Christo Ananth, D. Jessintha, Kenjaev Sanjar Sobirovich, T. Ananth Kumar, “Design of Optimized low-power GPS-Yagi Antenna using Machine Learning techniques”, 2022 5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I), IEEE Xplore,979-8-3503-9826-7/22, DOI: 10.1109/IC3I56241.2022.10072553
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This document describes the design and simulation of a circularly polarized monopole mobile phone antenna for GNSS applications. It discusses circular polarization and how it can provide better signal penetration and reception than single-plane polarization. It then describes using Advanced Design System (ADS) software to simulate a microstrip patch antenna that generates resonant frequencies covering several GNSS systems like GPS, GLONASS and COMPASS. The document discusses simulating the antenna design using ADS Momentum electromagnetic simulation tools and the method of moments.
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Design of high gain dual T-shaped stub antenna for satellite communicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The ultra wide band (UWB) antennas play a vital role in supporting different wireless standards and are suitable for wide variety of applications. This paper is aimed to present a novel UWB dual notch microstrip antenna with modified ground plane. The antenna is designed to operate in UWB ranging from 2 GHz to 12 GHz with multi band operation. This will help in operating the antenna for different operations independently. The proposed structure will operate in two notch bands 3.3-4 GHz (Wi-MAX), 5.05-5.9 GHz (WLAN) and the structure is suitable for long distance communications because of its increased directivity. The structure can also be used for X-Band applications for various applications of traffic control, weather forecasting and vehicle speed detection systems. It is observed that, the proposed structure is offering a gain of 5.2 dBi with improved directivity with a beam width of 42.230. This makes the antenna structure suitable for long distance satellite communications. The antenna is supporting the circular polarization at higher the frequencies and can be useful for the upcoming 5G mobile applications. Moreover, the proposed structure offers the less interference at the receiver. The structure is found to be smaller in dimensions, easily fabricated at low costs and can be integrated into any compact wireless devices. The structure is simulated using a commercially available software Ansys-HFSS and is analyzed.
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Signals transmitted over a long range of distance may pass through several obstacles and scatter, taking multiple paths to reach the receiver. Beamforming antennas are controlled electronically to adjust the radiation pattern following the first received signal. This allows the antenna to maximize the received signal and consequently, suppress the interfering signals received. A smart antenna should be able to diminish noise, increase the signal to noise ratio, and have better system competence. The adaptive beam makes use of the spacing of the several antennas and the phase of the signal of each antenna array to control the shape and direction of the signal beam. This paper focuses on the use of smart antennas using an adaptive beam method as a better system for the transmission of signals. A simulation between the existing Omnidirectional antenna system and the smart antenna system will be made and compared. The paper will discuss the corresponding advantages that a smart antenna system has compared to the Omnidirectional antenna system.
SIDE LOBE REDUCTION OF CIRCULAR ARRAY USING TAYLOR DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IN ...IAEME Publication
The VHF/UHF band radar that using circular array antennas is a novel kind of radar, whose performances, such as angular accuracy, angular resolution, anti-jamming and low-altitude coverage capabilities are better than the conventional VHF/UHF band radar. On one hand, we focus on how the directivity of array element will influence upon the array pattern. The performance characteristics of the single microstrip patch antenna can be further enhanced by using microstrip patch antenna array. On the other hand, in order to lower the side lobe level (SLL) of circular array antennas , we investigate the effectiveness of amplitude-weighted methods including Taylor Window and Gaussian Window.
Circularly Polarized Monopole Mobile Phone Antenna for GNSS ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a circularly polarized monopole mobile phone antenna for GNSS applications. It discusses circular polarization and how it can provide better signal penetration and reception than single-plane polarization. It then describes using Advanced Design System (ADS) software to simulate a microstrip patch antenna that generates resonant frequencies covering several GNSS systems like GPS, GLONASS and COMPASS. The document discusses simulating the antenna design using ADS Momentum electromagnetic simulation tools and the method of moments.
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This document describes the design and analysis of a cylindrical arc array antenna. It begins by discussing microstrip patch antennas and their limitations. Conformal antennas are introduced as a type of antenna that can overcome some of the limitations of planar and circular antennas. The design of a single patch antenna is described using equations to calculate the length and width. Then, an array of 8 single patch antennas conformed into a cylindrical arc shape is proposed. Simulation results using CST software show that the cylindrical arc array antenna achieves improved parameters like return loss, voltage standing wave ratio, gain, and directivity compared to a single patch antenna, making it useful for applications in the S-band frequency range.
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This document provides a review of techniques for designing broadband microstrip patch antennas. It discusses how microstrip patch antennas inherently have narrow bandwidths, and various techniques that have been used to enhance the bandwidth in recent decades. These techniques include using shorting pins, slot loading on patches, planar meta-material unit cells, and conductive biasing. The review then examines specific examples from literature on compact circularly polarized patch designs using slots, and UWB designs using parasitic elements and slots. Overall, the document aims to critically review different approaches for fabricating microstrip patch antennas with broader bandwidths.
Design of high gain dual T-shaped stub antenna for satellite communicationTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The ultra wide band (UWB) antennas play a vital role in supporting different wireless standards and are suitable for wide variety of applications. This paper is aimed to present a novel UWB dual notch microstrip antenna with modified ground plane. The antenna is designed to operate in UWB ranging from 2 GHz to 12 GHz with multi band operation. This will help in operating the antenna for different operations independently. The proposed structure will operate in two notch bands 3.3-4 GHz (Wi-MAX), 5.05-5.9 GHz (WLAN) and the structure is suitable for long distance communications because of its increased directivity. The structure can also be used for X-Band applications for various applications of traffic control, weather forecasting and vehicle speed detection systems. It is observed that, the proposed structure is offering a gain of 5.2 dBi with improved directivity with a beam width of 42.230. This makes the antenna structure suitable for long distance satellite communications. The antenna is supporting the circular polarization at higher the frequencies and can be useful for the upcoming 5G mobile applications. Moreover, the proposed structure offers the less interference at the receiver. The structure is found to be smaller in dimensions, easily fabricated at low costs and can be integrated into any compact wireless devices. The structure is simulated using a commercially available software Ansys-HFSS and is analyzed.
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The document describes a proposed miniaturized ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system with improved isolation for wireless applications. The antenna system consists of two C-shaped radiating elements on the top layer and two inverted L branches and a line slot etched on the slotted ground plane. Simulation results show the antenna operates from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz with mutual coupling between elements below -10 dB and maximum gain of 4.16 dB. The slotted ground plane enhances miniaturization and reduces mutual coupling between antenna elements for improved isolation.
A survey of Adaptive Beamforming Strategy in Smart Antenna for Mobile Communi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on adaptive beamforming strategies for smart antennas in mobile communication. It first defines smart antennas and discusses their advantages over traditional fixed beam antennas. It then reviews literature on different approaches to smart antenna design, including switched beam and adaptive beamforming. The main challenges are reducing interference and multipath effects to improve capacity and performance. The proposed work is to use an adaptive smart antenna that can steer its main beam toward the desired user while generating nulls toward interferers based on direction of arrival estimation. This approach aims to enhance capacity in mobile systems.
Design and simulation of an adaptive beam smart antenna using MATLABnooriasukmaningtyas
Signals transmitted over a long range of distance may pass through several obstacles and scatter, taking multiple paths to reach the receiver. Beamforming antennas are controlled electronically to adjust the radiation pattern following the first received signal. This allows the antenna to maximize the received signal and consequently, suppress the interfering signals received. A smart antenna should be able to diminish noise, increase the signal to noise ratio, and have better system competence. The adaptive beam makes use of the spacing of the several antennas and the phase of the signal of each antenna array to control the shape and direction of the signal beam. This paper focuses on the use of smart antennas using an adaptive beam method as a better system for the transmission of signals. A simulation between the existing Omnidirectional antenna system and the smart antenna system will be made and compared. The paper will discuss the corresponding advantages that a smart antenna system has compared to the Omnidirectional antenna system.
SIDE LOBE REDUCTION OF CIRCULAR ARRAY USING TAYLOR DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IN ...IAEME Publication
The VHF/UHF band radar that using circular array antennas is a novel kind of radar, whose performances, such as angular accuracy, angular resolution, anti-jamming and low-altitude coverage capabilities are better than the conventional VHF/UHF band radar. On one hand, we focus on how the directivity of array element will influence upon the array pattern. The performance characteristics of the single microstrip patch antenna can be further enhanced by using microstrip patch antenna array. On the other hand, in order to lower the side lobe level (SLL) of circular array antennas , we investigate the effectiveness of amplitude-weighted methods including Taylor Window and Gaussian Window.
IRJET- Types of Microwave Antenna and its ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document discusses types of microwave antennas and their applications. It begins by defining an antenna as a device that converts electronic signals to electromagnetic waves. It then discusses key antenna concepts like radiation pattern, directivity, gain, lobes.
The document classifies antennas based on frequency and focuses on microwave antennas. It describes common microwave antenna types including horn antennas, microstrip patch antennas, parabolic antennas, plasma antennas, and MIMO antennas. It provides details on each antenna's design and applications in areas like satellite communication, cellular networks, and WiFi. In conclusion, the document discusses how microwave antennas are essential for wireless communication systems.
The document discusses rectangular microstrip patch antenna design and L-probe feeding technique. It proposes using a hexagonal patch etched onto a square microstrip antenna to achieve broad bandwidth and improved gain. The design specifications include operating at 2.4 GHz WLAN frequency, using an FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4, and substrate thickness of 1.6 mm. Equations are provided to calculate the patch width and length based on these specifications.
IRJET- Design and Implementation of V - Shaped HF AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a V-shaped HF antenna. It introduces a novel HF antenna that uses long V-shaped dipoles instead of short linear ones to increase directivity. NEC-2 software is used to numerically evaluate the radiation characteristics of the antenna. The directivity of the V-shaped antenna is found to be 2-5dB higher than a traditional fishbone antenna. The antenna also maintains benefits like low side lobes and wide bandwidth. Parameters like open angle, loading resistance, spacing, and number of dipoles are optimized based on simulation results.
The document is a technical seminar report submitted by Bharath Kumar V to Visvesvaraya Technological University in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. The report discusses smart antennas, including their introduction and history, types such as adaptive arrays and switched beams, working principles, categories, functions like beamforming and direction of arrival estimation, parameters affecting performance, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. It provides an overview of smart antennas in 3 sentences or less.
Beamforming antennas use an array of antennas to transmit radio signals in a targeted direction rather than broadcasting uniformly. They can concentrate signals into beams through adjusting the phase and amplitude of each antenna (analog beamforming) or processing multiple data streams digitally. Beamforming is commonly used in 5G networks using massive MIMO antennas to improve efficiency and data rates. Testing beamforming antennas presents challenges due to the integration of radio and antenna units, requiring evaluation of more parameters over-the-air rather than just in conducted tests. Standardized test methods include using anechoic chambers, compact antenna test ranges, and plane wave synthesizers to simulate far-field conditions.
This document discusses the use of smart antennas in 4G mobile communications. It begins by defining smart antennas as antenna arrays connected to a digital signal processor that can enhance wireless links through diversity gain, array gain, and interference suppression. This allows for higher data rates or more simultaneous users. The document then discusses key principles such as using antenna arrays to distinguish propagation paths and encode independent data streams. It also covers applications like space division multiple access and beamforming basics. Specific benefits of smart antennas for mobile communications discussed include increased antenna gain, decreased inter-symbol interference, and spatial filtering/nulling of interference.
11.smart antennas in 0004www.iiste.org call for paper_gAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a paper on smart antennas in 4G systems. It discusses how smart antennas work using an array of antenna elements and a digital signal processor to form beams. This allows for diversity gain, array gain, and interference suppression, improving capacity. Smart antennas can distinguish between propagation paths to transmit independent data streams or redundantly encode data. They can also suppress interference for conventional transmitters. Applications discussed include space division multiple access, beamforming basics, switched beam antennas, and use in mobile communications for increased gain and reduced interference.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed
antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed
antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
This document reviews microstrip patch antennas for WLAN and WiMAX applications. It discusses the basics of microstrip antennas including their structure, feeding techniques, advantages and disadvantages. Various methods for improving the bandwidth of microstrip patch antennas are examined, such as using different substrate materials and thicknesses or adding slots to the patch. A comparison table shows how the bandwidth changes with different substrate properties. The document concludes that substrate thickness and dielectric constant influence bandwidth, and techniques like slots can further improve it, making microstrip antennas well-suited for WLAN and WiMAX systems.
A pattern diversity compact mimo antenna array design for wlanIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. It presents a pattern diversity approach using printed Yagi-Uda antennas arranged in a triangular configuration to achieve orthogonal radiation patterns and reduce mutual coupling. Each Yagi-Uda antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with parasitic elements to direct the beam. The MIMO array exhibits mutual coupling below -20 dB and bandwidth from 4.8-6.2 GHz covering the upper WLAN band. Simulation results show the array provides good impedance matching, gain of 2.29 dBi, and directivity of 2.97 dBi at 5.69 GHz operating frequency
A pattern diversity compact mimo antenna array design for wlanIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. It presents a pattern diversity technique using printed Yagi-Uda antennas arranged in a triangular configuration to achieve orthogonal radiation patterns and reduce mutual coupling. Each Yagi-Uda antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with a parasitic strip director and integrated balun. A 3-antenna array exhibits mutual coupling below -20 dB and bandwidth from 4.8-6.2 GHz covering the 5 GHz WLAN band with low cost and compact size suitable for indoor use.
IRJET- Synthesis and Simulation for MIMO Antennas with Two Port for Wide Band...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas with two ports for wideband isolation. Specifically, it focuses on analyzing two designs for planar MIMO antennas operating across the entire ultra-wideband spectrum of 3.1-10.6 GHz. The first design proposes a printed UWB MIMO antenna system consisting of two semicircular radiating elements on a single substrate with a compact size of 35x40mm. The second design analyzes various isolation structures to reduce coupling between antenna elements. Both designs are analyzed for isolation performance, bandwidth, and radiation characteristics.
Design and optimization of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for dual-b...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a new rectangular slot antenna structure based on a simple rectangular shape with two symmetrical rectangular slots on the radiated element. The aim of this work is to design an antenna and enhance it to function in the band (2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz). We formulated the dimensions of the antenna using the transmission line model of the analytical methods and then we optimized these parameters using the CST Microwave Studio simulator. We made changes to two important parameters in our design: the position and width of the slots when the other parameters are kept constant. The resulting antenna provides good adaptation, high gain that achieves 5.96 dBi at 2.45 GHz and 6.491 dBi at 5.8 GHz, good return loss values of -49.859 dB and -34.303 dB for the lower and upper operating frequencies respectively. For radio frequency identification (RFID) implementations, the proposed antenna is ideal, and its main advantage is that it has high gain and is simple to design and fabricate.
This document describes the design and implementation of a circular microstrip patch antenna at 5.8GHz using HFSS simulation software. The objective is to reduce the size of the antenna compared to a rectangular design at the target frequency. Key steps include calculating antenna dimensions, creating the design layout in HFSS including the ground plane, circular patch, and feed line, and simulating the antenna to analyze properties like gain across frequencies. Simulation results show the circular patch antenna achieves gain between 5-6dBi at 5.8GHz as desired. In conclusion, microstrip antennas offer advantages like low profile and compatibility with printed circuits, and HFSS enables designing complex antenna configurations.
STUDY ON IMPROVED RADIATION PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF FRACTAL ANTENNA FO...vnktrjr
This document discusses a study on improving the radiation performance of fractal antennas for wireless applications. It begins with an introduction to wireless communication systems and the importance of antennas. It then discusses the basics of antenna theory, including key properties like gain, directivity, efficiency, input impedance, polarization, return loss, radiation patterns and beamwidth. Finally, it briefly describes common antenna types such as dipoles, monopoles, corner reflectors and Yagi antennas. The overall aim is to analyze how the performance of a microstrip fractal antenna can be improved by using an array configuration and electromagnetic band gap structure.
IRJET- Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Smart Antenna ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of rectangular and circular microstrip patch antennas for smart antenna applications. Key points:
- Rectangular and circular patch antennas were designed and simulated in MATLAB to analyze parameters like resonant frequency, bandwidth, radiation pattern.
- A bipolar mechanism was proposed to increase efficiency and gain by inducing more surface currents on the patch. This reduces losses and improves the radiation pattern.
- Simulation results showed the frequency response and radiation patterns of the rectangular and circular patch antennas matched expected parameters.
- Smart antennas using adaptive beamforming techniques were discussed as promising for future wireless networks by improving spectrum efficiency and network optimization.
This chapter provides an overview of fundamental antenna concepts and properties including polarization, radiation pattern, gain, bandwidth, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). It then discusses microstrip patch antennas, including their structure and advantages. Finally, it introduces metamaterials and defected ground structures (DGS), which can be used to reduce antenna size by providing a negative refractive index substrate. The chapter establishes the background knowledge needed to understand the goals of developing a miniaturized antenna using metamaterial substrates with DGS.
IRJET- Design of Miniature Antenna for Ultra Wide Band ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a miniature antenna for ultra-wideband applications. The antenna is an "n" shaped "c" slotted microstrip patch antenna designed to operate in the frequency band from 5 GHz to 10.5 GHz. The antenna is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm. Simulation results show the antenna has a return loss of -24 dB at 6.15 GHz, a VSWR of 1.14, a gain of 2.11 dB, and a radiation pattern broadside to the patch. The designed antenna is compact in size at 15mm, easy to fabricate, and suitable for applications requiring ultra-wideband performance such as wireless communications systems.
Call for Papers - Journal of Electrical Systems (JES), E-ISSN: 1112-5209, ind...Christo Ananth
At the forefront of technological innovation and scholarly discourse, the Journal of Electrical Systems (JES) is a peer-reviewed publication dedicated to advancing the understanding and application of electrical systems, communication systems and information science. With a commitment to excellence, we provide a platform for researchers, academics, and professionals to contribute to the ever-evolving field of electrical engineering, communication technology and Information Systems.
The mission of JES is to foster the exchange of knowledge and ideas in electrical and communication systems, promoting cutting-edge research and facilitating discussions that drive progress in the field. We aim to be a beacon for those seeking to explore, challenge, and revolutionize the way we harness, distribute, and utilize electrical energy and information systems..
Call for Papers - Utilitas Mathematica, E-ISSN: 0315-3681, indexed in ScopusChristo Ananth
Utilitas Mathematica Journal is a broad scope journal that publishes original research and review articles on all aspects of both pure and applied mathematics. This journal is the official publication of the Utilitas Mathematica Academy, Canada. It enjoys good reputation and popularity at international level in terms of research papers and distribution worldwide. Offers selected original research in Pure and Applied Mathematics and Statistics. UMJ coverage extends to Operations Research, Mathematical Economics, Mathematics Biology and Computer Science. Published in association with the Utilitas Mathematica Academy. The leadership of the Utilitas Mathematica Journal commits to strengthening our professional community by making it more just, equitable, diverse, and inclusive. We affirm that our mission, Promote the Practice and Profession of Statistics, can be realized only by fully embracing justice, equity, diversity, and inclusivity in all of our operations. Individuals embody many traits, so the leadership will work with the members of UMJ to create and sustain responsive, flourishing, and safe environments that support individual needs, stimulate intellectual growth, and promote professional advancement for all
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The document is a technical seminar report submitted by Bharath Kumar V to Visvesvaraya Technological University in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. The report discusses smart antennas, including their introduction and history, types such as adaptive arrays and switched beams, working principles, categories, functions like beamforming and direction of arrival estimation, parameters affecting performance, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. It provides an overview of smart antennas in 3 sentences or less.
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This document summarizes a paper on smart antennas in 4G systems. It discusses how smart antennas work using an array of antenna elements and a digital signal processor to form beams. This allows for diversity gain, array gain, and interference suppression, improving capacity. Smart antennas can distinguish between propagation paths to transmit independent data streams or redundantly encode data. They can also suppress interference for conventional transmitters. Applications discussed include space division multiple access, beamforming basics, switched beam antennas, and use in mobile communications for increased gain and reduced interference.
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This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
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Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONSpijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications
which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4
(lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the
circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed
antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of
dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation
Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides
low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around
79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size
and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency
and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed
DESIGN OF A COMPACT CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN APPLICATIONS pijans
This paper presents the design of a compact circular microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications which covers the band 5.15 to 5.825 GHz. The antenna is designed using 1.4mm thick FR-4 (lossy)substrate with relative permittivity 4.4 and a microstrip line feed is used. The radius of the circular patch is chosen as 7.62mm. To reduce the size and enhance the performance of the proposed antenna, a circular slot is loaded on circular patch and a square slot is etched on the ground plane of dimension 30mm×30mm. Design of the antenna is carried out using CST Microsoft Studio Sonimulation Software. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.5 GHz with a wider bandwidth of 702 MHz and it provides low return loss of -31.58 dB, good gain of 3.23 dB and directivity of 4.28 dBi and high efficiency of around 79% against the resonance frequency. The geometry of the proposed circular antenna with reduced size and its various performance parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern plots are presented and discussed.
This document reviews microstrip patch antennas for WLAN and WiMAX applications. It discusses the basics of microstrip antennas including their structure, feeding techniques, advantages and disadvantages. Various methods for improving the bandwidth of microstrip patch antennas are examined, such as using different substrate materials and thicknesses or adding slots to the patch. A comparison table shows how the bandwidth changes with different substrate properties. The document concludes that substrate thickness and dielectric constant influence bandwidth, and techniques like slots can further improve it, making microstrip antennas well-suited for WLAN and WiMAX systems.
A pattern diversity compact mimo antenna array design for wlanIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. It presents a pattern diversity approach using printed Yagi-Uda antennas arranged in a triangular configuration to achieve orthogonal radiation patterns and reduce mutual coupling. Each Yagi-Uda antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with parasitic elements to direct the beam. The MIMO array exhibits mutual coupling below -20 dB and bandwidth from 4.8-6.2 GHz covering the upper WLAN band. Simulation results show the array provides good impedance matching, gain of 2.29 dBi, and directivity of 2.97 dBi at 5.69 GHz operating frequency
A pattern diversity compact mimo antenna array design for wlanIAEME Publication
This document describes the design of a compact multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications. It presents a pattern diversity technique using printed Yagi-Uda antennas arranged in a triangular configuration to achieve orthogonal radiation patterns and reduce mutual coupling. Each Yagi-Uda antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with a parasitic strip director and integrated balun. A 3-antenna array exhibits mutual coupling below -20 dB and bandwidth from 4.8-6.2 GHz covering the 5 GHz WLAN band with low cost and compact size suitable for indoor use.
IRJET- Synthesis and Simulation for MIMO Antennas with Two Port for Wide Band...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas with two ports for wideband isolation. Specifically, it focuses on analyzing two designs for planar MIMO antennas operating across the entire ultra-wideband spectrum of 3.1-10.6 GHz. The first design proposes a printed UWB MIMO antenna system consisting of two semicircular radiating elements on a single substrate with a compact size of 35x40mm. The second design analyzes various isolation structures to reduce coupling between antenna elements. Both designs are analyzed for isolation performance, bandwidth, and radiation characteristics.
Design and optimization of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna for dual-b...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a new rectangular slot antenna structure based on a simple rectangular shape with two symmetrical rectangular slots on the radiated element. The aim of this work is to design an antenna and enhance it to function in the band (2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz). We formulated the dimensions of the antenna using the transmission line model of the analytical methods and then we optimized these parameters using the CST Microwave Studio simulator. We made changes to two important parameters in our design: the position and width of the slots when the other parameters are kept constant. The resulting antenna provides good adaptation, high gain that achieves 5.96 dBi at 2.45 GHz and 6.491 dBi at 5.8 GHz, good return loss values of -49.859 dB and -34.303 dB for the lower and upper operating frequencies respectively. For radio frequency identification (RFID) implementations, the proposed antenna is ideal, and its main advantage is that it has high gain and is simple to design and fabricate.
This document describes the design and implementation of a circular microstrip patch antenna at 5.8GHz using HFSS simulation software. The objective is to reduce the size of the antenna compared to a rectangular design at the target frequency. Key steps include calculating antenna dimensions, creating the design layout in HFSS including the ground plane, circular patch, and feed line, and simulating the antenna to analyze properties like gain across frequencies. Simulation results show the circular patch antenna achieves gain between 5-6dBi at 5.8GHz as desired. In conclusion, microstrip antennas offer advantages like low profile and compatibility with printed circuits, and HFSS enables designing complex antenna configurations.
STUDY ON IMPROVED RADIATION PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF FRACTAL ANTENNA FO...vnktrjr
This document discusses a study on improving the radiation performance of fractal antennas for wireless applications. It begins with an introduction to wireless communication systems and the importance of antennas. It then discusses the basics of antenna theory, including key properties like gain, directivity, efficiency, input impedance, polarization, return loss, radiation patterns and beamwidth. Finally, it briefly describes common antenna types such as dipoles, monopoles, corner reflectors and Yagi antennas. The overall aim is to analyze how the performance of a microstrip fractal antenna can be improved by using an array configuration and electromagnetic band gap structure.
IRJET- Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Smart Antenna ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of rectangular and circular microstrip patch antennas for smart antenna applications. Key points:
- Rectangular and circular patch antennas were designed and simulated in MATLAB to analyze parameters like resonant frequency, bandwidth, radiation pattern.
- A bipolar mechanism was proposed to increase efficiency and gain by inducing more surface currents on the patch. This reduces losses and improves the radiation pattern.
- Simulation results showed the frequency response and radiation patterns of the rectangular and circular patch antennas matched expected parameters.
- Smart antennas using adaptive beamforming techniques were discussed as promising for future wireless networks by improving spectrum efficiency and network optimization.
This chapter provides an overview of fundamental antenna concepts and properties including polarization, radiation pattern, gain, bandwidth, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). It then discusses microstrip patch antennas, including their structure and advantages. Finally, it introduces metamaterials and defected ground structures (DGS), which can be used to reduce antenna size by providing a negative refractive index substrate. The chapter establishes the background knowledge needed to understand the goals of developing a miniaturized antenna using metamaterial substrates with DGS.
IRJET- Design of Miniature Antenna for Ultra Wide Band ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a miniature antenna for ultra-wideband applications. The antenna is an "n" shaped "c" slotted microstrip patch antenna designed to operate in the frequency band from 5 GHz to 10.5 GHz. The antenna is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm. Simulation results show the antenna has a return loss of -24 dB at 6.15 GHz, a VSWR of 1.14, a gain of 2.11 dB, and a radiation pattern broadside to the patch. The designed antenna is compact in size at 15mm, easy to fabricate, and suitable for applications requiring ultra-wideband performance such as wireless communications systems.
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2. 2022 5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I)
620
currently available wireless communication systems has
accelerated significantly. Due to the increasing prevalence of
GPS functionality in consumer electronics like smartphones
and navigation systems, commercial and academic
researchers have become more interested in embedded GPS
antennas[5]. The proliferation of GPS functionality in
consumer electronics has sparked this interest. Antennas
require both a high level of directivity and a high level of
radiation performance. To function properly, embedded GPS
antennas require a high degree of directivity. It is advised that
the primary radiation lobes of a GPS antenna face upward.
By doing so, the antenna's ability to receive electromagnetic
signals transmitted by the satellite will be greatly enhanced
[6]. The three primary components of the vast majority of
quasi-Yagi antennas are a dipole driver, a parasitic director,
and reflector elements. The ground plane, which also serves
as an antenna, serves as a reflector that aids in forming a
directional radiation pattern. In addition, two parasitic
directors were designed and optimized at the operating
frequency of ten gigahertz to enhance the directivity further.
This antenna's small size and straightforward design
contribute to its ease of manufacture, which is just one of its
numerous benefits. Yagi-Uda antennas are ideal for RF
transmission due to their exceptionally high level of
directivity. Compared to C-band and S-band applications, the
L-band GPS application requires fewer resources and is
easier to implement, as demonstrated by our comparison
results. A Yagi-Uda antenna with enhanced tuning
capabilities for microwave, VHF, and UHF frequencies. The
Yagi-Uda antenna mounted on the boom consists of three
components: a folded dipole-shaped driven element, a
parasitic element, and a concave reflector. Signal
transmission is the responsibility of the component being
driven.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The Yagi-Uda antenna has been called one of the greatest
technological achievements in the history of directive
antennas [7]. At any given operating frequency, it has high
efficiency in directivity and losses throughout the antenna,
and its construction is not at all complicated. This efficiency
can be attributed to the antenna's overall design. Additionally,
the overall design is not overly complicated. In order to use
the L1-band and S-band China Mobile Multimedia
Broadcasting (CMMB) bands, electronic devices used in
China, such as smartphones, tablets, notebooks, and
navigators, must have antennas integrated directly into the
device. This is due to the increasing demand for L1-band
GNSS functions and the emergence of promising China
Mobile Multimedia Broadcasting S-band digital TV
broadcasting services. These two factors contributed to this
outcome. These two factors have each contributed to our
present predicament. The CMMB service generates hybrid
coverage modes by transmitting data from terrestrial base
stations and S-band satellites to extend the range of
transmissions [8]. This enables a larger number of individuals
to receive the transmissions. The frequency range of the
CMMB S-band is between 2635MHz and 2660MHz. The
primary radiation beam direction of a superior GNSS or
CMMB antenna must always point upwards. As a result, the
antenna can improve the quality of the satellite reception it
provides while simultaneously reducing the amount of
unwanted reception caused by the device's internal noise
interferences. This is because mobile devices continue to
shrink in size. Due to the exceptional end-fire directivity of
Yagi-Uda antennas, it is common knowledge that these
antennas are ideal for situations requiring directive wireless
technology. The Yagi-Uda antennas have attracted so much
research and interest in recent years. Due to the limited
dimensions and thicknesses of portable devices, however,
printed and simple designs are in high demand for their
implementation. This demand is driven by the increasing
prevalence of portable electronic devices. This research
aimed to optimize and develop a dual-band Yagi-Uda antenna
suitable for GPS systems by analyzing previously published
antenna designs and utilizing the most recent technological
advancements. These two frequencies were within the L1
band. Using the results of the measurements, calculations
were made (S-band). For the fabrication of a printed directive
Yagi-Uda antenna with end-fire radiation for use in GPS
applications, several simple and novel designs with a single
stage of directors, as opposed to multiple stages of directors,
were proposed [9]. It is constructed from FR4 material, a
relatively inexpensive material option. In recent years, there
has been significant interest in the concept of building a
planar Yagi-Uda antenna for use in microwave bands. This is
due to the distinct end-fire radiation patterns that the antenna
type in question produces.
The six directors on this antenna are all of the same size
and are evenly spaced apart. There is no correlation between
the board members' length and the distance between them.
With the aid of the radial stub, an accurate field match can be
accomplished [10]. The transformation's resulting
topological change was brought about by replacing the
microstrip line with a coplanar strip line. A coplanar strip line
is employed as the source of power for the driven dipole. The
simple Yagi-Uda antenna has a novel design that allows it to
achieve excellent levels of directivity, front-to-back ratio,
cross-polarization level, bandwidth, and radiation efficiency,
as measured by its average gain across all three dimensions.
This is now possible due to the antenna's ability to achieve an
excellent front-to-back ratio. The recommended antenna is
the superior choice for mobile devices with GPS capabilities,
such as smartphones and tablets. Numerous users have
expressed an interest in obtaining the highly directive pattern
that Yagi-Uda antennas can provide and have indicated their
desire to do so. Increased radiation directionality is among
the numerous benefits of employing a concave parabolic
reflector surface [11]. This is merely one of the numerous
advantages that come with the territory. This indicates that it
has the potential to enable the targeted application of energy,
which would be highly beneficial.
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3. 2022 5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I)
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Consequently, the proposed design employs the cutting-
edge innovation of the concave parabolic reflector with the
driven dipole situated around its focus to transform a
conventional Yagi-Uda antenna into an entirely new one that
is not only highly directive but also easy to operate. To
achieve this result, the driven dipole and concave parabolic
reflector are combined. Microstrip Yagi-Uda arrays can be
arranged in a square, and then common parasitic elements can
be added so that they branch off at each of the square's four
corners to create a simple four-sector antenna design. This
has been proposed as a simple method for constructing a four-
sector antenna. This presentation will be titled "Compact
Planar Four-Sector Antenna," One of its components will be
a Microstrip Yagi Uda Array. The antenna can be smaller
than it otherwise would be because its four microstrip Yagi -
Uda arrays are arranged in a square and share elements. This
allows the antenna to be smaller as a result. The unexpected
disappearance of the common element, which makes this
possibility possible, allows for a significant front-to-back
ratio. In this section, we will discuss a technique that can be
used to integrate various components. This method enables
the incorporation of ferrite circulators into the design of
antenna systems. The authors present two distinct antenna
configurations, each comprised of a microstrip circulator and
a Yagi planar antenna, to demonstrate the efficacy of the
proposed method. Experiments and simulations demonstrate
that both systems have pass-band characteristics that are
optimal and superior to those of other systems. Theoretically,
a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver could operate
more efficiently with a three-dimensional planar inverted F
antenna [12-13]. It is necessary to minimize the antenna size
as much as possible so it can be incorporated into a handheld
device. Optimizing the gain of a Yagi-Uda antenna can be
difficult due to its sensitivity to and dependence on a large
number of parameters [14]. To maximize the effectiveness of
the element spacing, however, a technique known as
simulated annealing (SA), a robust stochastic global search
and optimization method, is employed.
III. PROPOSED ANTENNA DESIGN
A Yagi antenna consists of three distinct parts, all of
which work together to form the antenna as a whole when
reduced to their most fundamental components. The length of
each parasitic component is distinct when measured
concerning the resonance value of the half wavelength. The
element has inductive properties and can function as a
reflector if its length has increased by more than 15%. Any
component whose length has increased by more than 15%
possesses an inductive property, and it is possible to use such
a component as a reflector. This is because the
electromagnetic force arises from the driven dipole, as would
appear to be the case due to the capacitive property. To ensure
that you have a firm grasp of the fundamental principle, we
will begin with the resonant dipole and then move on to the
array in which the parasite element is positioned close to the
fed dipole. Due to the physical separation between the
parasite and the host, the parasite component of an organism
experiences a phase delay whenever it radiates away from the
host. Due to the shorter length of this element, the capacitive
property introduces a delay in the current and voltage. If the
phase delay is inversely proportional to the separation
between the elements, the two radiating fields will be in phase
in one direction while out of phase in the other. Because the
amplitudes of oscillation in each component are different, the
combined field expands in one direction while contracting in
the other. Because a driven dipole and director alone can only
produce a single end-fired beam, it is hypothesized that an
additional improvement can be obtained by placing a
reflector and director on opposite sides of the driven dipole.
This would make it possible to generate multiple end-fired
beams. Roughly speaking, this is the current state of affairs.
The diploe based Yagi antenna is shown below. Figure 1
depicts a schematic illustration of the proposed dual-band
printed Yagi-Uda antenna.
Figure 1. YAGI-Antenna Design
The three-element Yagi antenna has a maximum gain of
6 dB at its maximum setting. The longer reflector
incorporates an induced current, which generates a wave
travelling in the opposite direction of the propagation of the
initial wave. This wave's only effect is to cancel out the effect
produced by driven elements moving in the opposite
direction. Gain is crucial when transmitting with a Yagi or
Yagi-Uda antenna because it allows you to concentrate all of
your signal in the area where it is needed. Gain is also
important when using an antenna for reception, as it allows
you to pick up as much of a signal as possible from the area
where it was originally broadcast. These two skills are
absolutely essential. These are two abilities that must be
possessed. As was previously discovered, increasing the Yagi
gain concentrates the electromagnetic energy beam.
Extremely high-gain antennas are renowned for their
exceptional performance in directive communication. The
relationship between the gain and beam width of Yagi-Uda
antennas' signals.
The front-to-back ratio is an essential factor that must be
considered when attempting to reduce coverage or
interference in the opposite direction. Unfortunately, due to
internal conditions, the antenna must be optimized to achieve
maximum forward gain or front-to-back ratio. The total
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4. 2022 5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I)
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number of elements used in the antenna's construction is one
of the most influential factors in determining its gain. When
assembling a Yagi antenna, it is customary to attach the
reflector to the antenna prior to attaching the remaining
components. This is because it has the most potential for
further development. Following this, the board of directors is
assembled. One can modify the feed impedance of a Yagi
antenna using several distinct methods. However, this value
differs significantly from what it would be in free space,
where the dipole's impedance is calculated to be 73 ohms.
This is due to the proximity of parasitic elements, which
causes the value to be impacted by their presence. The feed
impedance presented by the dipole to the feeder. It is
influenced by various factors, including the separation
between the dipoles and the length of the dipoles themselves.
In reality, adjusting the element spacing has a larger effect on
impedance than on gain. As a result, the required feed
impedance can be fine-tuned by adjusting the required
spacing. This is merely one example: It was discovered that
when the distance between adjacent elements is less than 0.2
wavelengths, the impedance decreases significantly. If you
wish to increase the impedance of your Yagi antenna, you can
employ the time-tested method of folding a dipole.
Figure 2 Far field F=1
Fig. 2. shows the Far field value along with theta
differences. Here, the radiation efficiency is 0.9996. The gain
leads to 8.508. This will facilitate improved signal reception.
It is most frequently found in Yagi antennas, of which the
most well-known examples can be found in television and
FM broadcasting equipment. The simple folded dipole
produces a fourfold increase in impedance enhancement.
When exposed to free space, the impedance of a dipole
significantly increases. A standard dipole is associated with
an impedance of 75 ohms, and a folded dipole is associated
with an impedance of 300 ohms. The components of this
antenna are a reflector dipole, a curved strip dipole, and a
straight strip dipole. This is printed on a fragile and dielectric
substrate. Both the arm of the curved strip dipole and the arm
of the straight strip dipole reside in the very top metal layer
of the structure. There is zero continuity between the two
levels.
.
Figure 3 Far field F=2
The far field value for F=2 is shown is Fig. 3. The
radiation efficiency is leaded to 0.9999, but the gain is
reduced to 4.056. 1585 MHz and 2650 MHz. The antenna is
visually comparable to a standard single-band model. The
antenna's top reflector layer was removed to enable operation
on both frequencies, and two capacitor-containing strip lines
were added to connect the antenna's meandered and straight
strip dipoles. All of this was done so that the antenna would
function properly in both of these bands. The low-band GNSS
antenna has a concave parabolic shape for optimal
performance. This is done to keep the antenna compact while
still providing the same degree of directivity as would be
attained by using a traditional straight reflector. In order for
the Yagi antenna to work, the following materials must be
used in its assembly: 1 m long, 5 mm wide, aluminium rod
with the appropriate dimensions for the job at hand. Each of
the five brackets has a diameter of about 7/8 inches and is
about 5 millimeters high. These brackets on the pipe boom
have been set up to hold everything in place (R, D1, D2, D3,
and D4).
The bracket size has a 7/8-inch hole diameter (5 mm).
We can get a better DE and gamma match on the pipe boom
with the help of this bracket. On top of the chassis, the
connector is where you'll find the N chassis connector. The
gamma-ray tube and RG8 Coax cable are both located in the
same general area. It is possible to generate end-fire radiation
from the driven dipole by directing its centre of mass toward
the concave parabolic reflector's focal point. To accomplish
this, the antenna's footprint must be decreased by adding a
meander to the driven dipole. Power is transferred from the
initially driven dipole to the shorter director by means of a
pair of strip lines in high-band CMMB configurations. The
capacitors that are located on the traces serve as matching
components for the power. This procedure is carried out in
the event that a CMMB setup consisting of a high-frequency
band is utilised. It takes place when energy moves from the
dipole that is being driven to the dipole that is directing the
motion. For this reason, the low-band antenna will no longer
use a reflector but rather a driven dipole, and the director from
the high-band antenna will take its place. In this case, the
power produced by the first driven dipole is sent to the
controller.
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5. 2022 5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I)
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The midpoints of the GNSS band (1559 to 1610.44
MHz) and the CMMB band, are selected as the design
frequencies (2635 to 2660 MHz). The designer determines
the length of the two arms of the driven dipole for CMMB or
the original director for GNSS. Using a reflector surface in
the ground plane, such as an a concave parabolic, the
directivity of a Yagi-Uda antenna can be improved. This
surface is helpful in directing the flow of energy during
radiation in a particular direction. A driven element, a single
director, and a concave parabolic reflector are on the ground
plane of this planar antenna. The driven dipole consists of two
arms, one on the top substrate layer and the other on the
ground plane layer beneath it.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The optimized antenna design data is extracted using
Machine learning techniques. The newly implemented beam
selection path and its many components were thoroughly
inspected before release. This research focused on alignment
probability and throughput matrices. Several machine
learning models have been tested to evaluate beam selection.
After that, the forecast was tested by changing the number of
simulated vehicles. This work also examines ambiguous
aspects of real-world issues. A Cartesian feature set will be
encoded if the GPS is reliable. With 85.10% alignment
probability, the random forest outperformed the other
classifiers. Naive Bayes and gradient boosting have similar
throughputs to random forest despite having lower alignment
probabilities. Throughput is unaffected by alignment
probability. The striking similarity between power beams
causes this. The model locates useful beams despite its flaws.
To alter the balanced condition, two capacitors, one on each
of the top and bottom layers, have been inserted there. This
layout's substrate is composed of FR4-epoxy, an inexpensive
and widely available material. Having a driven element and
concave reflector to the bottom layer on one arm of the
director and a concave reflector on the substrate with a height
of 0.8 mm produced a loss tangent of 0.02. Two capacitors,
one on the substrate and one on the bottom layer, are utilized
for matching. With the aid of capacitors, driven elements
transmit power signals to directors. Table 1 displays the
optimized simulation parameters which are obtained using
machine learning techniques.
TABLE I. ANTENNA SIMULATORS
Substrate/Parameters Yagi Antenna
Operating Frequency in MHz 1200
Reflector Length 0.12375
Dipole Length 0.11825
Director length 0.11
Reflector to Dipole Spacing 0.03125
Dipole to Director Spacing 0.03125
Boom length [m] 0.099
Figure 4 Port Signal Details
Fig. 4. Shows the port signals values of the Proposed
Yagi Antenna. By installing a Yagi Cellular Antenna with a
frequency of 800 MHz, the mobile phone's signal strength can
be significantly boosted in remote areas. To deploy it in
locations where 5G service is already available, the 1200
MHz frequency must be secured.
Figure 5 S-Parameters
The S-Parameters of the proposed antenna model is
shown in Fig.5. It mainly depends on Reflector Length which
is 121 mm and Reflector Position which is 0 mm.
Figure 6 Radiated Power
Fig. 6. Shows the radiated power of the proposed antenna
which is designed using its optimized values. The d/lambda
values are 0.040 (min.: 0.002, max.: 0.01).
Figure 7. Radiating Efficiency
At 1 GHz, the radiated power is very high. But at 2 GHz
the radiation efficiency is very high which is shown in Fig. 7.
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6. 2022 5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I)
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Figure 8 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) Value
In designing antenna, requirement value for Voltage
Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) will be near by 1.5. Figure 8
shows a surface current for 3.5e3 voltage. It is observed that
good intensity of current flow is delivered at 1.2 GHz.
Figure 9 Y parameters
Fig. 9. Shows the magnitude of Y-parameters in the
proposed Antenna. It reached high near 1 GHz frequency.
Even though the Eθ values in the Eϕ plane are much larger
than those in the H plane, the Eθ values in the H plane are
more analogous to the Eϕ plane. There is no difference
between the two frequencies, which is true for both. Due to
the randomness of environmental polarization, this boost in
the cross-polar component is not thought to interfere with
wireless communications. As a result, the rise in the cross-
polar component is of lesser concern. Although the simulated
and measured patterns generally agree, there is some
discrepancy around 270 degrees, which may result from the
positioner shadowing effect in the experimental setup.
Further, there is a discrepancy somewhere around 90 degrees,
most likely caused by interference from the feeding cable.
V. CONCLUSION
In the suitable parameter settings, the proposed beam
selection model employing the RFC (Random Forest
Algorithm)-based beam selection scheme can provide a better
balance between sum rate and complexity. The optimized
values have been achieved using random forests algorithms
or deep neural networks, which achieve more accuracy. It has
been shown that the proposed Yagi-Uda antenna which is
derived using Machine learning techniques with two bands
and a thin substrate shall be used in Global positioning
systems. The single-band antenna can be turned into a dual-
band antenna by removing the reflector from the top layer and
adding a pair of strip lines with capacitors on their traces. So,
the antenna can use both frequencies at the same time. This
change is needed to turn the single-band antenna into a dual-
band antenna. To test how well GNSS and CMMB work on
two different frequency bands, the proposed antenna has been
carefully designed, built, and tested to ensure it works well
on both. The transmitting power, radiation, and ability to
work on two frequencies make this antenna a good choice for
wireless communication systems that need to be quiet. For
these kinds of antennas, which can work on both bands at the
same time should be smaller in size. A Yagi-Uda antenna can
be fine-tuned by changing the lengths of its elements and the
distance between them. The reflector and the driven dipole
can change the front-to-back ratio of the signal. But the
driven dipole changes the antenna's input impedance in a big
way.
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