The thickness of the head, rings, and skirt are calculated based on these factors. Ring design ensures sealing between the piston and cylinder while withstanding pressure and heat.
The modern trend is to develop IC
Engine of increased power capacity. One of
the design criteria is the endeavor to reduce
the structures weight and thus to reduce fuel
consumption. This has been made possible
by improved engine design. In the internal
combustion engine there are many
reciprocating parts which are responsible for
giving the motion to the engine. The piston
is “Heart” of the engine and its working
condition is the worst one of the key parts of
engine in the working environment. So it is
very important for design and structural
analysis of the piston.
The piston in an engine converts chemical energy from fuel burning into mechanical energy. It transfers energy to the crankshaft via the connecting rod. The piston ring provides a seal between the piston and cylinder. Pistons must withstand high pressures and temperatures while being strong yet lightweight. They are typically made of aluminum alloys or cast iron. The design of a piston considers factors like strength, weight, sealing, heat dispersion, and tolerating thermal and mechanical stresses.
The document discusses the design of connecting rods for internal combustion engines. It describes the functions of connecting rods as transmitting force between the piston and crankshaft. The dimensions and material selection of connecting rods are important considerations. Connecting rods must be strong enough to withstand buckling forces while also being as lightweight as possible. The document provides steps for calculating the cross-sectional dimensions, sizes of bearings, bolts, and other components of connecting rods based on engine specifications and safety factors.
Thermal Barrier Coating on IC Engine Piston to Enhance Better Utilization of ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses applying thermal barrier coatings to internal combustion engine pistons to improve engine efficiency. It first provides background on how internal combustion engines work and the purpose of pistons. It then discusses how thermal barrier coatings can insulate engine components and reduce heat transfer, leading to improved heat efficiency and reduced fuel consumption. The document goes on to describe modeling and analysis conducted to design a piston coated with yttria stabilized zirconia thermal barrier material for a 150cc motorcycle engine. Key parameters of the coated piston are presented. In summary, thermal barrier coatings are analyzed as a method to insulate pistons and increase internal combustion engine efficiency by reducing heat losses.
This document discusses the design of internal combustion engine components. It covers the materials, dimensions, and equations used to calculate the thickness of engine parts like the cylinder, cylinder head, piston, and piston head. The thickness of the cylinder wall is calculated based on gas pressure and stress limits. Empirical formulas are also provided to estimate thicknesses. A numerical example is included to demonstrate calculating the bore, stroke, and head thickness of a diesel engine cylinder based on power and pressure specifications.
The document discusses the design of cylinder components in an internal combustion engine. It describes the principal parts of an engine including the cylinder and cylinder liner. The cylinder is usually made of cast iron or cast steel to withstand high temperatures and pressures. Cylinder liners are used for replaceability and can be dry or wet types. The design of a cylinder involves determining the cylinder wall thickness, bore and length, flange and studs, and cylinder head. Formulas are provided to calculate the cylinder wall thickness based on gas pressure and permissible stresses. The bore is selected based on the required engine power. Cylinder flanges use studs 0.75-1 times the flange thickness. The cylinder head accommodates ports and
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Some thing about piston design using ansysSattar200
The document discusses fatigue analysis of internal combustion engine pistons using finite element analysis. It summarizes four research articles that analyze piston design, stress distribution, heat transfer, and fatigue life when subjected to pressure and temperature loads. The articles analyze pistons made of materials like aluminum alloy, cast iron, and aluminum silicon carbide composite. Finite element analysis software like ANSYS and Adams are used to simulate piston behavior under working conditions and optimize design parameters like thickness, stress levels, and fatigue life. The analyses show that aluminum alloy pistons have better thermal conductivity but lower strength compared to cast iron. Material optimization can further improve piston performance.
Thermal Stress Analysis of a Speculative IC Engine Piston using CAE ToolsIJERA Editor
This paper deals with the pressure due to expanding combustion gases in the combustion chamber space at the
top of the cylinder which generate thermal stresses due to presence of heat involved on the reciprocating masses.
The present work deals with the use of different materials for IC engine piston and a comparative study is made
to achieve the best possible result. Piston parameters are taken using the conventional formulas and are constant
throughout the analysis. Moreover the boundary conditions are chosen such that the piston does not moves
sideways except in the direction of line of action of the piston itself.
The piston is a key component in an internal combustion engine that transfers force from combustion pressures to the crankshaft via the connecting rod. It undergoes four strokes - intake, compression, power, and exhaust. The piston consists of a head, rings, skirt, and pin. The piston head design considers strength, heat dissipation, and volume for combustion. Piston rings provide sealing and lubrication. Design of rings considers material, number, dimensions, gap, and lands. The skirt acts as a bearing surface. Guidelines specify length based on bore diameter and side thrust calculations. The pin connects the piston to the connecting rod.
This document analyzes heat transfer in internal combustion engine cylinders made from different materials through modeling and simulation. It describes designing a cylinder with dimensions of 0.25m length, 0.25m width and 0.2m height. Materials analyzed include gray cast iron, aluminum, stainless steel, and nickel. Transient thermal analysis in ANSYS is conducted with inside cylinder temperatures of 600°C, 1000°C and 2000°C and outside at 22°C. Graphs show total and directional heat flux over time. Gray cast iron has the lowest heat transfer rate due to its low thermal conductivity but can withstand high temperatures. Aluminum and other lightweight materials are alternatives for weight optimization, though cast iron remains common due to
DESIGN OF IC ENGINE COMPONENT-CYLINDER Snehal Patel
The document provides an overview of the design of internal combustion (IC) engine components. It discusses the operating principles of two-stroke and four-stroke engines. The principal parts of an IC engine are described including the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and valve gear mechanism. Design considerations for cylinders, pistons, and other components are outlined. Parameters like bore size, cylinder wall thickness, piston ring design are discussed in relation to withstanding pressure and heat dissipation. Common materials used for different parts are also mentioned.
The document provides information about FJM Cylinders Pvt. Ltd., a joint venture between Indian and Italian companies. It summarizes the company's manufacturing processes for compressed natural gas cylinders in 3 sentences:
FJM Cylinders manufactures CNG cylinders through a process that involves cutting steel tubes, heating and bending tube ends through induction heating and spinning, heat treatment including hardening and tempering, and testing including hydrostatic stretch tests to check for leaks or flaws. The company uses automation and technologies from its Italian partner Faber to produce cylinders according to specifications for dimensions, hardness levels, and passing pressure testing requirements.
This document summarizes a study that performed thermal and stress analyses on diesel pistons using finite element analysis software. The study analyzed uncoated aluminium pistons as well as pistons coated with zirconium. The analyses aimed to investigate the thermal behavior and stress distribution in the pistons under real engine combustion conditions. The study found that coatings reduced stress concentration in critical areas of the piston like the head and skirt. The document provides details on the piston design process, material properties, application of boundary conditions like temperature and pressure loads, and the finite element analysis method.
An internal combustion engine is a device in which the chemical energy of the fuel is released inside the engine and used directly for mechanical work.
Engine Block/Cylinder Block is the structure which contains the cylinders, and other parts, of an internal combustion engine. In an early automotive engine, the engine block consisted of just the cylinder block, to which a separate crankcase was attached. Engine block is affected by pressure and the thermal conditions happen inside the engine. So we come up with static structural and transient thermal analysis on the engine block. This report provides Stress, Strain and Total Deformation of Engine due to Pressure, Temperature and Heat Flux. We come up with the fatigue life of the Engine Block due to different loading conditions.
A cylinder block is an integrated structure comprising the cylinder(s) of a reciprocating engine and often some or all of their associated surrounding structures. The term engine block is often used synonymously with "cylinder block" The analysis of the combustion chamber is done by using different materials. By conducting the above analysis on the combustion chamber combustion rate, pressure and temperature gradient conditions are found and the best material for the combustion chamber is suggested.
Thermal analysis is conducted to find heat dissipation rate in engine block with the variation of materials Structural and fatigue analysis (dynamic) is conduct on engine block at working load conditions to evaluate and compare stress, strain, deformation and fatigue life with the variation of materials.
Frequency analysis is conducted on engine block with the variation of materials to evaluate frequency, Using these values material selection will be done, the value should be nearby previous one (cast iron) maximum accepted variation value 65HZ.
Design of Machine Elements - Unit 4 Proceduress Kumaravel
This document discusses the design of various machine elements including springs, leaf springs, belleville springs, flywheels, connecting rods, and bolts. It provides classifications and terms used in spring design. The design procedures outlined include selecting materials, determining specifications and dimensions, checking for stresses and deflections, and considering load arrangements. Factors like permissible stresses, safety factors, and empirical constants are incorporated based on the application and type of element.
Pistons, rings, and connecting rods are essential components that transfer force between the combustion chamber and crankshaft. Pistons seal the combustion chamber and are attached to connecting rods. Pistons are constructed of cast or forged aluminum alloys and operate at high speeds, transferring force twice per crankshaft revolution. Piston rings include compression rings that seal the combustion chamber from the cylinder wall and an oil control ring that separates oil from the combustion gases. Proper piston, ring, and connecting rod assembly and maintenance are critical for engine performance and efficiency.
MAchine Design and CAD Presentation. its topic is about Hydrodynamic Journal bearings, Heat Generated in a Journal Bearing
Design Procedure for Journal Bearing
And Examples
Design Analysis and Optimization of Internal Combustion Engine Piston using C...IJERA Editor
In the internal combustion engine there are many reciprocating parts which are responsible for giving the
motion to the engine. from them the piston is very important part of the internal combustion engine.. The
working condition of the piston is so worst in comparison of other parts of the internal combustion engine.
There is very high probability to failure of the piston due to high wear and tear. So there is necessary to
inspection the working condition of piston. In before there is no availability of software packages. So there is
difficult to check out the failure of the piston, it is also very time taken process. In now days the software
packages are used to consume less time and give quality assurance.
In this study work there are two steps of analysis of the piston they are Designing and Analysis. Firstly design
the model of the piston in giving design specification on the modelling software like INVENTOR . Then giving
it the constraints which are act on the working condition of the piston after import the model of the piston into
the analysis software ANSYS in IGES format. Then the analysis become completed on the different
parameters(temperature, stress, deformation) and easily analysis the result. In this work the piston become
optimized after the reducing the material of the piston. the mass and volume of the piston become reduced. The
deformation also increased after the optimization which is responsible for the stress distribution on the piston
head or piston crown.
The document discusses Stirling engines and thermoelectric generators. It covers their configurations, design considerations, materials used, parts, types, calculations, efficiency, and applications. Stirling engines can convert heat into mechanical work through the compression and expansion of air or other gases. Thermoelectric generators directly convert temperature differences into electric voltage. Both have advantages like reliability and using wasted heat but also disadvantages like low efficiency.
The document describes the production of biobutanol through fermentation and downstream processing. Key points:
- Biobutanol is produced through a fermentation process in a large reactor vessel. The document sizes the reactor to hold 50,000L based on standard length to diameter ratios.
- The fermented biobutanol is then stored in a holding tank before further processing. The document designs a holding tank 55,555L in volume and 34m in diameter and 68m in length to store the biobutanol.
- The document also includes mechanical design details for the fermenter, holding tank, heat exchanger and distillation column used in downstream processing of the biobutanol
MULTI CAVITY DIE PREPARATION, ANALYSIS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF DIESEL EN...Ijripublishers Ijri
A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors and pneumatic cylinders,
among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by
piston rings. The piston transforms the energy of the expanding gasses into mechanical energy. The piston rides in the
cylinder liner or sleeve. Pistons are commonly made of aluminum or cast iron alloys.
Here are the key steps to design a journal bearing from the given data:
1. Choose a length to diameter ratio (l/d) of 1.5 from the design handbook table.
2. Calculate the bearing pressure p = Load / (Length x Diameter). Check it is less than the maximum allowed.
3. Choose the lubricant SAE 10 and operating temperature of 55°C from the tables.
4. Calculate the bearing characteristic number K = (Viscosity x Speed) / Pressure. Check it exceeds the minimum value.
5. Choose a clearance ratio c/d from the table.
6. Calculate the coefficient of friction using the relation.
7.
This document analyzes the impact of piston velocity profile on the performance of a single cylinder diesel engine. It discusses the drawbacks of the conventional sinusoidal piston velocity profile, which results in high friction losses and reduced efficiency. An alternative connecting rod mechanism is proposed that can produce a trapezoidal velocity profile. This profile provides a more gradual pressure rise and fall during cycles, increasing the net work output. It is also expected to decrease friction losses by reducing oscillation angles and mean piston velocity. The document outlines equations to model the thermodynamic and heat transfer effects of varying the piston velocity profile. The goal of the study is to compare the engine performance and efficiency between the conventional sinusoidal and alternative trapezoidal profiles.
This document describes the design and construction of a connecting rod. It begins with the objectives of studying the connecting rod, understanding its function, designing it using CAD, and constructing a physical model. It then provides an introduction to connecting rods, explaining that they connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit reciprocating motion to rotational motion. The document discusses different manufacturing processes for connecting rods and compares their strengths. It presents the design process for the connecting rod, showing calculations for dimensions. Examples are provided of both the CAD model and physical constructed connecting rod. Materials used and their properties are also outlined.
Material Selection of Crankshaft for 2C Diesel Engineijtsrd
Crankshaft is the main component part of an engine. The main aim of this thesis is to select the crankshaft materials with minimum Von Misses stress and displacement. That is considered material selection, theory and calculation of crankshaft for static load. The function of the crankshaft is to convert the reciprocation motion of the piston to rotary motion of the flywheel. If the crankshaft is suddenly deformable, the engine will not work. The type of the crankshaft is used for four cylinder, four stroke 2C Diesel Engine Light Truck , which is fully supported, multi throws, centre crankshaft. The compression ratio of this engine is 22.5. This thesis is mainly compared the Von Misses stresses and displacement of three different materials. As the crankshaft is subjected to complex bending, shear and twisting loads, it needs to be well designed quality material to withstand the high stresses. The total length of the crankshaft is 460 mm. The crankpin diameter is 50 mm and the main diameter is 56 mm. The crankpin length is 28 mm and the main journal length is 29 mm. In this thesis, crankshaft design is modelled and compared the simulation results with acting static load on the crankshaft by using AutoDesk Inventor software. In AutoDesk Inventor software, it is needed to apply boundary condition on the existing crankshaft for stress analysis report. The gas force acting on the middle of the crankpins is 44198.512 N. The combustion pressure was used to calculate the gas force acting on the crankshaft and modelled the geometry of crankshaft. Finally, Carbon steel will be selected because it has minimum Von Misses stress and displacement. Ei Cho Cho Theik | Khaing Zar Nyunt | Hnin Yu Yu Kyaw ""Material Selection of Crankshaft for 2C Diesel Engine"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25171.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25171/material-selection-of-crankshaft-for-2c-diesel-engine/ei-cho-cho-theik
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
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Some thing about piston design using ansysSattar200
The document discusses fatigue analysis of internal combustion engine pistons using finite element analysis. It summarizes four research articles that analyze piston design, stress distribution, heat transfer, and fatigue life when subjected to pressure and temperature loads. The articles analyze pistons made of materials like aluminum alloy, cast iron, and aluminum silicon carbide composite. Finite element analysis software like ANSYS and Adams are used to simulate piston behavior under working conditions and optimize design parameters like thickness, stress levels, and fatigue life. The analyses show that aluminum alloy pistons have better thermal conductivity but lower strength compared to cast iron. Material optimization can further improve piston performance.
Thermal Stress Analysis of a Speculative IC Engine Piston using CAE ToolsIJERA Editor
This paper deals with the pressure due to expanding combustion gases in the combustion chamber space at the
top of the cylinder which generate thermal stresses due to presence of heat involved on the reciprocating masses.
The present work deals with the use of different materials for IC engine piston and a comparative study is made
to achieve the best possible result. Piston parameters are taken using the conventional formulas and are constant
throughout the analysis. Moreover the boundary conditions are chosen such that the piston does not moves
sideways except in the direction of line of action of the piston itself.
The piston is a key component in an internal combustion engine that transfers force from combustion pressures to the crankshaft via the connecting rod. It undergoes four strokes - intake, compression, power, and exhaust. The piston consists of a head, rings, skirt, and pin. The piston head design considers strength, heat dissipation, and volume for combustion. Piston rings provide sealing and lubrication. Design of rings considers material, number, dimensions, gap, and lands. The skirt acts as a bearing surface. Guidelines specify length based on bore diameter and side thrust calculations. The pin connects the piston to the connecting rod.
This document analyzes heat transfer in internal combustion engine cylinders made from different materials through modeling and simulation. It describes designing a cylinder with dimensions of 0.25m length, 0.25m width and 0.2m height. Materials analyzed include gray cast iron, aluminum, stainless steel, and nickel. Transient thermal analysis in ANSYS is conducted with inside cylinder temperatures of 600°C, 1000°C and 2000°C and outside at 22°C. Graphs show total and directional heat flux over time. Gray cast iron has the lowest heat transfer rate due to its low thermal conductivity but can withstand high temperatures. Aluminum and other lightweight materials are alternatives for weight optimization, though cast iron remains common due to
DESIGN OF IC ENGINE COMPONENT-CYLINDER Snehal Patel
The document provides an overview of the design of internal combustion (IC) engine components. It discusses the operating principles of two-stroke and four-stroke engines. The principal parts of an IC engine are described including the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and valve gear mechanism. Design considerations for cylinders, pistons, and other components are outlined. Parameters like bore size, cylinder wall thickness, piston ring design are discussed in relation to withstanding pressure and heat dissipation. Common materials used for different parts are also mentioned.
The document provides information about FJM Cylinders Pvt. Ltd., a joint venture between Indian and Italian companies. It summarizes the company's manufacturing processes for compressed natural gas cylinders in 3 sentences:
FJM Cylinders manufactures CNG cylinders through a process that involves cutting steel tubes, heating and bending tube ends through induction heating and spinning, heat treatment including hardening and tempering, and testing including hydrostatic stretch tests to check for leaks or flaws. The company uses automation and technologies from its Italian partner Faber to produce cylinders according to specifications for dimensions, hardness levels, and passing pressure testing requirements.
This document summarizes a study that performed thermal and stress analyses on diesel pistons using finite element analysis software. The study analyzed uncoated aluminium pistons as well as pistons coated with zirconium. The analyses aimed to investigate the thermal behavior and stress distribution in the pistons under real engine combustion conditions. The study found that coatings reduced stress concentration in critical areas of the piston like the head and skirt. The document provides details on the piston design process, material properties, application of boundary conditions like temperature and pressure loads, and the finite element analysis method.
An internal combustion engine is a device in which the chemical energy of the fuel is released inside the engine and used directly for mechanical work.
Engine Block/Cylinder Block is the structure which contains the cylinders, and other parts, of an internal combustion engine. In an early automotive engine, the engine block consisted of just the cylinder block, to which a separate crankcase was attached. Engine block is affected by pressure and the thermal conditions happen inside the engine. So we come up with static structural and transient thermal analysis on the engine block. This report provides Stress, Strain and Total Deformation of Engine due to Pressure, Temperature and Heat Flux. We come up with the fatigue life of the Engine Block due to different loading conditions.
A cylinder block is an integrated structure comprising the cylinder(s) of a reciprocating engine and often some or all of their associated surrounding structures. The term engine block is often used synonymously with "cylinder block" The analysis of the combustion chamber is done by using different materials. By conducting the above analysis on the combustion chamber combustion rate, pressure and temperature gradient conditions are found and the best material for the combustion chamber is suggested.
Thermal analysis is conducted to find heat dissipation rate in engine block with the variation of materials Structural and fatigue analysis (dynamic) is conduct on engine block at working load conditions to evaluate and compare stress, strain, deformation and fatigue life with the variation of materials.
Frequency analysis is conducted on engine block with the variation of materials to evaluate frequency, Using these values material selection will be done, the value should be nearby previous one (cast iron) maximum accepted variation value 65HZ.
Design of Machine Elements - Unit 4 Proceduress Kumaravel
This document discusses the design of various machine elements including springs, leaf springs, belleville springs, flywheels, connecting rods, and bolts. It provides classifications and terms used in spring design. The design procedures outlined include selecting materials, determining specifications and dimensions, checking for stresses and deflections, and considering load arrangements. Factors like permissible stresses, safety factors, and empirical constants are incorporated based on the application and type of element.
Pistons, rings, and connecting rods are essential components that transfer force between the combustion chamber and crankshaft. Pistons seal the combustion chamber and are attached to connecting rods. Pistons are constructed of cast or forged aluminum alloys and operate at high speeds, transferring force twice per crankshaft revolution. Piston rings include compression rings that seal the combustion chamber from the cylinder wall and an oil control ring that separates oil from the combustion gases. Proper piston, ring, and connecting rod assembly and maintenance are critical for engine performance and efficiency.
MAchine Design and CAD Presentation. its topic is about Hydrodynamic Journal bearings, Heat Generated in a Journal Bearing
Design Procedure for Journal Bearing
And Examples
Design Analysis and Optimization of Internal Combustion Engine Piston using C...IJERA Editor
In the internal combustion engine there are many reciprocating parts which are responsible for giving the
motion to the engine. from them the piston is very important part of the internal combustion engine.. The
working condition of the piston is so worst in comparison of other parts of the internal combustion engine.
There is very high probability to failure of the piston due to high wear and tear. So there is necessary to
inspection the working condition of piston. In before there is no availability of software packages. So there is
difficult to check out the failure of the piston, it is also very time taken process. In now days the software
packages are used to consume less time and give quality assurance.
In this study work there are two steps of analysis of the piston they are Designing and Analysis. Firstly design
the model of the piston in giving design specification on the modelling software like INVENTOR . Then giving
it the constraints which are act on the working condition of the piston after import the model of the piston into
the analysis software ANSYS in IGES format. Then the analysis become completed on the different
parameters(temperature, stress, deformation) and easily analysis the result. In this work the piston become
optimized after the reducing the material of the piston. the mass and volume of the piston become reduced. The
deformation also increased after the optimization which is responsible for the stress distribution on the piston
head or piston crown.
The document discusses Stirling engines and thermoelectric generators. It covers their configurations, design considerations, materials used, parts, types, calculations, efficiency, and applications. Stirling engines can convert heat into mechanical work through the compression and expansion of air or other gases. Thermoelectric generators directly convert temperature differences into electric voltage. Both have advantages like reliability and using wasted heat but also disadvantages like low efficiency.
The document describes the production of biobutanol through fermentation and downstream processing. Key points:
- Biobutanol is produced through a fermentation process in a large reactor vessel. The document sizes the reactor to hold 50,000L based on standard length to diameter ratios.
- The fermented biobutanol is then stored in a holding tank before further processing. The document designs a holding tank 55,555L in volume and 34m in diameter and 68m in length to store the biobutanol.
- The document also includes mechanical design details for the fermenter, holding tank, heat exchanger and distillation column used in downstream processing of the biobutanol
MULTI CAVITY DIE PREPARATION, ANALYSIS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF DIESEL EN...Ijripublishers Ijri
A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors and pneumatic cylinders,
among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by
piston rings. The piston transforms the energy of the expanding gasses into mechanical energy. The piston rides in the
cylinder liner or sleeve. Pistons are commonly made of aluminum or cast iron alloys.
Here are the key steps to design a journal bearing from the given data:
1. Choose a length to diameter ratio (l/d) of 1.5 from the design handbook table.
2. Calculate the bearing pressure p = Load / (Length x Diameter). Check it is less than the maximum allowed.
3. Choose the lubricant SAE 10 and operating temperature of 55°C from the tables.
4. Calculate the bearing characteristic number K = (Viscosity x Speed) / Pressure. Check it exceeds the minimum value.
5. Choose a clearance ratio c/d from the table.
6. Calculate the coefficient of friction using the relation.
7.
This document analyzes the impact of piston velocity profile on the performance of a single cylinder diesel engine. It discusses the drawbacks of the conventional sinusoidal piston velocity profile, which results in high friction losses and reduced efficiency. An alternative connecting rod mechanism is proposed that can produce a trapezoidal velocity profile. This profile provides a more gradual pressure rise and fall during cycles, increasing the net work output. It is also expected to decrease friction losses by reducing oscillation angles and mean piston velocity. The document outlines equations to model the thermodynamic and heat transfer effects of varying the piston velocity profile. The goal of the study is to compare the engine performance and efficiency between the conventional sinusoidal and alternative trapezoidal profiles.
This document describes the design and construction of a connecting rod. It begins with the objectives of studying the connecting rod, understanding its function, designing it using CAD, and constructing a physical model. It then provides an introduction to connecting rods, explaining that they connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit reciprocating motion to rotational motion. The document discusses different manufacturing processes for connecting rods and compares their strengths. It presents the design process for the connecting rod, showing calculations for dimensions. Examples are provided of both the CAD model and physical constructed connecting rod. Materials used and their properties are also outlined.
Material Selection of Crankshaft for 2C Diesel Engineijtsrd
Crankshaft is the main component part of an engine. The main aim of this thesis is to select the crankshaft materials with minimum Von Misses stress and displacement. That is considered material selection, theory and calculation of crankshaft for static load. The function of the crankshaft is to convert the reciprocation motion of the piston to rotary motion of the flywheel. If the crankshaft is suddenly deformable, the engine will not work. The type of the crankshaft is used for four cylinder, four stroke 2C Diesel Engine Light Truck , which is fully supported, multi throws, centre crankshaft. The compression ratio of this engine is 22.5. This thesis is mainly compared the Von Misses stresses and displacement of three different materials. As the crankshaft is subjected to complex bending, shear and twisting loads, it needs to be well designed quality material to withstand the high stresses. The total length of the crankshaft is 460 mm. The crankpin diameter is 50 mm and the main diameter is 56 mm. The crankpin length is 28 mm and the main journal length is 29 mm. In this thesis, crankshaft design is modelled and compared the simulation results with acting static load on the crankshaft by using AutoDesk Inventor software. In AutoDesk Inventor software, it is needed to apply boundary condition on the existing crankshaft for stress analysis report. The gas force acting on the middle of the crankpins is 44198.512 N. The combustion pressure was used to calculate the gas force acting on the crankshaft and modelled the geometry of crankshaft. Finally, Carbon steel will be selected because it has minimum Von Misses stress and displacement. Ei Cho Cho Theik | Khaing Zar Nyunt | Hnin Yu Yu Kyaw ""Material Selection of Crankshaft for 2C Diesel Engine"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25171.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25171/material-selection-of-crankshaft-for-2c-diesel-engine/ei-cho-cho-theik
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designoficenginecomponents-200407135150 (2).pdf
1. Design of I.C. Engine
Components
Prepared by:
Bhosale K.C.
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
2.
3.
4. I.C. Engine Classification
Petrol Engine – Spark Ignition Engine
Diesel Engine-Compression Ignition Engine
Two Stroke Engine
Four Stroke Engine
5. Diesel Engine
High thermal efficiency
More uniform torque
Run at low speed, low maintenance cost
Reliable And safe due to robust construction
11. Materials
Made of Gray C.I. with homogeneous and
closed structure.
Centrifugally cast
For heavy duty cylinder-Ni C.I. & Ni-Cr C.I.
Cast steel & Al. Alloys
12. Bore & Length Of Cylinder
Bore means I.D. of Cylinder
Where,
IP=Indicate power, W
BP=Brake power, W,
= mechanical efficiency ( in fraction) if not
specified assume 0.8
13. Where,
Pm= Indicated mean effective pressure (N/mm2)
l = Length of Stroke (m)
A= Cross Sectional Area of Cylinder (mm2),
N= Engine speed (rpm)
D= Dia. Of cylinder ( mm),
n= No. of working strokes / min.
For 2 Stroke engine n=N
For 4 Stroke engine n=N/2
IP= PM LAN/60, Watts
14. l/D ratio is assumed from 1.25 to 2. ( if not
specified assume 5)
Length of cylinder is more than the length of
stroke. There is clearance on both the sides of
the stroke. Total clearance is taken as 15% of
the stroke.
L= 1.15 l
L= length of the cylinder.
15. Thickness of the cylinder Wall
The engine cylinder is treated as Thin cylinder.
t= Thickness of cylinder wall (mm)
Pmax=Maximum gas pressure inside the cylinder (N/mm2)
D= I.D. of Cylinder (mm)
c=Permissible circumferential stress (N/mm2)
C= Reboring allowance (mm)
16. Thickness of the cylinder Wall
Max. Pressure is assumed 10
times mean effective pressure
Permissible c=35 to 100N/mm2)
Reboring allowance is taken from
table
17. Empirical Relations
Thickness varies from 5-10 mm , Thickness=
Thickness of dry liner =
Thickness of water jacket wall = 1/3 t-3/4 t
Thickness of water jacket wall =0.032D+ 1.6 ( mm)
Water space = 9 mm for 75 mm to 75 for 750 mm of D
Water space = 0.08 D + 6.5 mm
Thickness of cylinder flange= 1.2 t -1.4 t
Radial distance between O.D. of flange & PCD of studs=
(d+6) to 1.5 d
d= nominal dia. Of bolt or stud
18. Cylinder Head
A cylinder cover is provided for:
Inlet & exhaust valves
Air & gas ports
Spark plug or atomiser
In preliminary design, cylinder head is assumed
as flat circular head
Where,
th=thickness of cylinder head (mm),
K=0.162
Permissible c=35 to 50 N/mm2)
19. Studs are used to connect cylinder, cylinder head
& gasket for leak proof joint.
Initially studs are tightened by spanner to induce
preload, and
In working condition they are subjected to
tensile stresses due to internal gas pressure
acting on cylinder head.
20. Design of Studs
No. of Studs:
Min. no. of studs =0.01 D+4,
Max. no. of studs =0.02 D+4
Dia. Of studs
Gas force acting on cylinder head=
Resisting force offered by all studs=
21. =
Where,
dc= core dia. Of studs (mm),
z= no. of studs
t=Permissible tensile stress for stud (N/mm2)=
t=35-70 (N/mm2)
Nominal dia=
22. Pitch of Studs:
PCD of Studs=
Pitch of Studs=
Min. Pitch= 19d max. pitch = 28.5d
23. Piston
Piston is a reciprocating part of I.C. engine.
Transmit force due to gas pressure to crankshaft
through connecting rod.
Compresses the gas in compression stroke.
Seals inside portion of cylinder from crankcase
by means of piston rings
Takes side thrust resulting from obliquity of
connecting rod.
Dissipates large amount of heat from
combustion chamber to cylinder wall.
24.
25. Design requirements of Piston
Should have sufficient strength
Should have sufficient rigidity
Adequate capacity to dissipate heat
Should have minimum weight
Form an efficient seal to prevent leakage
Noiseless operation
29. Strength criteria
Piston head is treated as flat circular plate of
uniform thickness.
Where,
th= thickness of Piston head (mm),
D= Cylinder bore (mm),
Pmax = Max. gas pressure (N/mm2)
t=Permissible bending stress (N/mm2)
30. Bending stress
Bending stress- for C.I. (30-40 N/mm2) & for
Al. Alloy (50-90 N/mm2).
Max. gas pressure may rise to 8 N/mm2. but
average value is taken as 4-5 N/mm2.
Empirical formula to find out piston head
thickness
31. Heat dissipation criteria
Thickness of piston head
Where,
Th= thickness of piston head (mm),
H= amount of heat conducted through head (W)
K= thermal conductivity factor (W/m/0C)
Tc= temp. at center of piston head (0C)
Te= temp. at edge of piston head (0C)
33. Amount of heat conducted
HCV= Higher Calorific Value (kJ/Kg)
M= mass of fuel per power per second (kg/kW/s)
BP=brake power of engine per cylinder (kW)
C= ratio of heat absorbed by piston to heat
developed in cylinder=0.05
34. HCV values
For diesel = 44*103 kJ/kg
For Petrol = 47*103 kJ/kg
The Avg. consumption of fuel in diesel engine is
0.24 – 0.30 kg/kW/h
35. Piston ribs and cups
Piston head is provided with a no. of ribs for:
Strengthening piston head against gas pressure
Ribs transmit large portion of heat from piston
head to piston rings.
Side thrust created by obliquity of connecting
rod is transmitted to piston at piston pin.
36. Guidelines for ribs
th < 6 mm – no ribs
th > 6 mm – ribs required.
No. of ribs = 4 – 6
Thickness of rib is
Where,
tR=thickness of rib
th= thickness of piston head
37. Piston Cup
A cup provides additional space for combustion
of fuel.
Depends upon volume of combustion chamber.
And arrangement of valves.
38. Guidelines for cup
l/D < 1.5 – cup required
l/D > 1.5 – cup not required
Radius of cup= 0.7 D
40. Guidelines for design of rings
Material– Gray C.I. & Alloy C.I.
No. of piston rings—
Compression rings for aircraft engine= 3 – 4
For stationary engine= 5-7
Oil scrapper rings= 1 – 3
41. Dimensions of c/s
Rectangular c/s
Where,
b = radial width of ring
Pw = allowable radial pressure on cylinder wall (N/mm2)
t=Permissible tensile stress for ring material (N/mm2)
Pw =0.025 – 0.042 (N/mm2)
t = 85 – 110 (N/mm2)
Axial thickness of ring h = (0.7 b ) to b
42. Gap between free ends
3.5 b – 4 b
Width of top land and
ring lands
h1 = th – 1.2 th
h2 = 0.75 h -h
43. Piston barrel
t3 = (0.03 D + b + 4.9
t3 = thickness of piston barrel at
top end ( mm)
b= radial width of ring ( mm)
t4 = thickness of piston barrel at
open end ( mm)
t4 = 0.25 t3 – 0.35 t3
45. Max. gas pressure on piston head=
Side thrust =
Where, µ= coefficient of friction = 0.1
Side thrust=
Where, Pb= allowable bearing pressure (Mpa)
ls =length of skirt (mm)
Equating above eqns.
From this length of skirt is obtained
46. Piston pin
To connect piston and
connecting rod.
It is hollow circular.
End movement is
restricted by circlips.
Two criteria's
Bearing
bending
47. Bearing considerations
Length of pin in small end of connecting rod l1=0.45 D
O.D. of pin
Force on piston=
Resisting fore =
(Pb)1 = brg. Pr. At bushing of small end of
connecting rod (Mpa)
do = O.D.of piston pin
48. Bending considerations
B.M. at section XX
Also,
Bending stress
b = 84 (N/mm2) for case hardened steel
b = 140 (N/mm2) for heat treated alloy steel
49. Connecting Rod
Consists of an eye at small end to accommodate
the piston pin, a long shank and big end opening
split into two parts to accommodate crank pin.
Basic function is to transmit push and pull forces
from piston pin to crank pin.
Connecting rod transmits the reciprocating
motion of the piston to the rotary motion of the
crankshaft.
Splash oil lubrication.
51. Subjected to gas pressure and inertia force due to
reciprocating parts
Material medium carbon steel or alloy steel.
Lubrication – splash & pressure feed
Length
When length is small compared to crank radius, it
has greater angular swing resulting in greater side
thrust on the piston.
Normally
52. Buckling of connecting rod
Subjected to compressive stress
Designed as column or strut
53. Buckling about XX axis, ends are hinged in
crank pin and piston pin. So, end fixity
coefficient is one.
Buckling about YY axis, ends are fixed due to
constraining effect of bearings at crank pin and
piston pin. So, end fixity coefficient is four.
Therefore, connecting rod is 4 times stronger
for buckling about YY axis as compared to XX
axis.
54. If a connecting rod is designed in such a way
that it is equally resistant to buckling in either
plane then,
Where, I = moment of inertia ( mm4)
Substitute I = Ak2,
k= radius of gyration (mm)
55. C/S for connecting rod
P= force acting on piston due to
gas pressure (N)
Ps = side thrust on side wall (N)
Pc=force acting on connecting
rod (N),
=angle of inclination of
connecting rod with line of
stroke
=angle of inclination from TDC
56. P = Pc cos
Max gas load occurs at = 3.30
Max. force acing on the piston due to gas pressure =
Dimensions are calculated by Rankin’s formula
Pcr= critical buckling load
c=compressive yield stress = 330 (N/mm2)
A= c/s area of connecting rod mm2
a = constant = 1/7500
L= length of connecting rod (mm)
Pcr = Pc (fs)
57. Procedure
Calculate force acing on connecting rod
Calculate critical buckling load Pcr = Pc (fs), fs=5 – 6
By Rankine's formula
Substitute,
A=11t2
Kxx= 1.78 t
a= 1/7500
c=330 (N/mm2)
58. Big and small end bearing
Force acting on piston pin
bearing
Also,
dp= dia. Of piston pin
lp= length of piston pin.
(Pb)p= allowable bearing
pressure = 10 – 12.5 MPa
l/d ratio for piston pin bush
= 1.5 – 2.
59. Big end cap & bolts
Inertia acting on bolts
Where,
Pi= inertia force on cap or bolts (N)
mr= mass of reciprocating parts (kg)
r = crank radius (mm)
n1= ratio of length of connecting rod to crank radius
L= length of connecting rod
60. Mass of reciprocating parts
mr = mass of piston assembly+ 1/3 mass of
connecting rod
The inertia is max at TDC when =0, cos =1