Strength Characteristics of Concrete with Sintered Fly Ash Aggregateijsrd.com
This paper gives a research on Sintered fly ash. Which is a waste material of coal firing Thermal power plants (TPPs) and its accumulation near power plant . The sintered fly ash is procuder from Gallantt group of industries .This industries is located near Sector-23, GIDA Sahjanwa city in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh state. The plant is an establishment of 14th November, 2006 .It has a generation capacity of 25 MW. These theses explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concretecauses severe pollution problems. Its utilization as a raw material for cube (Brick) making will be a very usefully solution in our economical and environmental aspects. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) namely: 33, 43 and 53 which are commonly used in construction industry.This research paper in use of the Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 43grade and use the sintered fly ash many percentage 5%, 10% ,15%, and 20% remove the aggregate. The high emission of CO2 from cement industry, steel plants, waste products from the thermal plants for the generation of electric power to meet the demand of growing population resulted in the production of 70 million tons of coal ash per year from burning about 200 million tons of coal per year for electric power generation .This research paper explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concrete.
Studies on gold ore tailings as partial replacement of fine aggregates in con...IJLT EMAS
River sand is becoming scarce and meeting the demand
of fine aggregates in the construction industry is becoming a
challenging task. In this investigation an attempt is made to
utilize gold ore tailings as a partial substitute for river sand in
producing concrete. River sand is replaced with 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25% gold ore tailings and the resulting fine aggregates
were used in concrete mix and it is compared with conventional
concrete. Mix proportions for M20 concrete were obtained for
five mixes as per guidelines given in IS: 10262-2009. Workability,
compressive strength and flexural strength are reported. The
strengths were obtained at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days.
Compressive and flexural strength increased marginally from
5% to 15% replacement. There is a slight decrease in the
corresponding compressive and flexural strengths at 20%
replacement. Good correlation was observed between
compressive strength and flexural strength. It was observed that
the addition of gold ore tailings that would replace the fine
material at particular proportion has displayed an enhancing
effect on mechanical properties of concrete. This investigation
proves that gold ore tailings can be used as a partial substitute
for river sand in preparing concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Strength Characteristics of Concrete with Sintered Fly Ash Aggregateijsrd.com
This paper gives a research on Sintered fly ash. Which is a waste material of coal firing Thermal power plants (TPPs) and its accumulation near power plant . The sintered fly ash is procuder from Gallantt group of industries .This industries is located near Sector-23, GIDA Sahjanwa city in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh state. The plant is an establishment of 14th November, 2006 .It has a generation capacity of 25 MW. These theses explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concretecauses severe pollution problems. Its utilization as a raw material for cube (Brick) making will be a very usefully solution in our economical and environmental aspects. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) namely: 33, 43 and 53 which are commonly used in construction industry.This research paper in use of the Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 43grade and use the sintered fly ash many percentage 5%, 10% ,15%, and 20% remove the aggregate. The high emission of CO2 from cement industry, steel plants, waste products from the thermal plants for the generation of electric power to meet the demand of growing population resulted in the production of 70 million tons of coal ash per year from burning about 200 million tons of coal per year for electric power generation .This research paper explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concrete.
Studies on gold ore tailings as partial replacement of fine aggregates in con...IJLT EMAS
River sand is becoming scarce and meeting the demand
of fine aggregates in the construction industry is becoming a
challenging task. In this investigation an attempt is made to
utilize gold ore tailings as a partial substitute for river sand in
producing concrete. River sand is replaced with 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25% gold ore tailings and the resulting fine aggregates
were used in concrete mix and it is compared with conventional
concrete. Mix proportions for M20 concrete were obtained for
five mixes as per guidelines given in IS: 10262-2009. Workability,
compressive strength and flexural strength are reported. The
strengths were obtained at the ages of 3, 7 and 28 days.
Compressive and flexural strength increased marginally from
5% to 15% replacement. There is a slight decrease in the
corresponding compressive and flexural strengths at 20%
replacement. Good correlation was observed between
compressive strength and flexural strength. It was observed that
the addition of gold ore tailings that would replace the fine
material at particular proportion has displayed an enhancing
effect on mechanical properties of concrete. This investigation
proves that gold ore tailings can be used as a partial substitute
for river sand in preparing concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study on properties of concrete with different levels of replacement of cemen...eSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete is a widely used construction material which contains four major ingredients such as coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement and water. The consumption of concrete is increasing every year with the number of developmental activities in infrastructure sector. The production of cement involves high energy consumption. Hence, there is a need to reduce the consumption of cement in concrete by using other alternate materials which posses cementitious properties. Fly ash is one such material which can be used as a replacement to cement in concrete. The present study aims in observing the variation of strength of different grades of concrete with different levels of fly ash replacement. The objective of the study is to re-establish the findings of earlier research done in the area of fly ash concrete. The grades of concrete selected for the study are M20, M35 and M50. The fly ash replacements considered for the study are 0%, 20%, 35% and 50% of cement by weight. The results of this study indicates that for M20 and M35 grades of concrete, there is increase in strength with 35% cement replacement by fly ash. For M50 grade of concrete, there is decrease in strength for all replacement levels selected for the study. Keywords: Concrete, Cementitious material, Fly ash.
Modified Behaviour of Concrete by Replacing Fine Aggregates with Coal Fly Ashijtsrd
The prime objective of the study was to evaluate the structural properties and potential of concrete containing coal fly ash that of concrete containing no coal fly ash of corresponding mix proportions and strength. The cubes were tested for the compressive strength and beams specimens were tested for flexural strength. Splitting tensile strength tests were conducted on cylinder specimens. The total numbers of 60 cubes, 40 beams specimens and 40 numbers of cylinders were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength respectively at different ages to study the following aspect. The effect on unit weight of concrete after incorporating varying proportions of bottom ash. The effect of coal fly ash on workability C.F of fresh concrete. The effect on compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strength using bottom ash in varying percentages as a partial replacement of fine aggregates. Mix containing 30 and 40 bottom ash, at 90 days, attains the compressive strength equivalent to 109.13 and 105.17 of compressive strength of normal concrete at 28 days and attains flexural strength in the range of 112 116.3 at 90 days of flexural strength of normal concrete at 28 days. Dev Karan | Er. Sunil Kumar | Er. Vikram ""Modified Behaviour of Concrete by Replacing Fine Aggregates with Coal Fly Ash"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25191.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25191/modified-behaviour-of-concrete-by-replacing-fine-aggregates-with-coal-fly-ash/dev-karan
UTILIZATION OF COPPER SLAG AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE IN CONC...AM Publications
Today’s world is facing challenging and unsolved environmental problem such as global warming, forest destruction and lack of resources. In order to solve these environmental problems, resources recycling have to be done in environmentally safer methods. As there is a vast scarcity the production of aggregates for concrete the recycled materials have great demand. The present study mainly focuses on investigating the effect of using copper slag as a replacement of fine aggregate on the strength properties. In this report, M25 grade concrete was used and tests were conducted for various proportions of copper slag replacement with sand of 40%, 80% and 100% in concrete. In the first case along with replacement of copper slag with sand there is an attempt is made to replace the cement with 50% flyash similarly in second case for 30% replacement of cement with flyash replacement and in the third case with no replacement of cement with flyash. The obtained results were compared with those of nominal concrete made with ordinary Portland cement and sand. Further split tensile strength and flexural strength studies were also performed to check its durability aspects.
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Concrete Hollow Block Masonry UnitsEditorIJAERD
Concrete hollow block masonry are nowadays a common practice to be provided as infill walls in
Reinforced Concrete structures due to their improved sound and fire proofing properties. Moreover, its low cost and easy
and robust construction has also boosted their use in construction industry. This research focusses on finding the
mechanical properties of concrete hollow block masonry. Water absorption test on CMU, compressive strength test on
CMU, compressive strength test on mortar cubes and compressive strength test on grout has been conducted and shown
promising result
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered and Conventional Steel Frames for Differe...irjes
In this paper, the conventional steel frames having triangular Pratt truss as a roofing system of 60 m
length, span 30m and varying bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m respectively having eaves level for all the portals is at
10m and the EOT crane is supported at the height of 8m from ground level and pre-engineered steel frames of
same dimensions are analyzed and designed for wind zones (wind zone 2, wind zone 3, wind zone 4 and wind
zone 5) by using STAAD Pro V8i. The study deals with the comparative study of both conventional and preengineered
with respect to the amount of structural steel required, reduction in dead load of the structure.
Many countries are witnessing a rapid growth in the construction industry which involves the use of natural resources for the development of the inf rastructure. In order to reduce dependence on natural aggregates as the main source of aggregate in concrete,artificially manufactured aggregates and artificial aggregates generated from industrial wastes provide an alternative for the construction industry. The present study encour aged the utilization of industrial waste copper slag as replacement of natural aggregates in concre te. The results indicate that the use of copper slag in concrete increases the flexural strength of about 17% with that of control mixture. It is recommended that up to 40% of copper slag can be us e as replacement of fine aggregates.
Study on properties of concrete with different levels of replacement of cemen...eSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete is a widely used construction material which contains four major ingredients such as coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement and water. The consumption of concrete is increasing every year with the number of developmental activities in infrastructure sector. The production of cement involves high energy consumption. Hence, there is a need to reduce the consumption of cement in concrete by using other alternate materials which posses cementitious properties. Fly ash is one such material which can be used as a replacement to cement in concrete. The present study aims in observing the variation of strength of different grades of concrete with different levels of fly ash replacement. The objective of the study is to re-establish the findings of earlier research done in the area of fly ash concrete. The grades of concrete selected for the study are M20, M35 and M50. The fly ash replacements considered for the study are 0%, 20%, 35% and 50% of cement by weight. The results of this study indicates that for M20 and M35 grades of concrete, there is increase in strength with 35% cement replacement by fly ash. For M50 grade of concrete, there is decrease in strength for all replacement levels selected for the study. Keywords: Concrete, Cementitious material, Fly ash.
Modified Behaviour of Concrete by Replacing Fine Aggregates with Coal Fly Ashijtsrd
The prime objective of the study was to evaluate the structural properties and potential of concrete containing coal fly ash that of concrete containing no coal fly ash of corresponding mix proportions and strength. The cubes were tested for the compressive strength and beams specimens were tested for flexural strength. Splitting tensile strength tests were conducted on cylinder specimens. The total numbers of 60 cubes, 40 beams specimens and 40 numbers of cylinders were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength respectively at different ages to study the following aspect. The effect on unit weight of concrete after incorporating varying proportions of bottom ash. The effect of coal fly ash on workability C.F of fresh concrete. The effect on compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strength using bottom ash in varying percentages as a partial replacement of fine aggregates. Mix containing 30 and 40 bottom ash, at 90 days, attains the compressive strength equivalent to 109.13 and 105.17 of compressive strength of normal concrete at 28 days and attains flexural strength in the range of 112 116.3 at 90 days of flexural strength of normal concrete at 28 days. Dev Karan | Er. Sunil Kumar | Er. Vikram ""Modified Behaviour of Concrete by Replacing Fine Aggregates with Coal Fly Ash"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25191.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25191/modified-behaviour-of-concrete-by-replacing-fine-aggregates-with-coal-fly-ash/dev-karan
UTILIZATION OF COPPER SLAG AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE IN CONC...AM Publications
Today’s world is facing challenging and unsolved environmental problem such as global warming, forest destruction and lack of resources. In order to solve these environmental problems, resources recycling have to be done in environmentally safer methods. As there is a vast scarcity the production of aggregates for concrete the recycled materials have great demand. The present study mainly focuses on investigating the effect of using copper slag as a replacement of fine aggregate on the strength properties. In this report, M25 grade concrete was used and tests were conducted for various proportions of copper slag replacement with sand of 40%, 80% and 100% in concrete. In the first case along with replacement of copper slag with sand there is an attempt is made to replace the cement with 50% flyash similarly in second case for 30% replacement of cement with flyash replacement and in the third case with no replacement of cement with flyash. The obtained results were compared with those of nominal concrete made with ordinary Portland cement and sand. Further split tensile strength and flexural strength studies were also performed to check its durability aspects.
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Concrete Hollow Block Masonry UnitsEditorIJAERD
Concrete hollow block masonry are nowadays a common practice to be provided as infill walls in
Reinforced Concrete structures due to their improved sound and fire proofing properties. Moreover, its low cost and easy
and robust construction has also boosted their use in construction industry. This research focusses on finding the
mechanical properties of concrete hollow block masonry. Water absorption test on CMU, compressive strength test on
CMU, compressive strength test on mortar cubes and compressive strength test on grout has been conducted and shown
promising result
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered and Conventional Steel Frames for Differe...irjes
In this paper, the conventional steel frames having triangular Pratt truss as a roofing system of 60 m
length, span 30m and varying bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m respectively having eaves level for all the portals is at
10m and the EOT crane is supported at the height of 8m from ground level and pre-engineered steel frames of
same dimensions are analyzed and designed for wind zones (wind zone 2, wind zone 3, wind zone 4 and wind
zone 5) by using STAAD Pro V8i. The study deals with the comparative study of both conventional and preengineered
with respect to the amount of structural steel required, reduction in dead load of the structure.
Many countries are witnessing a rapid growth in the construction industry which involves the use of natural resources for the development of the inf rastructure. In order to reduce dependence on natural aggregates as the main source of aggregate in concrete,artificially manufactured aggregates and artificial aggregates generated from industrial wastes provide an alternative for the construction industry. The present study encour aged the utilization of industrial waste copper slag as replacement of natural aggregates in concre te. The results indicate that the use of copper slag in concrete increases the flexural strength of about 17% with that of control mixture. It is recommended that up to 40% of copper slag can be us e as replacement of fine aggregates.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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Structural Properties of Laterite - Quarry Dust Cement BlocksQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The study investigated the compressive strength and static modulus of elasticity of building blocks with full replacement of river sand with a blend of laterite – quarry. Values of compressive strength and static modulus are very helpful in the analyses and design of structures as they help in avoiding unrealistic assumptions which may be misleading in design. The maximum value of compressive strength obtained from a blend of 70% quarry dust and 30% laterite was 2.56N/mm2 at water cement ratio of 0.58 while a static modulus of elasticity of 8.86 was obtained from a combination of 75% quarry dust and 25% laterite.
The secondary mining technology for extracting the remaining coal from the open pit mining methods.
Cited as:
Boeut, S., & Loawattanabandit, P. " Design of Auger Highwall Mining: A case study at Mae Tan Coal Mine, Thailand", in Proc. ASEAN++2016 Towards Geo-resources Education in ASEAN Economic Community, 2016, pp. 304-321.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FERROCEMENT DEEP BEAMS WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT...ijsrd.com
The recent application of ferrocement includes prefabricated roof elements, load bearing panels, bridge decks and others. This present study deals with the experimental investigation of ferrocement deep beams with partial replacement of river sand by pond ash under two point loads. A total of 18 deep beams have been casted of dimension 120x250mm and the lengths of beams have been varied along with the variation of wire mesh layers and mortar strength kept constant. Before testing the top surface of these beams were white washed, to get a clear picture of crack pattern. Along with these beams 18 cubes have been casted with the dimension 7.06cmx7.06cmx7.06cm.the compressive strength of motor is determined.
Comparative study on compressive strength of normal mix andpradip patel
Fly ash which is also known as flue-ash, that the residues generated by burning waste materials, and containing the fine particles that produce with the flue gases. Ash which does not rise is termed bottom ash. In an industrial context, fly ash usually refers to ash produced during burning of coal. Fly ash is a waste product which is produced from thermal or coal based power plants. Use of fly ash in the concrete greatly improves many of its properties. Its use reduces hydration of heat, permeability and alkali aggregate reaction, improves workability, increased resistance to sulphate attack and corrosion thus making concrete mass more strong and durable. Besides these advantages, its use also reduces cost of concrete by using required quantity of cement. World over, in many of the developed countries, use of fly ash is one of the essential ingredient of durable concrete. Fly ash is generally captured by electrostatic precipitators or other particle filtration equipment before the flue gases reach the chimneys of coal-fired power plants and together with bottom ash removed from the bottom of the furnace is in this case jointly known as coal ash. Present study aim is to carryout work on lignite coal fly ash as partial replacement with cement. Prepare normal mix concrete and lignite coal fly ash concrete mix and compare compressive strength of cube and cylindrical mould after 3 days, 14 days and 28 days respectively
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: The WebAuthn API and Discoverable Credentials.pdf
Design of Longwall for 2 seam of Ramagundam
1. M.S.VENKATA RAMAYYA*
LOLLA SUDHAKAR**
M.V.RAMANA RAO***
DESIGN OF LONG WALL PANEL – A CASE STUDY
FOR NO.2 SEAM OF RAMAGUNDAM AREA, SCCL
ABSTRACT: Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) is a jointly owned Coal
Company by govt. of Andhra Pradesh and govt. of India. In view of its strategic location
and being the only coal producing company in South India, SCCL has the onerous
responsibility of catering to the coal requirements of consumers within the Godavari
Valley.
GDK.10A Incline is one of the most mechanized underground mines in SCCL.
There are total 7 seams (No.1A, 1, 2, 3B, 3A, 3 & 4) present within the mine boundaries
out of which No.1A & 3B are proved inconsistent. No.1 & 2 seams are considered for
extraction from GDK.10A Incline and seam no.3& 4 are being worked by GDK.10.
Incline. No.1 seam having 2 clay bands has been worked by Long wall technology. No.2
seam is 18-20m below No.1 seam, This seam was developed near the out crop and
abandoned due to the presence of thick clay band.
With the experience of working No.1 seam with two clay bands and development
in scientific estimation of proper roof supports, the authors are of the opinion that the
No.2 seam can be extracted by mechanized Long wall technology with an extraction
height of 2.0m. The present paper explores the possibility of working No.2 seam of
GDK.10A Incline with Long wall Technology by thorough study of Geo-technical data
and Physico-mechanical properties of overlying roof rocks to estimate the caving and
required support resistance.
1. INTRODUCTION:
The Singareni Collieries Company Limited is operating 58 underground mines
and 12 opencast mines catering to the needs of coal consumers in South India. SCCL has
introduced suitable mechanization in mines wherever conditions favour to improve
production capacity, productivity and percentage of extraction.
GDK.10A Incline and GDK.10 Incline mines are the glittering examples of
successful underground mines mechanization in SCCL. Long wall technology was
introduced in No.1 seam of GDK.10A Incline in 1994. Since then six panels have been
extracted with total output of 3.63 Million tones.
* Dy.GM (5Group of Mines) ** Dy.Mgr (Project Planning) *** GME, No.5 Incline
The Singareni Collieries Company Limited, Kothagudem –507119
2. Blasting Gallery technology was introduced in No.3 seam of GDK.10 Incline in
the year 1989. The project is considered as trendsetter in thick seam underground mining
in India. No.3 seam lying below GDK.10A Incline property is being proposed for
Blasting gallery. No.1 Seam is worked successfully by Long wall method even though it
contains two clay bands.
2. EXPERIENCE OF WORKING NO.1 SEAM:
No.1 seam in GDK.10A Incline of Ramagundam area block is intercalated with
two distinct clay bands. These clay bands have restricted the development and extraction
by Bord and Pillar where percentage of recovery was poor and created strata control
problems. These seams have been developed by Road headers and extracted by Long
wall for the past 8 years in GDK.10A Incline. Nearly 10Km of roadways have been
developed and 3.5 Million tones of coal has been extracted. But for Long wall system this
seam could not have been recovered much.
Experience of development in top section, bottom section and extraction by Long
wall and allowing both clay bands to fall in goaf is ensuring ‘E’ grade from the No.1
seam. With all this a definite procedure is established in dealing with Clay bands in
No.1 seam and extraction of the same safely.
3. POSSIBILITY OF WORKING NO.2 SEAM:
With the valuable experience gained while working No.1 seam. It is proposed to
work No.2 seam with Long wall technology. In Ramagundam region of SCCL this No.2
seam is developed by Bord and Pillar in the past with heights as low as 1.5m to 2.0m in
GDK.3 Incline, GDK.2A Incline and GDK.5A Incline. In GDK.6B Incline this 2 seam is
being worked presently. In opencast mines, it is in completely worked.
Presently seams thinner than 1.5m are worked in OC mines and in underground
mines they are declared non-vendible5, since they are not workable, by the preset mining
methods. This concept should be changed and all the thin seams of good quality have to
be exploited. UK/Germany/Poland which had no reserves in thick seam have developed/
worked Long wall in thin seams to sustain their coal mining industry at the fag end of
their reserves. Double face system and dual usage of gate roadways for simultaneous
working of two contiguous seams/thick seam with clay band in middle section of the
seam can be adopted with German Collaboration6.
The main problem in the working of No.2 seam is presence of clay band, which
created strata control and quality related problems. No.1 seam of GDK.10A Incline is
developed in top section with 1.0m clay band and the gate roadways are driven in bottom
section leaving 0.3 to 0.5m coal against the clay. This in turn supported by roof bolting.
Roof support was initially difficult but after studies conducted by scientific agencies, roof
support was designed and is well established now.
Keeping in view the extent of II-seam efforts were put in for the development of
No.2 seam. The studies conducted on the boreholes drilled from GDK.10A Incline
revealed the following.
3. 1. Bore hole No.1038 drilled from surface for shaft sinking. This borehole seam
section shows that No.2 seam can be developed along stone floor with an
height 1.8-2.0m. The grade of coal would be ‘D’ grade.
2. Bore holes (2 No.s) have been drilled from No.1 seam floor to No.II seam
floor at 35L/3D & 40L/2D. The borehole section and Lithology shows that
No.2 seam can be comfortably developed along floor with a height of 2.0m.
3. Further No.2 seam is being developed from 48L X-cut by drivage of level
tunnel. The seam section of various boreholes in deep shaft block indicate its
workability with a height of extraction 2.0m with low ‘D’ grade.
Internal studies conducted and proposals made by various scientific agencies
suggested extraction of II-seam by Long wall. No.II Seam was finally considered to be
worked with only Long wall technology2.
4. DESIGN OF LONG WALL PANEL IN NO.2 SEAM:
For proper understanding of caving behaviour an estimation was made basing on
the Plate theory of failure proposed by Prof. Qian Ming-gao and Prof. He Fulian, China.
TABLE.1
PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ROOF ROCK
BH NO.637
Depth from BoreHole Thickness Density Tensile Str. Youngs Mod
Surface(m) 637 (m) (gr/cc) (kg/sq.cm) x105(Kg/sq.cm)
163.4 0.1 1.4
164.57 1.17 2.12 15.92 0.23
10.43 2.12 17.07 0.35
175
8.2 2.21 25.31 0.41
183.2
4.13 1.56 36.72
187.53 IMM
2 1.4 23.93
189.33
4. TABLE.2
BORE HOLE LITHOLOGY
BHNO.637
Depth from BoreHole Thickn Lithology Bulking Bulk-up Cumu. Cumu.
Surface(m) 637 (m) Factor(m) Height Bulk-up Ht. Thickn
163.4 0.1 Coal
164.57 1.17 Carb sandy Shale 1.4 1.638
Grey Sandstone
10.43 (Medium - 1.15 11.9945 27.04 24.76
Grained)
175
8.2 Grey Sandstone 1.13 9.266 15.048 14.33
(Fine &Medium -
183.2 Grained)
4.13 Shaly Coal 1.4 5.782 5.782 6.13
187.53 IMM
2 COAL 2
189.33 Working Sec.
REMARKS :
Caving Height = 14.33m
Working Sec. = 2.0m
Immediate Roof = 4.13m
( Which caves in as the supports are advanced)
SSt which is expected to cave = 8.2m
4.1. CALCULATION FOR FIRST FALL DISTANCE FOR A FACE LENGTH OF
150 m:
1. Vertical Pressure (Pv) = e1 x t1 + e’ x H
Where,
e1 – Density of bed which is expected to cave.
t1 - thickness of bed which is expected to cave
e’ – Density of the bed which is lying above the expected cavable bed
H – Depth upto the bed.
Pv = 2.21 x 8.2*+ 2.12 x 175
= 389.122 t/sq.m (* from Table.2)
= 3.89 Mpa
5. 2. m : Virgin Horizontal Stress:
= 175/d + 0.3
= 175/183.2+0.3
= 1.255
3. Horizontal Stress on (σh) = m x Pv
= 1.255 x 3.89
= 4.881 Mpa
4. Weight per Unit Thickness of Beds w = e1 x t1
= 2.21 x 8.2
w = 18.122 t/sq.m
5. Instiu Tensile Strength σt = 0.9 x 2.531
= 2.278 Mpa
BY TRAIL ERROR PROCESS…
a) Let a= 66m b=150m t = Thickness of Sandstone expected to cave in m
= 8.2 m (from Table.2)
a/b = 0.44
f(a/b) = 0.01991
Bending Stress (σ’) = f(a/b) x w x 1502 x 6 / t2
= 0.0199 x 18.122 x 1502x 6 / (8.2) 2
= 726.2t/sq.m.
= 7.262 Mpa
σt = σ’ – σh
= 7.262 – 4.881
= 2.385 Mpa
The tensile Strength of the Rock is 2.278Mpa. Hence it can be concluded the first
fall will occur after a retreat of 66m.
4.2. PERIODIC FALL :
Thickness of Bed1 (t1) = 8.2m
Tensile strength σt = 2.278 Mpa
Density e1 = 2.21 t/sq.m.
Acceleration due to gravity(g)= 9.81 m/sec2
L12 = t1 x σt / 3 x e1 x g
= 8.2 x 2.278 x 103 / 3 x 2.21 x 9.81
L1 = 17 m
6. 4.3. ESTIMATION OF RESISTANCE REQUIRED:
a. AT MAIN FALL:
Weight of immediate Roof Wi = ei x 4.9 x ti x Sp
= 1.56 x 4.9 x 4.13 x 1.5
= 47 T
Weight of bed 1 W1 = e1 x t1 x 33 x Sp
= 2.21 x 8.2 x 33 x 1.5
= 897 T
a.1. TAKING MOMENTS ABOUT FACE LINE:
Pxp = Wi x [4.9/2] + W1 [33/2]
P x 3.7 = 47 x [4.9/2] + 897 [33/2]
P x 3.7 = 115.15 + 14800.5
P = 4031 T
This is very momentary (just at the moment of break of main bed). There will be bleeding
of supports and the 33m of block will rotate about face line and will touch goaf waste.
This overhang of 33m can be treated as simply supported beam with one end on goaf and
the other end on rear of support with a length of (33-4.9) = 28.1
________________________________
|-----------------------------------------------|
28.1m = e1 t1 x 1.5
= 2.21 x 8.2 x 1.5
W = 27 t/m
Maximum Bending movement = W l2 /8
B.M. = 27 x (28.1)2 /8
= 2665 tm
M = f
----- -----
I y
7. F = (M / I) y
= B.M. x 6 / Sp x t12
= 2665 x 6 / 1.5 x (8.2)2
= 158.53 t/sq.m.
= 1.59 Mpa.
The tensile strength of rock is 2. 278Mpa as this bending stress is 1.59 Mpa. It can be
concluded that there is no further break in the middle of block of 28.1m length.
a.2. TAKING MOMENTS ABOUT GOAF LINE:
P x (33-3.7) = 47 x [ 33- (4.9/2) ] + 897 [ 33/2 ]
P x 29.3 = 1435.85 + 14800.5
P x 29.3 = 16236.35
P = 554 T
b. AT PERIODIC FALL:
Weight of immediate Roof Wi = ei x 4.9 x ti x Sp
= 1.56 x 4.9 x 4.13 x 1.5
= 47 T
Weight of Periodic weight block W1 = e1 x t1 x (17+4.9) x Sp
(17m length) = 2.21 x 8.2 x 21.9 x 1.5
= 595 T
b.1. TAKING MOMENTS ABOUT FACE LINE:
Pxp = Wi x [ 4.9 / 2 ] + W1 [ 4.9+17 / 2 ]
P x 3.7 = 47 x [ 4.9 / 2 ] + 897 [ 21.9 / 2 ]
P x 3.7 = 115.15 + 9822.15
P = 2686 T
This is momentary load and the over hang will touch the goaf waste after bleeding and
subsequent lowering of supports.
8. b.2. TAKING MOMENTS ABOUT GOAF LINE:
P x [ (4.9+17) - 3.7 ] = Wi x [ (4.9+17) - (4.9/2) ] + W1 [ (4.9+17)/2 ]
P x [ (4.9+17) - 3.7 ] = 47 x [ 21.9 - (4.9/2) ] + 595 [ 21.9/2 ]
P x 18.2 = 914.15 + 6515.25
P x 18.2 = 7429.4
P = 408 T
4.4. SUMMARY OF ALL THE ABOVE CALCULATIONS:
The following points can be drawn from above calculations.
1. The main fall will occur after a retreat of about 66m for a face length of 150m
2. The periodic fall will occur at an interval of 17m
3. The required support resistance at the time of main fall is 554 t
4. The required support resistance at the time of periodic fall is 408 t
In view of the experience gained while working under settled goaf at JK-5 Incline
of SCCL and Jhanjra mine of ECL4, it is most likely that the capacity of support required
would be less compared to the calculations made treating the strata above as virgin.
Further work is in progress in this regard.
5. CONCLUSIONS:
It is concluded that,
No.2 seam that is lying 18-20m below the No.1 seam can be worked by Long wall
method comfortably with better control of strata.
For economic viability and conservation of coal it is essential that the extraction
of II-seam is taken up though there are some difficulties in regard to low height
working.
Working of II-seam will be better in regard to strata control as the upper seam is
distressed after liquidation of I-seam.
In II-seam, Anchorage with resign capsules at the top of the hole can be done for
immediate anchorage and avoid bed separation. Fore-poling bolts with cement
capsules and W-straps in conjuction with linked wire mesh of 50mm x 50mm x
8mm gauge should be used. In case of bed separation shot-create over the linked
wire mesh should be rested. With this type of support development can be done
below the goaf, which is the distressed zone.
The support capacity of around 4 x 600 t is sufficient for easy working of the
seam with Long wall technology with out keeping in-view the effects of
distressed phenomena.
9. 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The authors are grateful to the SCCL management for permitting to publish this
paper. The views expressed by the authors in this article are of their own and not
necessarily of the organization to which they belong.
7. REFERENCES:
1. Prof. Qian Ming-gao, Prof. He Fulian – technical paper on “ The behaviour
of the main roof in Long wall mining – weighting span, fracture and
disturbance.
2. Goutham Benarjee, Scientist & Head Long wall & Short wall Division,
CMRI, Dhanbad – Report on possibility of working II-seam at GDK.10A
Incline, Ramagundam.
3. Peng.S - Long wall Strata Control.
4. S.K.Varma, P.K.Mandol, S.Dasgupta, a paper on “ Fire at AW1 Long wall
panel in 1&2 Incline, Jhanjra area, ECL an unique experience”, Journal of
CMTM, pg.no.5 to 14,Vol.6, No.5 May, 2001,
5. D.L.R.Prasad, M.S.Vanka Ramayya, a paper on “Sustainable Mining
Technology- past, present and future of Long wall mining in Godavari valley
coalfield, Andhra Pradesh”, National Symposium on “Sustainable Mining
Technology: Present and Future”, conducted by Dept. of Mining, Anna
University., pg.no.143 to 151, March 14-15, 2002,
6. DBT Mining Engineers (2001), Double face system and Dual usage of gate
roads, Paper on “The experiences of simultaneous working of two seams at
Cayirhan (Turkey), Saar Brucken, Germany.