Signals transmitted over a long range of distance may pass through several obstacles and scatter, taking multiple paths to reach the receiver. Beamforming antennas are controlled electronically to adjust the radiation pattern following the first received signal. This allows the antenna to maximize the received signal and consequently, suppress the interfering signals received. A smart antenna should be able to diminish noise, increase the signal to noise ratio, and have better system competence. The adaptive beam makes use of the spacing of the several antennas and the phase of the signal of each antenna array to control the shape and direction of the signal beam. This paper focuses on the use of smart antennas using an adaptive beam method as a better system for the transmission of signals. A simulation between the existing Omnidirectional antenna system and the smart antenna system will be made and compared. The paper will discuss the corresponding advantages that a smart antenna system has compared to the Omnidirectional antenna system.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document discusses smart antenna investigations for wireless cellular systems. It begins with an abstract that outlines how smart antennas can mitigate fading effects, increase traffic capacity through spatial division multiple access, and introduce frequency reuse. It then provides background on smart antennas, including that they are arrays that modify signal amplitudes and phases to improve reception. Key techniques discussed are direction of arrival estimation and adaptive beamforming, which allow forming beams toward intended users and nulls toward interferers. Simulation results show that increasing antenna array sizes reduces errors but increases complexity and cost. In conclusion, larger arrays can more accurately receive signals of interest while rejecting others not of interest.
STUDY ON IMPROVED RADIATION PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF FRACTAL ANTENNA FO...vnktrjr
This document discusses a study on improving the radiation performance of fractal antennas for wireless applications. It begins with an introduction to wireless communication systems and the importance of antennas. It then discusses the basics of antenna theory, including key properties like gain, directivity, efficiency, input impedance, polarization, return loss, radiation patterns and beamwidth. Finally, it briefly describes common antenna types such as dipoles, monopoles, corner reflectors and Yagi antennas. The overall aim is to analyze how the performance of a microstrip fractal antenna can be improved by using an array configuration and electromagnetic band gap structure.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Smart Antenna Report for third year Electronics and Communication Students .
Smart Antenna is a really nice topic to discover and present for third year students of electronics and communication engineering branch. So this Report covers it all .
This document discusses the use of smart antennas in 4G mobile communications. It begins by defining smart antennas as antenna arrays connected to a digital signal processor that can enhance wireless links through diversity gain, array gain, and interference suppression. This allows for higher data rates or more simultaneous users. The document then discusses key principles such as using antenna arrays to distinguish propagation paths and encode independent data streams. It also covers applications like space division multiple access and beamforming basics. Specific benefits of smart antennas for mobile communications discussed include increased antenna gain, decreased inter-symbol interference, and spatial filtering/nulling of interference.
11.smart antennas in 0004www.iiste.org call for paper_gAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a paper on smart antennas in 4G systems. It discusses how smart antennas work using an array of antenna elements and a digital signal processor to form beams. This allows for diversity gain, array gain, and interference suppression, improving capacity. Smart antennas can distinguish between propagation paths to transmit independent data streams or redundantly encode data. They can also suppress interference for conventional transmitters. Applications discussed include space division multiple access, beamforming basics, switched beam antennas, and use in mobile communications for increased gain and reduced interference.
The document is a technical seminar report submitted by Bharath Kumar V to Visvesvaraya Technological University in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. The report discusses smart antennas, including their introduction and history, types such as adaptive arrays and switched beams, working principles, categories, functions like beamforming and direction of arrival estimation, parameters affecting performance, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. It provides an overview of smart antennas in 3 sentences or less.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document discusses smart antenna investigations for wireless cellular systems. It begins with an abstract that outlines how smart antennas can mitigate fading effects, increase traffic capacity through spatial division multiple access, and introduce frequency reuse. It then provides background on smart antennas, including that they are arrays that modify signal amplitudes and phases to improve reception. Key techniques discussed are direction of arrival estimation and adaptive beamforming, which allow forming beams toward intended users and nulls toward interferers. Simulation results show that increasing antenna array sizes reduces errors but increases complexity and cost. In conclusion, larger arrays can more accurately receive signals of interest while rejecting others not of interest.
STUDY ON IMPROVED RADIATION PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF FRACTAL ANTENNA FO...vnktrjr
This document discusses a study on improving the radiation performance of fractal antennas for wireless applications. It begins with an introduction to wireless communication systems and the importance of antennas. It then discusses the basics of antenna theory, including key properties like gain, directivity, efficiency, input impedance, polarization, return loss, radiation patterns and beamwidth. Finally, it briefly describes common antenna types such as dipoles, monopoles, corner reflectors and Yagi antennas. The overall aim is to analyze how the performance of a microstrip fractal antenna can be improved by using an array configuration and electromagnetic band gap structure.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Smart Antenna Report for third year Electronics and Communication Students .
Smart Antenna is a really nice topic to discover and present for third year students of electronics and communication engineering branch. So this Report covers it all .
This document discusses the use of smart antennas in 4G mobile communications. It begins by defining smart antennas as antenna arrays connected to a digital signal processor that can enhance wireless links through diversity gain, array gain, and interference suppression. This allows for higher data rates or more simultaneous users. The document then discusses key principles such as using antenna arrays to distinguish propagation paths and encode independent data streams. It also covers applications like space division multiple access and beamforming basics. Specific benefits of smart antennas for mobile communications discussed include increased antenna gain, decreased inter-symbol interference, and spatial filtering/nulling of interference.
11.smart antennas in 0004www.iiste.org call for paper_gAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a paper on smart antennas in 4G systems. It discusses how smart antennas work using an array of antenna elements and a digital signal processor to form beams. This allows for diversity gain, array gain, and interference suppression, improving capacity. Smart antennas can distinguish between propagation paths to transmit independent data streams or redundantly encode data. They can also suppress interference for conventional transmitters. Applications discussed include space division multiple access, beamforming basics, switched beam antennas, and use in mobile communications for increased gain and reduced interference.
The document is a technical seminar report submitted by Bharath Kumar V to Visvesvaraya Technological University in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. The report discusses smart antennas, including their introduction and history, types such as adaptive arrays and switched beams, working principles, categories, functions like beamforming and direction of arrival estimation, parameters affecting performance, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. It provides an overview of smart antennas in 3 sentences or less.
The document is a seminar report on smart antenna systems submitted by Ashok Behuria in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree. It discusses different types of smart antenna systems including switched beam and adaptive array systems. The report provides an overview of smart antennas, explaining that they combine antenna arrays with signal processing to optimize radiation and reception patterns automatically based on the signal environment.
A survey of Adaptive Beamforming Strategy in Smart Antenna for Mobile Communi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on adaptive beamforming strategies for smart antennas in mobile communication. It first defines smart antennas and discusses their advantages over traditional fixed beam antennas. It then reviews literature on different approaches to smart antenna design, including switched beam and adaptive beamforming. The main challenges are reducing interference and multipath effects to improve capacity and performance. The proposed work is to use an adaptive smart antenna that can steer its main beam toward the desired user while generating nulls toward interferers based on direction of arrival estimation. This approach aims to enhance capacity in mobile systems.
IRJET- Types of Microwave Antenna and its ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document discusses types of microwave antennas and their applications. It begins by defining an antenna as a device that converts electronic signals to electromagnetic waves. It then discusses key antenna concepts like radiation pattern, directivity, gain, lobes.
The document classifies antennas based on frequency and focuses on microwave antennas. It describes common microwave antenna types including horn antennas, microstrip patch antennas, parabolic antennas, plasma antennas, and MIMO antennas. It provides details on each antenna's design and applications in areas like satellite communication, cellular networks, and WiFi. In conclusion, the document discusses how microwave antennas are essential for wireless communication systems.
Design of Optimized low-power GPS-Yagi Antenna using Machine Learning techniquesChristo Ananth
Christo Ananth, D. Jessintha, Kenjaev Sanjar Sobirovich, T. Ananth Kumar, “Design of Optimized low-power GPS-Yagi Antenna using Machine Learning techniques”, 2022 5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I), IEEE Xplore,979-8-3503-9826-7/22, DOI: 10.1109/IC3I56241.2022.10072553
This document provides an overview of smart antennas. It begins with a brief history, noting that smart antennas were initially developed for military communications and intelligence gathering. The document defines smart antennas as antenna arrays that can adaptively change their pattern in response to signal environments to improve communication channel performance. It describes the key components and functioning of smart antennas, including digital beamforming and direction of arrival estimation techniques. The main types of smart antennas are explained as adaptive array antennas and switched beam array antennas. Advantages like reduced interference and increased capacity are outlined. Applications in mobile communications, satellites, and wireless networks are also mentioned.
The document discusses smart antennas in 3G networks. It provides an introduction to smart antennas, how they form adaptive beams to improve communication links. Smart antennas can increase network capacity and coverage by directing beams toward desired users and nulling interference. This is done through algorithms that calculate antenna weights to maximize signal strength and minimize interference using techniques like beamforming and null steering. Smart antennas allow strategies like interference reduction, rejection, and spatial division multiple access to improve system performance. When applied in 3G base stations, smart antennas can form multiple beams to cover cells, track users to adaptively change beam patterns, and null interference to further increase capacity and coverage for mobile users.
Beamforming antennas use an array of antennas to transmit radio signals in a targeted direction rather than broadcasting uniformly. They can concentrate signals into beams through adjusting the phase and amplitude of each antenna (analog beamforming) or processing multiple data streams digitally. Beamforming is commonly used in 5G networks using massive MIMO antennas to improve efficiency and data rates. Testing beamforming antennas presents challenges due to the integration of radio and antenna units, requiring evaluation of more parameters over-the-air rather than just in conducted tests. Standardized test methods include using anechoic chambers, compact antenna test ranges, and plane wave synthesizers to simulate far-field conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This ppt is about Smart Antenna which includes history, Introduction, Working of smart antenna and where this smart antennas can be used.This ppt also tells about the types of smart antenna and the main principle of working of smart antenna. Smart antennas mainly categorized as Adaptive and switched beam array.Among these two adaptive antenna is used for the efficient utilisation of frequency spectrum.
SIDE LOBE REDUCTION OF CIRCULAR ARRAY USING TAYLOR DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IN ...IAEME Publication
The VHF/UHF band radar that using circular array antennas is a novel kind of radar, whose performances, such as angular accuracy, angular resolution, anti-jamming and low-altitude coverage capabilities are better than the conventional VHF/UHF band radar. On one hand, we focus on how the directivity of array element will influence upon the array pattern. The performance characteristics of the single microstrip patch antenna can be further enhanced by using microstrip patch antenna array. On the other hand, in order to lower the side lobe level (SLL) of circular array antennas , we investigate the effectiveness of amplitude-weighted methods including Taylor Window and Gaussian Window.
Implementation of Wireless Communication using Adaptive Beamforming of Smart ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : As the growing demand for mobile communications is constantly increasing, the need for better coverage, improved capacity, and higher transmission quality rises. Thus, a more efficient use of the radio spectrum is required. A smart antenna system is capable of efficiently utilizing the radio spectrum and is an effective solution to the present wireless system problems while achieving reliable and robust high-speed, high-data-rate transmission. Smart antenna technology offer significantly improved solution to reduce interference level and improve system capacity. Smart antenna technology attempts to address this problem via advanced signal processing technology called beamforming. Adaptive beamforming is used for enhancing a desired signal while suppressing noise and interference at the output of an array of sensors. , in this paper work, a robust adaptive beamforming algorithm using smart antenna base station system, is to investigated its performance in presence of multipath components and multiple users .The capability of smart antenna and adaptive antenna easily employable to cognitive radio and OFDM system. Keywords - Smart/adaptive antenna, beamforming, DSP, OFDM
Self-steering Yagi-Uda antenna positioning system for televisionIJECEIAES
The aim of this study is to develop a prototype that automatically improves the position of a Yagi-Uda antenna using a microcontroller and to illustrate its radiation pattern through the use of MATLAB®. This study is intended for students and professors in the electronics engineering field. This served as their educational materials for teaching antenna system principles and theories. Developmental and experimental methods were used to achieve the objectives. The materials and components generally used in this study are a Yagi-Uda antenna, stepper motor, Arduino Uno, L293D motor shield, USB TV stick tuner, slotted optocoupler, ADS1115, coax cable splitter, speaker stand, and timing belt. The statistical tool used in this study was a Z-test to find out if the experiment results were significant. In testing the effectiveness of the automatic antenna system, the TV display in every increment of 1.8° was taken. It was the basis for the effectiveness of the study. At 5% α/2 level (1.96), the computed z value is 1.76, which is less than 1.96. Therefore, there is no significant difference between the picture quality of the TV display at every angle and the desired angle with maximum reception of the signal with the integration of MATLAB®.
Design of Series Feed Microstrip Patch Antenna Array using HFSS Simulatoridescitation
In this paper series feed Micro strip Patch Antenna
Array are designed and analyzed for WLAN application, which
operating at S-band frequency Range of 2.4 GHz. Antenna
arrays are used to achieve higher gain. Larger the number of
antenna elements, better the gain of antenna array would be
achieved. In this paper feeding element and matching line is
used to design the 4 X 1 micro strip patch antenna array.
Micro strip line feed and matching line are used to design
series Micro strip patch antenna array. The measured
radiation pattern and Return loss of 4X1 elements antenna
array are presented. An-soft HFSS simulator is used.
Design and Development of High Gain Patch Antenna Array for ISM ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the design and development of a high gain patch antenna array for ISM applications. Specifically, it describes the design of a 4x4 microstrip stacked patch antenna array operating at 5 GHz for ISM and WLAN uses. The antenna array was designed and simulated using IE3D software. Key features included enhanced gain through the use of an antenna array configuration and suitability for industrial, scientific and medical wireless applications.
This document summarizes a project on designing a dual band microstrip antenna. It provides an overview of microstrip antennas, including their basic principles and operation, common shapes and feeding techniques. It then describes the design of a circular dual band microstrip antenna with a T-shaped slot to achieve resonance at 2.3 GHz and 5.8 GHz. Simulation results showing return loss, VSWR, and radiation patterns are presented. Potential applications of dual band microstrip antennas in mobile satellite communication systems, wireless LANs, and GPS are also discussed.
This document provides a seminar report on the design of microstrip patch antennas. It includes an abstract, table of contents, and sections on antenna parameters, types of antennas including dipoles and Yagi antennas, and software aspects of designing microstrip patch antennas including feed techniques. The report was submitted by a student in partial fulfillment of requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree.
hello readers i give my PPT presentation for about antenna and ther properties and working explain in this ppt
i hope you like it THANK YOU.......!!!!!!!
The document discusses different types of antennas used in wireless communication. It describes antennas such as dipole antennas, horn antennas, parabolic dish antennas, and antenna arrays. Dipole antennas are simple and widely used. They consist of two conductive elements that transmit and receive electromagnetic waves. Horn antennas guide radio waves into a beam but have limited directivity. Parabolic dish antennas have high gain and directivity due to their distinctive parabolic shape. Antenna arrays combine the radiation patterns of individual antenna elements to provide benefits such as high gain and directivity.
This document reviews microstrip patch antennas for WLAN and WiMAX applications. It discusses the basics of microstrip antennas including their structure, feeding techniques, advantages and disadvantages. Various methods for improving the bandwidth of microstrip patch antennas are examined, such as using different substrate materials and thicknesses or adding slots to the patch. A comparison table shows how the bandwidth changes with different substrate properties. The document concludes that substrate thickness and dielectric constant influence bandwidth, and techniques like slots can further improve it, making microstrip antennas well-suited for WLAN and WiMAX systems.
The document discusses different types of antennas used in wireless communication systems. It describes isotropic antennas that radiate equally in all directions and half wave-dipole antennas that radiate almost equally in all directions. It also discusses directional antennas like helix, Yagi-Uda, and aperture horn antennas. The document focuses on electronically steerable or "smart antennas" that use antenna arrays and digital signal processing to adapt antenna patterns based on the signal environment. Smart antennas can increase capacity and quality of wireless systems by directing signals and minimizing interference through techniques like phased arrays and antenna diversity.
Development of depth map from stereo images using sum of absolute differences...nooriasukmaningtyas
This article proposes a framework for the depth map reconstruction using stereo images. Fundamentally, this map provides an important information which commonly used in essential applications such as autonomous vehicle navigation, drone’s navigation and 3D surface reconstruction. To develop an accurate depth map, the framework must be robust against the challenging regions of low texture, plain color and repetitive pattern on the input stereo image. The development of this map requires several stages which starts with matching cost calculation, cost aggregation, optimization and refinement stage. Hence, this work develops a framework with sum of absolute difference (SAD) and the combination of two edge preserving filters to increase the robustness against the challenging regions. The SAD convolves using block matching technique to increase the efficiency of matching process on the low texture and plain color regions. Moreover, two edge preserving filters will increase the accuracy on the repetitive pattern region. The results show that the proposed method is accurate and capable to work with the challenging regions. The results are provided by the Middlebury standard dataset. The framework is also efficiently and can be applied on the 3D surface reconstruction. Moreover, this work is greatly competitive with previously available methods.
Model predictive controller for a retrofitted heat exchanger temperature cont...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper aims to demonstrate the practical aspects of process control theory for undergraduate students at the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Bahrain. Both, the ubiquitous proportional integral derivative (PID) as well as model predictive control (MPC) and their auxiliaries were designed and implemented in a real-time framework. The latter was realized through retrofitting an existing plate-and-frame heat exchanger unit that has been operated using an analog PID temperature controller. The upgraded control system consists of a personal computer (PC), low-cost signal conditioning circuit, national instruments USB 6008 data acquisition card, and LabVIEW software. LabVIEW control design and simulation modules were used to design and implement the PID and MPC controllers. The performance of the designed controllers was evaluated while controlling the outlet temperature of the retrofitted plate-and-frame heat exchanger. The distinguished feature of the MPC controller in handling input and output constraints was perceived in real-time. From a pedagogical point of view, realizing the theory of process control through practical implementation was substantial in enhancing the student’s learning and the instructor’s teaching experience.
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Similar to Design and simulation of an adaptive beam smart antenna using MATLAB
The document is a seminar report on smart antenna systems submitted by Ashok Behuria in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree. It discusses different types of smart antenna systems including switched beam and adaptive array systems. The report provides an overview of smart antennas, explaining that they combine antenna arrays with signal processing to optimize radiation and reception patterns automatically based on the signal environment.
A survey of Adaptive Beamforming Strategy in Smart Antenna for Mobile Communi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on adaptive beamforming strategies for smart antennas in mobile communication. It first defines smart antennas and discusses their advantages over traditional fixed beam antennas. It then reviews literature on different approaches to smart antenna design, including switched beam and adaptive beamforming. The main challenges are reducing interference and multipath effects to improve capacity and performance. The proposed work is to use an adaptive smart antenna that can steer its main beam toward the desired user while generating nulls toward interferers based on direction of arrival estimation. This approach aims to enhance capacity in mobile systems.
IRJET- Types of Microwave Antenna and its ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document discusses types of microwave antennas and their applications. It begins by defining an antenna as a device that converts electronic signals to electromagnetic waves. It then discusses key antenna concepts like radiation pattern, directivity, gain, lobes.
The document classifies antennas based on frequency and focuses on microwave antennas. It describes common microwave antenna types including horn antennas, microstrip patch antennas, parabolic antennas, plasma antennas, and MIMO antennas. It provides details on each antenna's design and applications in areas like satellite communication, cellular networks, and WiFi. In conclusion, the document discusses how microwave antennas are essential for wireless communication systems.
Design of Optimized low-power GPS-Yagi Antenna using Machine Learning techniquesChristo Ananth
Christo Ananth, D. Jessintha, Kenjaev Sanjar Sobirovich, T. Ananth Kumar, “Design of Optimized low-power GPS-Yagi Antenna using Machine Learning techniques”, 2022 5th International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I), IEEE Xplore,979-8-3503-9826-7/22, DOI: 10.1109/IC3I56241.2022.10072553
This document provides an overview of smart antennas. It begins with a brief history, noting that smart antennas were initially developed for military communications and intelligence gathering. The document defines smart antennas as antenna arrays that can adaptively change their pattern in response to signal environments to improve communication channel performance. It describes the key components and functioning of smart antennas, including digital beamforming and direction of arrival estimation techniques. The main types of smart antennas are explained as adaptive array antennas and switched beam array antennas. Advantages like reduced interference and increased capacity are outlined. Applications in mobile communications, satellites, and wireless networks are also mentioned.
The document discusses smart antennas in 3G networks. It provides an introduction to smart antennas, how they form adaptive beams to improve communication links. Smart antennas can increase network capacity and coverage by directing beams toward desired users and nulling interference. This is done through algorithms that calculate antenna weights to maximize signal strength and minimize interference using techniques like beamforming and null steering. Smart antennas allow strategies like interference reduction, rejection, and spatial division multiple access to improve system performance. When applied in 3G base stations, smart antennas can form multiple beams to cover cells, track users to adaptively change beam patterns, and null interference to further increase capacity and coverage for mobile users.
Beamforming antennas use an array of antennas to transmit radio signals in a targeted direction rather than broadcasting uniformly. They can concentrate signals into beams through adjusting the phase and amplitude of each antenna (analog beamforming) or processing multiple data streams digitally. Beamforming is commonly used in 5G networks using massive MIMO antennas to improve efficiency and data rates. Testing beamforming antennas presents challenges due to the integration of radio and antenna units, requiring evaluation of more parameters over-the-air rather than just in conducted tests. Standardized test methods include using anechoic chambers, compact antenna test ranges, and plane wave synthesizers to simulate far-field conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This ppt is about Smart Antenna which includes history, Introduction, Working of smart antenna and where this smart antennas can be used.This ppt also tells about the types of smart antenna and the main principle of working of smart antenna. Smart antennas mainly categorized as Adaptive and switched beam array.Among these two adaptive antenna is used for the efficient utilisation of frequency spectrum.
SIDE LOBE REDUCTION OF CIRCULAR ARRAY USING TAYLOR DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION IN ...IAEME Publication
The VHF/UHF band radar that using circular array antennas is a novel kind of radar, whose performances, such as angular accuracy, angular resolution, anti-jamming and low-altitude coverage capabilities are better than the conventional VHF/UHF band radar. On one hand, we focus on how the directivity of array element will influence upon the array pattern. The performance characteristics of the single microstrip patch antenna can be further enhanced by using microstrip patch antenna array. On the other hand, in order to lower the side lobe level (SLL) of circular array antennas , we investigate the effectiveness of amplitude-weighted methods including Taylor Window and Gaussian Window.
Implementation of Wireless Communication using Adaptive Beamforming of Smart ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : As the growing demand for mobile communications is constantly increasing, the need for better coverage, improved capacity, and higher transmission quality rises. Thus, a more efficient use of the radio spectrum is required. A smart antenna system is capable of efficiently utilizing the radio spectrum and is an effective solution to the present wireless system problems while achieving reliable and robust high-speed, high-data-rate transmission. Smart antenna technology offer significantly improved solution to reduce interference level and improve system capacity. Smart antenna technology attempts to address this problem via advanced signal processing technology called beamforming. Adaptive beamforming is used for enhancing a desired signal while suppressing noise and interference at the output of an array of sensors. , in this paper work, a robust adaptive beamforming algorithm using smart antenna base station system, is to investigated its performance in presence of multipath components and multiple users .The capability of smart antenna and adaptive antenna easily employable to cognitive radio and OFDM system. Keywords - Smart/adaptive antenna, beamforming, DSP, OFDM
Self-steering Yagi-Uda antenna positioning system for televisionIJECEIAES
The aim of this study is to develop a prototype that automatically improves the position of a Yagi-Uda antenna using a microcontroller and to illustrate its radiation pattern through the use of MATLAB®. This study is intended for students and professors in the electronics engineering field. This served as their educational materials for teaching antenna system principles and theories. Developmental and experimental methods were used to achieve the objectives. The materials and components generally used in this study are a Yagi-Uda antenna, stepper motor, Arduino Uno, L293D motor shield, USB TV stick tuner, slotted optocoupler, ADS1115, coax cable splitter, speaker stand, and timing belt. The statistical tool used in this study was a Z-test to find out if the experiment results were significant. In testing the effectiveness of the automatic antenna system, the TV display in every increment of 1.8° was taken. It was the basis for the effectiveness of the study. At 5% α/2 level (1.96), the computed z value is 1.76, which is less than 1.96. Therefore, there is no significant difference between the picture quality of the TV display at every angle and the desired angle with maximum reception of the signal with the integration of MATLAB®.
Design of Series Feed Microstrip Patch Antenna Array using HFSS Simulatoridescitation
In this paper series feed Micro strip Patch Antenna
Array are designed and analyzed for WLAN application, which
operating at S-band frequency Range of 2.4 GHz. Antenna
arrays are used to achieve higher gain. Larger the number of
antenna elements, better the gain of antenna array would be
achieved. In this paper feeding element and matching line is
used to design the 4 X 1 micro strip patch antenna array.
Micro strip line feed and matching line are used to design
series Micro strip patch antenna array. The measured
radiation pattern and Return loss of 4X1 elements antenna
array are presented. An-soft HFSS simulator is used.
Design and Development of High Gain Patch Antenna Array for ISM ApplicationsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the design and development of a high gain patch antenna array for ISM applications. Specifically, it describes the design of a 4x4 microstrip stacked patch antenna array operating at 5 GHz for ISM and WLAN uses. The antenna array was designed and simulated using IE3D software. Key features included enhanced gain through the use of an antenna array configuration and suitability for industrial, scientific and medical wireless applications.
This document summarizes a project on designing a dual band microstrip antenna. It provides an overview of microstrip antennas, including their basic principles and operation, common shapes and feeding techniques. It then describes the design of a circular dual band microstrip antenna with a T-shaped slot to achieve resonance at 2.3 GHz and 5.8 GHz. Simulation results showing return loss, VSWR, and radiation patterns are presented. Potential applications of dual band microstrip antennas in mobile satellite communication systems, wireless LANs, and GPS are also discussed.
This document provides a seminar report on the design of microstrip patch antennas. It includes an abstract, table of contents, and sections on antenna parameters, types of antennas including dipoles and Yagi antennas, and software aspects of designing microstrip patch antennas including feed techniques. The report was submitted by a student in partial fulfillment of requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree.
hello readers i give my PPT presentation for about antenna and ther properties and working explain in this ppt
i hope you like it THANK YOU.......!!!!!!!
The document discusses different types of antennas used in wireless communication. It describes antennas such as dipole antennas, horn antennas, parabolic dish antennas, and antenna arrays. Dipole antennas are simple and widely used. They consist of two conductive elements that transmit and receive electromagnetic waves. Horn antennas guide radio waves into a beam but have limited directivity. Parabolic dish antennas have high gain and directivity due to their distinctive parabolic shape. Antenna arrays combine the radiation patterns of individual antenna elements to provide benefits such as high gain and directivity.
This document reviews microstrip patch antennas for WLAN and WiMAX applications. It discusses the basics of microstrip antennas including their structure, feeding techniques, advantages and disadvantages. Various methods for improving the bandwidth of microstrip patch antennas are examined, such as using different substrate materials and thicknesses or adding slots to the patch. A comparison table shows how the bandwidth changes with different substrate properties. The document concludes that substrate thickness and dielectric constant influence bandwidth, and techniques like slots can further improve it, making microstrip antennas well-suited for WLAN and WiMAX systems.
The document discusses different types of antennas used in wireless communication systems. It describes isotropic antennas that radiate equally in all directions and half wave-dipole antennas that radiate almost equally in all directions. It also discusses directional antennas like helix, Yagi-Uda, and aperture horn antennas. The document focuses on electronically steerable or "smart antennas" that use antenna arrays and digital signal processing to adapt antenna patterns based on the signal environment. Smart antennas can increase capacity and quality of wireless systems by directing signals and minimizing interference through techniques like phased arrays and antenna diversity.
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Development of depth map from stereo images using sum of absolute differences...nooriasukmaningtyas
This article proposes a framework for the depth map reconstruction using stereo images. Fundamentally, this map provides an important information which commonly used in essential applications such as autonomous vehicle navigation, drone’s navigation and 3D surface reconstruction. To develop an accurate depth map, the framework must be robust against the challenging regions of low texture, plain color and repetitive pattern on the input stereo image. The development of this map requires several stages which starts with matching cost calculation, cost aggregation, optimization and refinement stage. Hence, this work develops a framework with sum of absolute difference (SAD) and the combination of two edge preserving filters to increase the robustness against the challenging regions. The SAD convolves using block matching technique to increase the efficiency of matching process on the low texture and plain color regions. Moreover, two edge preserving filters will increase the accuracy on the repetitive pattern region. The results show that the proposed method is accurate and capable to work with the challenging regions. The results are provided by the Middlebury standard dataset. The framework is also efficiently and can be applied on the 3D surface reconstruction. Moreover, this work is greatly competitive with previously available methods.
Model predictive controller for a retrofitted heat exchanger temperature cont...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper aims to demonstrate the practical aspects of process control theory for undergraduate students at the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Bahrain. Both, the ubiquitous proportional integral derivative (PID) as well as model predictive control (MPC) and their auxiliaries were designed and implemented in a real-time framework. The latter was realized through retrofitting an existing plate-and-frame heat exchanger unit that has been operated using an analog PID temperature controller. The upgraded control system consists of a personal computer (PC), low-cost signal conditioning circuit, national instruments USB 6008 data acquisition card, and LabVIEW software. LabVIEW control design and simulation modules were used to design and implement the PID and MPC controllers. The performance of the designed controllers was evaluated while controlling the outlet temperature of the retrofitted plate-and-frame heat exchanger. The distinguished feature of the MPC controller in handling input and output constraints was perceived in real-time. From a pedagogical point of view, realizing the theory of process control through practical implementation was substantial in enhancing the student’s learning and the instructor’s teaching experience.
Control of a servo-hydraulic system utilizing an extended wavelet functional ...nooriasukmaningtyas
Servo-hydraulic systems have been extensively employed in various industrial applications. However, these systems are characterized by their highly complex and nonlinear dynamics, which complicates the control design stage of such systems. In this paper, an extended wavelet functional link neural network (EWFLNN) is proposed to control the displacement response of the servo-hydraulic system. To optimize the controller's parameters, a recently developed optimization technique, which is called the modified sine cosine algorithm (M-SCA), is exploited as the training method. The proposed controller has achieved remarkable results in terms of tracking two different displacement signals and handling external disturbances. From a comparative study, the proposed EWFLNN controller has attained the best control precision compared with those of other controllers, namely, a proportional-integralderivative (PID) controller, an artificial neural network (ANN) controller, a wavelet neural network (WNN) controller, and the original wavelet functional link neural network (WFLNN) controller. Moreover, compared to the genetic algorithm (GA) and the original sine cosine algorithm (SCA), the M-SCA has shown better optimization results in finding the optimal values of the controller's parameters.
Decentralised optimal deployment of mobile underwater sensors for covering la...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper presents the problem of sensing coverage of layers of the ocean in three dimensional underwater environments. We propose distributed control laws to drive mobile underwater sensors to optimally cover a given confined layer of the ocean. By applying this algorithm at first the mobile underwater sensors adjust their depth to the specified depth. Then, they make a triangular grid across a given area. Afterwards, they randomly move to spread across the given grid. These control laws only rely on local information also they are easily implemented and computationally effective as they use some easy consensus rules. The feature of exchanging information just among neighbouring mobile sensors keeps the information exchange minimum in the whole networks and makes this algorithm practicable option for undersea. The efficiency of the presented control laws is confirmed via mathematical proof and numerical simulations.
Evaluation quality of service for internet of things based on fuzzy logic: a ...nooriasukmaningtyas
The development of the internet of thing (IoT) technology has become a major concern in sustainability of quality of service (SQoS) in terms of efficiency, measurement, and evaluation of services, such as our smart home case study. Based on several ambiguous linguistic and standard criteria, this article deals with quality of service (QoS). We used fuzzy logic to select the most appropriate and efficient services. For this reason, we have introduced a new paradigmatic approach to assess QoS. In this regard, to measure SQoS, linguistic terms were collected for identification of ambiguous criteria. This paper collects the results of other work to compare the traditional assessment methods and techniques in IoT. It has been proven that the comparison that traditional valuation methods and techniques could not effectively deal with these metrics. Therefore, fuzzy logic is a worthy method to provide a good measure of QoS with ambiguous linguistic and criteria. The proposed model addresses with constantly being improved, all the main axes of the QoS for a smart home. The results obtained also indicate that the model with its fuzzy performance importance index (FPII) has efficiently evaluate the multiple services of SQoS.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Smart monitoring system using NodeMCU for maintenance of production machinesnooriasukmaningtyas
Maintenance is an activity that helps to reduce risk, increase productivity, improve quality, and minimize production costs. The necessity for maintenance actions will increase efficiency and enhance the safety and quality of products and processes. On getting these conditions, it is necessary to implement a monitoring system used to observe machines' conditions from time to time, especially the machine parts that often experience problems. This paper presents a low-cost intelligent monitoring system using NodeMCU to continuously monitor machine conditions and provide warnings in the case of machine failure. Not only does it provide alerts, but this monitoring system also generates historical data on machine conditions to the Google Cloud (Google Sheet), includes which machines were down, downtime, issues occurred, repairs made, and technician handling. The results obtained are machine operators do not need to lose a relatively long time to call the technician. Likewise, the technicians assisted in carrying out machine maintenance activities and online reports so that errors that often occur due to human error do not happen again. The system succeeded in reducing the technician-calling time and maintenance workreporting time up to 50%. The availability of online and real-time maintenance historical data will support further maintenance strategy.
Design and simulation of a software defined networkingenabled smart switch, f...nooriasukmaningtyas
Using sustainable energy is the future of our planet earth, this became not only economically efficient but also a necessity for the preservation of life on earth. Because of such necessity, smart grids became a very important issue to be researched. Many literatures discussed this topic and with the development of internet of things (IoT) and smart sensors, smart grids are developed even further. On the other hand, software defined networking is a technology that separates the control plane from the data plan of the network. It centralizes the management and the orchestration of the network tasks by using a network controller. The network controller is the heart of the SDN-enabled network, and it can control other networking devices using software defined networking (SDN) protocols such as OpenFlow. A smart switching mechanism called (SDN-smgrid-sw) for the smart grid will be modeled and controlled using SDN. We modeled the environment that interact with the sensors, for the sun and the wind elements. The Algorithm is modeled and programmed for smart efficient power sharing that is managed centrally and monitored using SDN controller. Also, all if the smart grid elements (power sources) are connected to the IP network using IoT protocols.
Efficient wireless power transmission to remote the sensor in restenosis coro...nooriasukmaningtyas
In this study, the researchers have proposed an alternative technique for designing an asymmetric 4 coil-resonance coupling module based on the series-to-parallel topology at 27 MHz industrial scientific medical (ISM) band to avoid the tissue damage, for the constant monitoring of the in-stent restenosis coronary artery. This design consisted of 2 components, i.e., the external part that included 3 planar coils that were placed outside the body and an internal helical coil (stent) that was implanted into the coronary artery in the human tissue. This technique considered the output power and the transfer efficiency of the overall system, coil geometry like the number of coils per turn, and coil size. The results indicated that this design showed an 82% efficiency in the air if the transmission distance was maintained as 20 mm, which allowed the wireless power supply system to monitor the pressure within the coronary artery when the implanted load resistance was 400 Ω.
Grid reactive voltage regulation and cost optimization for electric vehicle p...nooriasukmaningtyas
Expecting large electric vehicle (EV) usage in the future due to environmental issues, state subsidies, and incentives, the impact of EV charging on the power grid is required to be closely analyzed and studied for power quality, stability, and planning of infrastructure. When a large number of energy storage batteries are connected to the grid as a capacitive load the power factor of the power grid is inevitably reduced, causing power losses and voltage instability. In this work large-scale 18K EV charging model is implemented on IEEE 33 network. Optimization methods are described to search for the location of nodes that are affected most due to EV charging in terms of power losses and voltage instability of the network. Followed by optimized reactive power injection magnitude and time duration of reactive power at the identified nodes. It is shown that power losses are reduced and voltage stability is improved in the grid, which also complements the reduction in EV charging cost. The result will be useful for EV charging stations infrastructure planning, grid stabilization, and reducing EV charging costs.
Topology network effects for double synchronized switch harvesting circuit on...nooriasukmaningtyas
Energy extraction takes place using several different technologies, depending on the type of energy and how it is used. The objective of this paper is to study topology influence for a smart network based on piezoelectric materials using the double synchronized switch harvesting (DSSH). In this work, has been presented network topology for circuit DSSH (DSSH Standard, Independent DSSH, DSSH in parallel, mono DSSH, and DSSH in series). Using simulation-based on a structure with embedded piezoelectric system harvesters, then compare different topology of circuit DSSH for knowledge is how to connect the circuit DSSH together and how to implement accurately this circuit strategy for maximizing the total output power. The network topology DSSH extracted power a technique allows again up to in terms of maximal power output compared with network topology standard extracted at the resonant frequency. The simulation results show that by using the same input parameters the maximum efficiency for topology DSSH in parallel produces 120% more energy than topology DSSH-series. In addition, the energy harvesting by mono-DSSH is more than DSSH-series by 650% and it has exceeded DSSHind by 240%.
Improving the design of super-lift Luo converter using hybrid switching capac...nooriasukmaningtyas
In this article, an improvement to the positive output super-lift Luo converter (POSLC) has been proposed to get high gain at a low duty cycle. Also, reduce the stress on the switch and diodes, reduce the current through the inductors to reduce loss, and increase efficiency. Using a hybrid switch unit composed of four inductors and two capacitors it is replaced by the main inductor in the elementary circuit. It’s charged in parallel with the same input voltage and discharged in series. The output voltage is increased according to the number of components. The gain equation is modeled. The boundary condition between continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) has been derived. Passive components are designed to get high output voltage (8 times at D=0.5) and low ripple about (0.004). The circuit is simulated and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink. Maximum power point tracker (MPPT) controls the converter to provide the most interest from solar energy.
Third harmonic current minimization using third harmonic blocking transformernooriasukmaningtyas
Zero sequence blocking transformers (ZSBTs) are used to suppress third harmonic currents in 3-phase systems. Three-phase systems where singlephase loading is present, there is every chance that the load is not balanced. If there is zero-sequence current due to unequal load current, then the ZSBT will impose high impedance and the supply voltage at the load end will be varied which is not desired. This paper presents Third harmonic blocking transformer (THBT) which suppresses only higher harmonic zero sequences. The constructional features using all windings in single-core and construction using three single-phase transformers explained. The paper discusses the constructional features, full details of circuit usage, design considerations, and simulation results for different supply and load conditions. A comparison of THBT with ZSBT is made with simulation results by considering four different cases
Power quality improvement of distribution systems asymmetry caused by power d...nooriasukmaningtyas
With an increase of non-linear load in today’s electrical power systems, the rate of power quality drops and the voltage source and frequency deteriorate if not properly compensated with an appropriate device. Filters are most common techniques that employed to overcome this problem and improving power quality. In this paper an improved optimization technique of filter applies to the power system is based on a particle swarm optimization with using artificial neural network technique applied to the unified power flow quality conditioner (PSO-ANN UPQC). Design particle swarm optimization and artificial neural network together result in a very high performance of flexible AC transmission lines (FACTs) controller and it implements to the system to compensate all types of power quality disturbances. This technique is very powerful for minimization of total harmonic distortion of source voltages and currents as a limit permitted by IEEE-519. The work creates a power system model in MATLAB/Simulink program to investigate our proposed optimization technique for improving control circuit of filters. The work also has measured all power quality disturbances of the electrical arc furnace of steel factory and suggests this technique of filter to improve the power quality.
Studies enhancement of transient stability by single machine infinite bus sys...nooriasukmaningtyas
Maintaining network synchronization is important to customer service. Low fluctuations cause voltage instability, non-synchronization in the power system or the problems in the electrical system disturbances, harmonics current and voltages inflation and contraction voltage. Proper tunning of the parameters of stabilizer is prime for validation of stabilizer. To overcome instability issues and get reinforcement found a lot of the techniques are developed to overcome instability problems and improve performance of power system. Genetic algorithm was applied to optimize parameters and suppress oscillation. The simulation of the robust composite capacitance system of an infinite single-machine bus was studied using MATLAB was used for optimization purpose. The critical time is an indication of the maximum possible time during which the error can pass in the system to obtain stability through the simulation. The effectiveness improvement has been shown in the system
Renewable energy based dynamic tariff system for domestic load managementnooriasukmaningtyas
To deal with the present power-scenario, this paper proposes a model of an advanced energy management system, which tries to achieve peak clipping, peak to average ratio reduction and cost reduction based on effective utilization of distributed generations. This helps to manage conventional loads based on flexible tariff system. The main contribution of this work is the development of three-part dynamic tariff system on the basis of time of utilizing power, available renewable energy sources (RES) and consumers’ load profile. This incorporates consumers’ choice to suitably select for either consuming power from conventional energy sources and/or renewable energy sources during peak or off-peak hours. To validate the efficiency of the proposed model we have comparatively evaluated the model performance with existing optimization techniques using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. A new optimization technique, hybrid greedy particle swarm optimization has been proposed which is based on the two aforementioned techniques. It is found that the proposed model is superior with the improved tariff scheme when subjected to load management and consumers’ financial benefit. This work leads to maintain a healthy relationship between the utility sectors and the consumers, thereby making the existing grid more reliable, robust, flexible yet cost effective.
Energy harvesting maximization by integration of distributed generation based...nooriasukmaningtyas
The purpose of distributed generation systems (DGS) is to enhance the distribution system (DS) performance to be better known with its benefits in the power sector as installing distributed generation (DG) units into the DS can introduce economic, environmental and technical benefits. Those benefits can be obtained if the DG units' site and size is properly determined. The aim of this paper is studying and reviewing the effect of connecting DG units in the DS on transmission efficiency, reactive power loss and voltage deviation in addition to the economical point of view and considering the interest and inflation rate. Whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is introduced to find the best solution to the distributed generation penetration problem in the DS. The result of WOA is compared with the genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and grey wolf optimizer (GWO). The proposed solutions methodologies have been tested using MATLAB software on IEEE 33 standard bus system
Intelligent fault diagnosis for power distribution systemcomparative studiesnooriasukmaningtyas
Short circuit is one of the most popular types of permanent fault in power distribution system. Thus, fast and accuracy diagnosis of short circuit failure is very important so that the power system works more effectively. In this paper, a newly enhanced support vector machine (SVM) classifier has been investigated to identify ten short-circuit fault types, including single line-toground faults (XG, YG, ZG), line-to-line faults (XY, XZ, YZ), double lineto-ground faults (XYG, XZG, YZG) and three-line faults (XYZ). The performance of this enhanced SVM model has been improved by using three different versions of particle swarm optimization (PSO), namely: classical PSO (C-PSO), time varying acceleration coefficients PSO (T-PSO) and constriction factor PSO (K-PSO). Further, utilizing pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS)-based time domain reflectometry (TDR) method allows to obtain a reliable dataset for SVM classifier. The experimental results performed on a two-branch distribution line show the most optimal variant of PSO for short fault diagnosis.
A deep learning approach based on stochastic gradient descent and least absol...nooriasukmaningtyas
More than eighty-five to ninety percentage of the diabetic patients are affected with diabetic retinopathy (DR) which is an eye disorder that leads to blindness. The computational techniques can support to detect the DR by using the retinal images. However, it is hard to measure the DR with the raw retinal image. This paper proposes an effective method for identification of DR from the retinal images. In this research work, initially the Weiner filter is used for preprocessing the raw retinal image. Then the preprocessed image is segmented using fuzzy c-mean technique. Then from the segmented image, the features are extracted using grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). After extracting the fundus image, the feature selection is performed stochastic gradient descent, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) for accurate identification during the classification process. Then the inception v3-convolutional neural network (IV3-CNN) model is used in the classification process to classify the image as DR image or non-DR image. By applying the proposed method, the classification performance of IV3-CNN model in identifying DR is studied. Using the proposed method, the DR is identified with the accuracy of about 95%, and the processed retinal image is identified as mild DR.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Design and simulation of an adaptive beam smart antenna using MATLAB
1. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Vol. 21, No. 3, March 2021, pp. 1584~1593
ISSN: 2502-4752, DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i3.pp1584-1593 1584
Journal homepage: http://ijeecs.iaescore.com
Design and simulation of an adaptive beam smart antenna using
MATLAB
Aaron Don M. Africa, Rica Rizabel M. Tagabuhin, Jan Jayson S. D. Tirados
Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Sep 6, 2020
Revised Nov 19, 2020
Accepted Nov 30, 2020
Signals transmitted over a long range of distance may pass through several
obstacles and scatter, taking multiple paths to reach the receiver.
Beamforming antennas are controlled electronically to adjust the radiation
pattern following the first received signal. This allows the antenna to
maximize the received signal and consequently, suppress the interfering
signals received. A smart antenna should be able to diminish noise, increase
the signal to noise ratio, and have better system competence. The adaptive
beam makes use of the spacing of the several antennas and the phase of the
signal of each antenna array to control the shape and direction of the signal
beam. This paper focuses on the use of smart antennas using an adaptive
beam method as a better system for the transmission of signals. A simulation
between the existing Omnidirectional antenna system and the smart antenna
system will be made and compared. The paper will discuss the corresponding
advantages that a smart antenna system has compared to the Omnidirectional
antenna system.
Keywords:
Beamforming
MATLAB
Omnidirectional antenna
Sensor array analyzer
Smart antenna
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Aaron Don M. Africa
Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering
De La Salle University, Manila
2401 Taft Ave., Malate, Manila 1004, Philippines
Email: aaron.africa@dlsu.edu.ph
1. INTRODUCTION
Antennas are devices that send and receive electromagnetic waves over a long distance. A
transmitter antenna takes physical energy and converts it into electrical energy and into radio waves that can
travel miles around the Earth or towards the atmosphere and back to Earth. A receiver antenna obtains the
radio waves, turns it back to electrical signals, and into a physical form. Different antennas are used to cater
to different requirements [1]. In antenna design, three fundamental properties should always be considered:
Gain, Polarization, and Direction [2]. Gain is the increase of energy of the radio waves by the antenna. It is
the ratio of the power received and the power transmitted. The measurement dBi is used when the gain is
compared to an isotropic antenna, an ideal, lossless, antenna that radiates equally in all directions with a gain
equal to 1.0. The measurement dBd is used when the gain is compared to an ideal lossless half-wave antenna,
whose gain is equal to 2.15 dB.
The polarization is the orientation of the transmitting signal of the antenna. Linear polarization is
when the electric field and the magnetic field are constricted in one plane and travels in one direction.
Elliptical or Circular polarization is when the electric field and the magnetic field rotates as the signal
propagates. The direction, or directivity, is the shape of the radiation pattern. The radiation pattern of an
antenna shows the correlation of the power radiated by the antenna with its direction. An antenna can be
classified based on its directivity. An omnidirectional antenna radiates energy in all directions. The gain of an
2. Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752
Design and simulation of an adaptive beam smart antenna using MATLAB (Aaron Don M. Africa)
1585
omnidirectional antenna is smaller in comparison to a directional antenna [3]. Directional antennas use
different methods to focus on the direction of the radiated energy in a particular direction. The longer
distance can be covered by the radio waves radiated by directional antennas [4].
2. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
An omnidirectional antenna gives off a 360-degree horizontal radiation pattern and is usually used
when all directions need to be covered in varying degrees of vertical coverage. The radio power covered by
this type of antenna is equal in all directions that are perpendicular to an axis. These omnidirectional antennas
are fairly easy to install and due to its shape, are also easy to attach. The main disadvantage of this type of
antenna is that coverage under the antenna is poor [5]. Recent research topics that are done due to
improvements and advantages over the omnidirectional systems are about smart antenna systems. A smart
antenna system is composed of a group of antennas that have smart processing algorithms that can be used
for the identification of spatial signal signatures. There are two types of smart antennas which are the
switched beam systems and the adaptive array systems. The creation of a radiation pattern of an antenna
array in which signals at certain angles create constructive interference while simultaneously creating a
destructive interference in other angles is a method called beamforming which is used in the adaptive array
systems. Beamforming, when executed correctly, allows a signal to be focused on a direction where you want
it to go and is a method that the smart antenna system utilizes. Rather than radiating a signal in all directions,
using the beamforming method allows a higher signal quality to be achieved without the need for a boost in
broadcasting power. Though this may be the case, using a beamforming method requires high processing and
efficiency which may negate the aforementioned advantages if the requirements are not met. With the
development of technology and the continuing research on wireless communication, experimenting on the
smart antenna system, which uses spatial processing, is one of the best things to explore.
3. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In radio communications, the omnidirectional antenna is used to broadcast signals from one point to
another. With the use of this antenna, power is dissipated equally in all directions that are perpendicular to an
axis. Though this may be useful in simple RF environments, the omnidirectional antenna scatters the signal in
such a way that only a small percentage of the energy is delivered to its users due to scattering the signal in
an unfocused manner. This shows an obvious limitation in the dispersion of the signal. To be able to utilize
the distribution of a signal more effectively, a smart antenna system is to be used. The smart antenna system
can dynamically react to the environment that it is placed in which in turn provides a signal and frequency
that is better suited for communications. Though there are various methods in the implementation of a smart
antenna system, we focus on the beamforming method as the main process for the smart antenna system.
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
In wireless communications, it is evident that there are limitations that need to be overcome. As the
omnidirectional antenna has various problems that direct to the capacity, radio propagation environment, etc.,
the smart antenna system is proposed to solve the problems stated. The smart antenna system solves the
problems by increasing the coverage and capacity of the system and by applying directional findings. This
further improves the wireless communication system that is being commercially used. With the comparison
of an omnidirectional antenna to the smart antenna system, the study aims to show the advantages of using
the smart antenna system in implementation rather than using a simple omnidirectional antenna. With a
broader knowledge of information regarding smart antenna systems, many other applications may be utilized
with a better understanding of the proposed system. The study will also serve to give a better understanding
of what spatial processing and beamforming do concerning a smart antenna system. The study also aims to
help readers be able to simulate an omnidirectional antenna and a smart antenna system to be able to variate
the values for comparing and contrasting performance. This will also serve as a great reference for
introductory information to the basic types of antennas that are available with the current technology.
5. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM
5.1. Omnidirectional antenna parameters
Array Geometry: Linear, Number of elements = 2, Spacing Element = 5 m, Element: Isotropic
Antenna, Propagation Speed = 3 x 108 m/s, Signal Frequency = 300 MHz. Figure 1 shows the Array
Geometry of the omnidirectional antenna.
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Figure 1. Array geometry of the omnidirectional antenna
5.2. Adaptive beamforming smart parameters
Array geometry: circular planar, radius = 2 m, spacing element = 0.5 m, element: Cosine antenna,
propagation speed = 3 x 108 m/s, signal frequency = 300 MHz. Figure 2 shows the array geometry of the
smart antenna.
Figure 2. Array geometry of the smart antenna
6. METHODOLOGY
The application used to simulate the omnidirectional antenna and the adaptive beamforming smart
antenna is the sensor array analyzer application in MATLAB. A phased array system toolbox add-on was
installed to access the application. The application requires the user to input certain parameters to simulate
the antenna. For the omnidirectional antenna, a linear array geometry was selected, the number of elements
was 2, the spacing element was set to 5 m, the chosen antenna element was an isotropic antenna, the
propagation speed was set to 3x108 m/s and the signal frequency was set to 300 MHz. For the adaptive
beamforming smart antenna, the array geometry chosen was a circular plane with the radius set to 5 m, the
spacing element was set to 0.5 m, the chosen antenna element was a cosine antenna element, the speed
propagation was set to 3x108 m/s, and signal frequency was set to 300 MHz. To be able to compare the two
effectively, the physical parameters of the two antennas were kept the same. The MATLAB source file was
extracted from the sensor array analyzer. Figure 3 and Figure 4 shows the MATLAB source code
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Figure 3. Flowchart of MATLAB source code for omnidirectional antenna
Figure 4. Flowchart of MATLAB source code for adaptive beamforming smart antenna
7. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Adaptive beamforming smart antenna can be used for indoor positioning systems. The paper
“Analysis of Beamforming Antenna for Practical Indoor Location-Tracking Application” done by Kim, S.W.,
and Choi, D.Y. in 2019 [6] makes use of the beamforming antenna as a single anchor point to receive indoor
localization signals. The beamforming antenna used in the experiment is a 1x4 antenna array connected to a
4x4 Butler matrix. The function of the Butler matrix is to control the direction of the main lobe. The antenna
array inputs the received signal into the Butler matrix and in turn, the Butler matrix feeds a signal with
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varying phases to each element antenna to produce a directed signal. The indoor positioning system was
implemented by setting up 10 target locations lined up in a perimeter of a half-circle each separated by an
angle of 15o. In the experimentation, it was seen that the higher the signal frequency (between 3 GHz, 4
GHz, and 5 GHz) had a more limited range of angles it could detect due to the beamwidth of the main lobe.
The system can detect targets 2 meters away from the anchor point. Additionally, the main lobe of a
beamforming antenna can be directed in two directions at the same time, the beamforming antenna in the
indoor positioning localization system can also detect multiple targets at a time. The experimentation in the
system utilizes the steering angle of the beamforming antenna to detect the location of a target [7].
In high-speed data communications, smart antenna systems are prominently used with various
modulation techniques. The article “CL-SA-OFDM: Cross-layer and smart antenna based OFDM system
performance enhancement” done by Shivapanchakshari, T.G., and Aravinda, H.S. in 2020 makes use of
smart antennas with the modulation technique, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). With
regards to OFDM, adaptive beamforming causes problems in the designs of medium access layers which
leads to complications in the adaptive resource allocation mechanism. Various smart antenna mechanisms
were used to suit the needs of different users with regards to the quality of service [8].
Smart antenna designs can be utilized to improve transmission rates. The article “Smart antenna
design for high-speed moving vehicles with minimum return loss” done by Sarkar, M., Singh, A., Gupta, S.,
and Hassanien, A. E. in 2020 makes use of a machine learning technique for the design of a smart antenna
that can improve transmission rate with a minimized return loss. The experiment suggested a four-element
cylindrical antenna array that was wrapped around a cylindrical surface. The bandwidth of the proposed
design was set at 200 Mhz with a center frequency of 3.9 GHz and covered the range of 3-3.9 GHz with a
gain of 4.9 dBi. The design that was suggested was low profile and was theoretically usable in high-speed
avionic applications. The study was made to solve a problem concerning transmission processes in high-
speed moving vehicles and the growing concern of power consumption [9].
Adaptive Beamforming may also be used in high-speed mobile communications. The article
“Adaptive Beamformers for High-Speed Mobile Communication” done by V. Dakulagi and M. Alagirisamy
in 2020 compared various beamforming techniques such as least mean square, recursive least square, and
sample matrix inversion to prove that a proposed fast conjugate gradient method was superior to the existing
beamforming algorithms and was most suitable for high-speed mobile communication [10].
Previous studies on adaptive beamforming algorithms have also been made. The conference paper
“Performance Analysis of Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms” done by P. R. Jeripotula and B. Rajendra
Naik in 2018 analyzed two beamforming algorithms which are the least mean square and normalized least
mean square algorithms. The paper suggests that the normalized least mean square algorithm converges at a
faster rate than the latter. The simulation of both of these algorithms was also conducted in MATLAB [11].
The use of smart antenna systems concerning omnidirectional antennas was conducted with regards
to mobile ad hoc networks. The article “A low energy consumption smart antenna adaptive array system for
mobile ad hoc networks” by V. Inzillo, F. De Rangoand, A.A. Quintana in 2017 used adaptive array smart
antennas in mobile ad hoc networks for the enhancement of properties such as energy management. The
experiment proposed an adaptive array smart antenna which would enhance some Ad hoc Distance Vector
network protocol features utilizing optimizing the energy consumption. The simulation of the said system
used a Least Mean Square algorithm and used the MATLAB software [12].
8. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION
An important toolbox in MATLAB to design and simulate the project is the Phased Array System
Toolbox. The phased array system toolbox has built-in commands and applications that contain the algorithm
for sensor array systems. The toolbox includes models for transmitter, receivers, and beamforming. The
computations for obtaining the radiation patterns were no longer needed since the commands provided by the
toolbox only require certain parameters, such as length, number of elements, signal frequency, and such, and
the code will generate the radiation patterns needed [13].
The sensor array analyzer application was used to design and simulate the two antennas of the
project. An alternative application that can be used is the antenna designer application in the antenna toolbox.
To compare the two antennas, the length of the omnidirectional array and the radius of the circular planar
array was kept the same. The signal frequency and propagation speed of the antennas were also the same
values. According to a study conducted by [14], circular array patterns produce patterns with reduced
sidelobe level (SLL) and improved directivity [15]. In the simulation, a uniform circular plane array was used
in the design of the adaptive beamforming antenna to enhance the directivity of the antenna.
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9. DATA AND RESULTS
The omnidirectional antenna and the adaptive beamforming smart antenna were simulated using the
Sensor Array Analyzer in the MATLAB software [16]. Figure 5-10 shows the various radiation pattern.
9.1. Omnidirectional antenna simulation
The array directivity and the 3D radiation patterns of both polar and rectangular coordinates are
shown. Also shown are the radiation patterns in 2D view.
Array Directivity = 3.01 dBi
(a) (b)
Figure 5. 3D Radiation pattern in the (a) Polar coordinate and (b) Rectangular coordinate
(a) (b)
Figure 6. 2D Radiation pattern on the azimuth plane in the (a) Polar Coordinate and
(b) Rectangular coordinate
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(a) (b)
Figure 7. 2D Radiation pattern on the elevation plane in the (a) Polar coordinate and
(b) Rectangular coordinate
9.2. Adaptive beamforming smart antenna
The Steering Angle of -20° along the azimuth plane was used. The 3D and 2D patterns in both polar
and rectangular coordinates are shown.
Array Directivity = 22.12 dBi
(a) (b)
Figure 8. 3D Radiation pattern in the (a) Polar coordinate and (b) Rectangular coordinate
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(a) (b)
Figure 9. 2D Radiation pattern on the azimuth plane in the (a) Polar coordinate and
(b) Rectangular coordinate
(a) (b)
Figure 10. 2D Radiation pattern on the elevation plane in the (a) Polar coordinate and
(b) Rectangular coordinate
10. ANALYSIS OF DATA
The antenna directivity gain of an omnidirectional antenna is constant with the element spacing or
length between the two poles but inversely proportional to the signal frequency [17-19]. However, as the
distance between the two poles decreases or as the signal frequency decreases, the shape of the radiation
pattern of the antenna is closer to an isotropic radiator. The antenna diversity of the adaptive beamforming
smart antenna varies differently on the changing radius, element spacing, and frequency signal.
As the radius of the circular array decreases, the antenna directivity gain decreases and the
beamwidth of the radiation pattern widens. As the signal frequency decreases, the beamwidth widens, and
consequently, the antenna directivity decreases. As the spacing increases, the sidelobes get stronger.
Consequently, as the spacing decreases and the direction of the radiated energy is focused on one direction,
the gain increases, and the sidelobes get suppressed. The result concludes that as the number of element
arrays increases, the antenna can further focus the radiated energy in a specific direction. The smart antenna
can propagate signals that reach longer distances [20-22].
When the parameters of the two antennas are matched to compare their directivity, it can be seen
that the gain of the adaptive beamforming smart antenna is higher than the gain of the omnidirectional
antenna by 19.11 dBi. It confirms the concept that a directional antenna radiates a stronger signal than an
omnidirectional antenna [23-25]. The physical implementation of the simulation would consider the cost as a
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limiting factor when using the adaptive beamforming smart antenna. The circuitry of an omnidirectional
antenna is simpler relative to the directional antenna. This is reflected in the MATLAB source codes of the
two antennas. The circular planar array was first set up before the simulation of the antenna itself. The run
time of the directional antenna is longer than the omnidirectional.
11. CONCLUSION
The application Sensor Array Analyzer from the MATLAB software provided the researchers with
ease in design and simulation of the omnidirectional antenna and the adaptive beamforming smart antenna.
The phased array toolbox provided the algorithms needed to simulate the two antennas. The computation of
the radiation intensity to graph the radiation pattern is done by the toolbox. The model of the adaptive
beamforming smart antenna was done in the application. A circular planar array geometry was chosen for the
adaptive antenna due to its ability to suppress sidelobes and improve directivity.
The simulation presented that the circular planar geometry was effective in the directivity of the
antenna. Other variations of the parameters were also explored with its effects were observed. The
omnidirectional antenna with similar parameters was also simulated. The variations of the parameters were
also explored with its effects were observed. The radiation patterns of the two antennas were observed along
with its gain for an isotropic antenna. The results of the simulation confirmed that the adaptive beamforming
smart antenna has a higher gain compared to the omnidirectional antenna. The stronger gain of an antenna
means that it could travel a greater distance. The steering angle leads the angle of direction of the radiated
energy. It causes the shift in the phases of the signals of the elements in the array of the antenna.
The simulation also illustrated the complexity of the circuit of the two antennas. In as simple as the
run time of the simulation, it can be seen that the run time of the omnidirectional antenna is faster than the
adaptive beamforming smart antenna. The software generated the output of the adaptive antenna at a
relatively much longer time due to the complexity of the algorithm involved. This would be reflected in the
cost of the two antennas. Due to its complexity, adaptive antennas are more expensive than omnidirectional
antennas. However, in certain applications, the complexity and cost of a directional antenna can be
overlooked.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Aaron Don M. Africa is a researcher in the field of Communications Network Engineering. He
is one of the most promising researchers in that area. His area of expertise are communications
network engineering, expert systems, control systems, network design, and optimization.
specifically, he deals with the optimization of communication systems to make them more
efficient in functionality. This is for these systems to adapt effectively in the industry. He creates
simulation models to replicate different scenarios in network design.
Rica Rizabel M. Tagabuhin is from Manila, Philippines. She is a student of the B.S. degree in
Electronics and Communications Engineering (ECE) from De La Salle University. She is a
member of the Electronics and Communications Engineering society (ECES) and her research
interests include data communications.
Jan Jayson S.D. Tirados is from Manila, Philippines. He is a student of the B.S. degree in
Electronics and Communications Engineering (ECE) from De La Salle University. He is a
member of the Electronics and Communications Engineering Society (ECES) and his research
interests include antenna design.