Recording: https://vimeo.com/318370452
Cold-formed and light gauge steel are rapidly growing in use across residential and commercial projects thanks to their cost-effective and customisable nature.
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previewing possible upcoming changes.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2Oun8_zHY0
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key differences with wood design using AS 1720.1 or AS 1684.
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Long a mainstay in residential construction due to its versatility, cost, and environmental friendliness, timber is now seeing growing demand in mid rise structures thanks to growing understanding of how to utilise the material, as well as the continued rise in availability of engineered wood products (EWP) such as glue laminated and cross laminated timbers.
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Try out the AS1170.2 Wind Calculator now available at ClearCalcs.com
Webinar recording available at:
https://vimeo.com/350649576
Designing a Concrete Beam Using the New AS3600:2018 - Webinar Slides - ClearC...ClearCalcs
The 2018 revision of the AS3600 Concrete standard includes major revisions for areas including phi factors, shear, deflection, rectangular stress block, and shrinkage/creep.
In this webinar, ClearCalcs lead engineering developer Brooks Smith discusses some of these key changes, and runs through the design process for a concrete beam design before demonstrating a few worked examples using AS3600:2018 in the newly released rectangular concrete beam calculator on ClearCalcs.com.
Watch the recorded webinar: https://vimeo.com/295532300
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Steel Design to AS4100 1998 (+A1,2016) Webinar - ClearCalcsClearCalcs
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previewing possible upcoming changes.
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A video recording of the webinar is available on YouTube:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2Oun8_zHY0
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Supporting worked examples for the ClearCalcs timber beam design webinar. Included examples cover a simply supported and complex wood beam designed using the ClearCalcs AS1720.1 calculator.
Designing a Cold-Formed Steel Beam Using AISI S100-16ClearCalcs
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Designing a Cold-Formed Steel Beam Using AISI S100-16ClearCalcs
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Economic Concrete Frame Elements to Eurocode 2Yusuf Yıldız
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Worked examples from the ClearCalcs AS4100 Steel Design Webinar - slides: https://www.slideshare.net/clearcalcs/steel-design-to-as4100-1998-a12016-webinar-clearcalcs
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Prior force base design should not fail under displacement based design.
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Designing a Cold-Formed Steel Beam Using AS4600:2018 and 2005 - Webinar
1. Designing a Cold-Formed Steel
Beam Using AS4600-2018 & 2005
Understanding the design process using the Direct
Strength Method
Brooks H. Smith, CPEng, PE, MIEAust, NER, RPEQ
brooks.smith@clearcalcs.com
2. Outline
• Introduction
• How CFS is Unique
• Changes Since AS4600-2005
• Designing a CFS Beam
• Flexural Capacity
• Shear Capacity
• Bearing Capacity
• Load Interactions
• Deflection
• Example Beam Calculations
• Conclusion & Questions
214 February 2019 ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud
3. Introduction – About the Presenter
• Chartered Professional Engineer
• MCivE, MIEAust, NER, RPEQ, P.E. (USA)
• Currently the lead engineering developer for ClearCalcs
• Recently released CFS beam and column/stud calculators
• 8 years of previous experience in:
• Structural engineering R&D consulting, specialising in cold-formed steel
• Research fellowship in system behaviour of thin-walled steel
• Forensic structural engineering, specialising in reinforced and PT concrete
3
Brooks H. Smith
19 February 2019 ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud
4. About ClearCalcs.com
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 4
More Accurate
Design more accurately with
unrestricted and accessible FEA
analysis
Eliminates Wasted Time
Eliminate time wasted using
clunky methods or waiting for
software licenses to free up
Available Everywhere
Empower engineers to work
effectively from office, home, or
site
ClearCalcs helps engineers design
without compromise by bringing
together powerful FEA analysis with easy
to use design tools for concrete, steel,
and timber.
Explore our range at clearcalcs.com
Intro Video Hyperlink
5. Introduction – Today’s Goals
• To be able to design a cold-formed steel beam to AS4600-2018
• Cee or Zed sections bent about strong axis
• Negligible holes in the cross-section
• Direct Strength Method (Clause 7)
• Detailing will only be broadly addressed
• We’ll distribute this slide deck and video after the webinar
• Please ask quick questions as I go – best to answer while on the topic
• Please ask using the “Q&A” feature, NOT the chat/messaging feature
• I’ll save involved questions until the end
• Note: Everything today is based on the standards
• We are not on the AS4600 committee, are not communicating any special
knowledge
514 February 2019 ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud
6. Outline
• Introduction
• How CFS is Unique
• Changes Since AS4600-2005
• Designing a CFS Beam
• Flexural Capacity
• Shear Capacity
• Bearing Capacity
• Load Interactions
• Deflection
• Example Beam Calculations
• Conclusion & Questions
619 February 2019 ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud
7. How CFS is Unique
• Buckling is a major issue
• Most sections will buckle before yielding
• Bearing / web crippling can easily control
• Buckling of the web for either bottom supports or top point loads
• Design may require finite element/strip analysis
• But this only needs to be done once, and can be avoided
• Highly-customizable shapes
• So design methodology can be used
for any cross-section
714 February 2019 ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud
8. Buckling in Cold-Formed Steel
• Hot-rolled steel classifies sections as compact, non-compact, or
slender – and requires extra equations for “slender”
• In cold-formed steel, “slender” checks always need to be done
• Local, distortional, or global buckling modes
• Global encompasses both lateral and lateral-torsional buckling
• Stiffeners function to mitigate buckling
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 8
9. Bearing / Web Crippling
• If the web isn’t directly restrained either at supports or under point
loads, web crippling must be checked
• In hot-rolled steel, checks are simple and rarely control
• But in CFS, they may commonly control and are highly-dependent upon the
precise cross-section and arrangement of forces
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 9
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2012.01.003
10. Finite Element / Strip Analysis
• The Direct Strength Method, which is a preferred method in AS4600-
2018, requires a rational analysis that usually takes the form of the
Finite Strip Method
• Generally only needs to be done once for a section, and alternate
methods do exist
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 10
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2014.01.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2013.09.004
11. Highly-Customizable Shapes
• Standard sections available, but custom sections also economical
• Lysaght®, Stratco®, FrameCAD®, et al have standard sections
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 11
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zg-prof.jpg
12. Outline
• Introduction
• How CFS is Unique
• Changes Since AS4600-2005
• Designing a CFS Beam
• Flexural Capacity
• Shear Capacity
• Bearing Capacity
• Load Interactions
• Deflection
• Example Beam Calculations
• Conclusion & Questions
1219 February 2019 ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud
13. Updates Since AS4600-2005
• Old member capacity calculations (Cl 3.3 & 3.4), based on the
Effective Width Method, moved to Appendix D
• Direct Strength Method (Cl 7.2) is now most complete in main body
• And expands prequalification, more properly includes G500 and G550
• Inelastic reserve capacity is now included in DSM buckling
• Inelastic reserve was previously only including in section capacity
• Shear calcs have been added to DSM section (Clause 7)
• Adopting the AISI S100 equations
• Significant revisions to screw, bolt, and PAF connection calculations
• Outside the scope of this webinar
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 13
14. DSM Preference & More Prequalification
• All Effective Width Method calculations are in Clause 2 or have been
moved to Appendix D
• Previously, only a distortional buckling calculation in Appx D; now all buckling
• DSM is now valid for more members, especially G500 and G550
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 14
15. Inelastic Reserve in Buckling
• Inelastic reserve equations now available for all types of buckling
• New sections in clauses:
• Eqn 7.2.2.2(5)
• Eqn 7.2.2.3(5-6)
• Eqn 7.2.2.4(5-6)
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 15
16. Shear Calculations In DSM
• New shear calculation, added to Clause 7
• But, fun fact: it’s mathematically (almost exactly) identical to the old
equations – just expressed differently!
• Example:
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 16
Original equation
DSM equation
where
!"
#$(#&'")
= 0.905 and, assuming . = ./, then
01
234
51
" =
61
7
84
, therefore
9.:9;<=>61
7
84
= ?@A
17. Outline
• Introduction
• How CFS is Unique
• Changes Since AS4600-2005
• Designing a CFS Beam
• Flexural Capacity
• Shear Capacity
• Bearing Capacity
• Load Interactions
• Deflection
• Example Beam Calculations
• Conclusion & Questions
1719 February 2019 ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud
18. Designing a Cold-Formed Steel Beam
• Calculate your demands by AS1170
• Limit states which must be checked:
• Positive moment flexural capacity (midspans)
• Negative moment flexural capacity (supports)
• Shear capacity
• Bearing capacity
• Load interaction limits
• Deflection
1814 February 2019 ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud
19. Geometric Derivatives
• First, make sure you have some of the basic geometric properties:
• !" = effective section modulus about the strong axis
• !# = gross section modulus about the strong axis
• $% = second moment of area about the strong axis
• $& = second moment of area about the weak axis
• '( = gross cross-sectional area
• )* = distance from centroid to shear center along x-axis
• +%, +& = radii of gyration about centroidal principal axes
• +*- = polar radius of gyration about the shear center = +%
/
+ +&
/
+ )*
/
• 1 = St Venant’s torsion constant
• $2 = Torsional warping constant
1920 February 2019 ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud
20. Flexural Capacity – Section Capacity
• Based on yielding, or including inelastic reserve capacity
• If several conditions are met, then inelastic reserve may also be included:
1. No global or distortional buckling occurs (we’ll calculate this later)
2. !" does not include effects of cold-forming (usually the case)
3.
#$
%$
≤
'.''
⁄*+ ,
, where -. is the depth of the compressed portion of the web
4. /∗ ≤ 0.603.!", where 3. is the web area
5. Webs are within 30° of the vertical
• Inelastic reserve capacity 45 is the minimum of:
• 1.259:!" , or
• Moment causing a strain of ;<+*+
, , where =" is defined for each elements within the cross-
section in Cl 3.3.2.3(i-iii)
• For 45 , >? = 0.95 when flanges are stiffened, >? = 0.90 otherwise
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 20
21. Direct Strength Method Req’ts (Cl 7.1.2)
• DSM is applicable to most sections you may encounter
• But should still check this:
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 21
22. Flexural Cap. – Global Buckling (Cl 7.2.2.2)
• !" is taken as the minimum of !"#, !"%, !"&
• Yield moment is based upon first yield
• !"# is final global buckling capacity, !' is critical global buckling
• Determined analytically, but equations vary by section
• May alternatively be determined via Finite Strip Analysis or Effective Width Method
2220 February 2019 ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud
23. Flexural Cap. – Global Buckling (Cl D2.1)
• Main global buckling parameter !" depends upon section:
• Cee or Zed sections:
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 23
where !#, !%, !& are moments at quarter points
where '(), '(* are effective unbraced lengths
+,
-")
-"*
BUT, for Z-sections, .) must be based upon the inclined principal axis
24. Flexural Cap. – Global Buckling (Cl D2.1)
• Alternative equation exists for !" for Zed sections
• Useful if you lack information about the principal axis properties
• #$% is the second moment of area about the centroidal axis (parallel to web)
• & is the unbraced length
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 24
25. Flexural Cap. – Inelastic Reserve (Cl 7.2.2.2.2)
• Allows small amounts of localized yielding that doesn’t affect stability
• Optional provision; certain connections or member types may forbid it
• Only allowed if !" > 2.78!(
• !) is the member plastic moment, equal to *+,(
• Generally not given in manufacturers’ information, but may be
calculated by setting compression area equal to tension area
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 25
26. Flexural Capacity – Finite Strip
• Local and distortional buckling critical buckling capacities (!"# and
!"$) most easily determined via Finite Strip Method:
• CUFSM (free), from Johns Hopkins University, or
• THIN-WALL (paid), from the University of Sydney
• Critical capacities generally do not depend upon length
• As long as the beam is longer than about 500-800 mm
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 26
27. Flexural Capacity – Finite Strip 2
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 27
28. Flexural Cap. – Local Buckling (Cl 7.2.2.3)
• Local buckling involves the corners of the cross-section staying still,
while the flat portions bend
• Calculations account for local buckling’s interaction with global buckling
• Usually occurs with a half-wavelength of about 100-250 mm
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 28
!"
29. • Inelastic reserve capacity also possible in local buckling, provided that
!" ≤ 0.776 and ()* > (,
• Calculation depends upon if first yield is in tension or compression:
• First yield in compression (or if theoretically simultaneous with tension):
• First yield in tension:
where -,. = 3 and (,1 based upon yield in compression fiber ((, is conservative)
Flexural Cap. – Local Buckling IR (Cl 7.2.2.3)
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 29
30. Flexural Cap. – Distort’l Buckling (Cl 7.2.2.4)
• Distortional buckling involves movement of the corners of the cross-
section, but where not all corners move together
• Does not assume an interaction with global buckling
• Usually occurs with a half-wavelength of about 400-800 mm
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 30
!"
31. Flexural Cap. – Dist. Buckling IR (Cl 7.2.2.4)
• Distortional buckling may also include inelastic reserve, provided that
!" ≤ 0.673
• Again, calculation depends upon the nature of first yield:
• First yield in compression:
• First yield in tension:
where )*+ = 3 and -*. is based on yield in compression fiber (conservatively -*)
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 31
32. Flexural Capacity – Overall (Cl 7.2.2)
• Overall flexural member capacity is minimum of local, distortional,
and global buckling capacities
• !" = 0.90 for all types of buckling (Table 1.6.3)
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 32
!"'" = 0.90 ∗ min('"-, '"/, '"0)
33. • Based upon !" = area of flat portion of web (i.e. without corner radii)
• #$% is comparable to &'(, &'*, &', but calculated analytically
• For unreinforced webs, +, = 5.34
• For reinforced webs having transverse stiffeners (2 = length of shear panel):
Shear Cap. – Shear Buckling (Cl D3)
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 33
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.07.029
34. Shear Cap. – Without Stiffeners (Cl 7.2.3.2)
• Based upon shear yield and buckling slenderness:
• Overall result: !"#$ = 0.90 ∗ #"
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 34
35. Shear Cap. – With Stiffeners (Cl 7.2.3.3)
• Assuming minimum shear web stiffeners, with spacing not exceeding
twice the web depth
• These equations are essentially identical to flexural local buckling!
• Overall result: !"#$ = 0.90 ∗ #"
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 35
36. Bearing Capacity – Overview (Cl 3.3.6)
• All based upon just one equation:
• Accounts for effects of web angle (!), corner radius ("#), bearing length ($%),
and web height slenderness (&')
• The key is in all those () coefficients
• Different tables for Cee, Zed, built-up I-sections, hats, and steel decks
• Note that equation and tables are per web, so box sections, nested Zees, etc
would multiply *% by 2
• +, is not constant and also looked up in the tables!
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 36
37. Bearing Capacity – Cees (Table 3.3.6.2(B))
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 37
38. Bearing Capacity – Zeds (Table 3.3.6.2(C))
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 38
39. Load Inter’n – Flexure & Shear (Cl 7.2.3.5)
• Calculation depends upon whether shear stiffeners exist or not:
• Without shear stiffeners:
• With shear stiffeners (only necessary if ⁄"∗
$%"& > 0.5 and ⁄+∗
$,+, > 0.7):
• Notes:
• This "& is NOT what you would calculate in Cl 3.3.1.
• "& = "%/ but without global buckling consideration (assuming globally braced):
0/ = ⁄"1 "2/
• If 0/ ≤ 0.776: "%/ = "1
• If 0/ > 0.776: "%/ = 1 − 0.15
789
7:
;.<
789
7:
;.<
"1
• Additionally, if there are web stiffeners, "& = min("%/, "%B)
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 39
40. Load Inter’n – Flexure & Bearing (Cl 3.3.7)
• Applies for both supports (negative moment) and point loads (usually
positive moment)
• For unreinforced single webs:
• An exception exists for members spaced ≤ 250 mm with lateral bracing
• Back-to-back C-sections:
• Nested Z-sections (! = 0.9):
• Note that a number of connection and geometric restrictions apply (see Cl 3.3.7(c))
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 40
41. Load Inter’n – Flexure & Bearing (Cl 3.3.7)
• Be careful of definitions regarding what value should be used for !"
in the previous equations!
• The first two equations (single web sections & back-to-back C-sections):
• BUT, nested Z-sections let you use the value calculated via DSM (as in the
flexure & shear interaction):
• First two equations are AS4600-specific, last is straight form the USA’s AISI S100…
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 41
42. Deflection
• Important difference between effective and gross moments of inertia
• Conservatively, you may use the !"## values given by manufacturers
• A little less conservative and more accurate is the following equation:
• $ is the moment demand due to service loads being considered (up to a max of $%)
• $& = $( except that $( is recalculated replacing all instances of $% with $
• Note: ) = 203000 $-.
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 42
43. Beams - Wrapping It Up
• This represents the general requirements for cold-formed steel beams
• However, there are a few alternative equations, which generally give a
little more capacity, for specific types of systems:
• Beams with one flange through-fastened to deck or sheathing (Cl 3.3.3.4)
• Beams with one flange through-fastened to standing-seam roof (Cl 3.3.3.5)
• Detailing requirements for systems are largely in Clause 4
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud 43
https://www.steelconstruction.info/File:L1_Fig9.png
44. Outline
• Introduction
• How CFS is Unique
• Changes Since AS4600-2005
• Designing a CFS Beam
• Flexural Capacity
• Shear Capacity
• Bearing Capacity
• Load Interactions
• Deflection
• Example Beam Calculations
• Conclusion & Questions
4419 February 2019 ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud
45. Example Beam #1 – Simply Supported
45
3000 mm
• Office building floor purlin
• 450 mm load width
• No transverse shear reinforcement
• Top flange unbraced at 500 mm
• Torsionally unbraced for full span
Q = 1.5 kPa
G = 0.2 kPa
14 February 2019
Showing methods and formulas
using ClearCalcs’s new cold-formed
steel calculator
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud
C100-15
102mm
51mm
1.5mm
46. Example Beam #2 – Complex Beam
46
Q = 1.5 kPa
G = 0.2 kPa
• 10 m total length
• Office building floor purlin
• No transverse shear reinforcement
• Load width of 450 mm
• Bottom flange and torsional bracing
at 1000 mm
2000 mm 5500 mm 2500 mm
14 February 2019
Ex #1 Beam @ 4000 mm
ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud
C150-19
152mm
1.9mm
64mm
47. Outline
• Introduction
• How CFS is Unique
• Changes Since AS4600-2005
• Designing a CFS Beam
• Flexural Capacity
• Shear Capacity
• Bearing Capacity
• Load Interactions
• Deflection
• Example Beam Calculations
• Conclusion & Questions
4719 February 2019 ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud
48. Summing It Up
• CFS engineering design is unique because of:
Buckling • Bearing • Finite Strip Analysis • Customizable Shapes
• AS4600 changes since 2005 include:
DSM Preference • G500/550 Inclusion • Inelastic Reserve • Shear
• Beam design checks include:
• Flexure: Global buckling → FSM → Local Buckling → Distortional buckling
• Shear: Shear yield → Shear buckling → With or without stiffeners
• Bearing: Plug in coefficients, !" for end/interior and 1- / 2-flange loading
• Load interaction: Flexure+Shear and Flexure+Bearing
• Deflection: Effective 2nd moment of area
• We performed examples with simply supported and complex beams
4819 February 2019 ClearCalcs.com | FEA Structural Design in the Cloud
49. Questions?
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at clearcalcs.com
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55. The ClearCalcs Team
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56. Key Advantages
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