Design for testability is important for software quality and the ability to write tests. Poor design can lead to rigidity, fragility, and opacity, making code difficult to test and maintain. Good design principles include loose coupling, high cohesion, and following SOLID principles. Design patterns like dependency injection improve testability by removing direct dependencies. The document also discusses principles for package design and test-friendly code.

1. Design for testability
Stanislav Tyurikov

2. Design for testability
«One reasonable definition of good design is testability. It is hard to imagine
a software system that is both testable and poorly designed. It is also hard
to imagine a software system that is well designed but also untestable»
Robert C. Martin.
Design for testability – is improving quality of software design as well
as possibility to write tests for the code.

3. Symptoms of poor design
• Rigidity – System is hard to change.
• Fragility – Changes causes system to break easily and require other
changes.
• Immobility – Difficult to entangle components that can be reused in
other systems.
• Viscosity – Doing things right is harder than doing things wrong.
• Needless Complexity – System contains infrastructure that has no
direct benefit.
• Needless Repetition – Repeated structures that should have a
single abstraction.
• Opacity – Code is hard to understand.

4. Symptoms of good design
• Minimal complexity – Avoid making “clever“ designs. Clever designs are usually hard to
understand. Keep it simple.
• Ease of maintenance – it is easy to understand and make changes.
• Loose coupling – Loose coupling means designing so that you hold connections among different
parts of a program to a minimum.
• Extensibility – You should be able to change a piece of the system without causing a huge impact to
other pieces of the system.
• Reusability – less of code duplication, it can be reused in other systems.
• High fan-in – Refers to having a high number of classes that use a given class. High fan-in implies
that a system has been designed to make good use of utility classes at the lower levels in the system.
• Low-to-medium fan-out – a given class should use a low-to-medium number of other classes. High
fan-out (more than about seven) indicates a class uses a large number of other classes and may be
overly complex.
• Portability – program can be run on lot of computers without complex configuration.
• Leanness – no redundant modules/classes/functionalities.
• Stratification – try to keep the levels of decomposition stratified so you can view the system at any
single level without dipping into other levels.
• Standard techniques – Give the whole system a familiar feeling by using standardized, common
approaches.

5. SOLID design principles
• SRP: Single Responsibility Principle – There should never be more than one reason
for a class to change.
• OCP: Open/Closed Principle – Software entities (classes, modules, functions, etc.)
should be open for extension, but closed for modification.
• LSP: Liskov Substitution Principle – Functions that use pointers or references to
base classes must be able to use objects of derived classes without knowing it.
• ISP: Interface Segregation Principle – Clients should not be forced to depend on
methods that they do not use.
• DIP: Dependency Inversion Principle – High-level modules should not depend on
low-level modules. Both should depend on abstractions. Abstractions should not
depend on details. Details should depend on abstractions.

6. Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)
There should never be more than one reason for a class to change.
Violation example:
public class EntityFactory implements IEntityFactory
{
private Map<String, String> loadPropertiesFromFile(String fileName)
{
...
}
@Override
public Entity createEntity()
{
final Map<String, String> properties = loadPropertiesFromFile("entity.properties");
return new Entity(properties.get("name"));
}
}

7. Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)
There should never be more than one reason for a class to change.
Violation example:
After refactoring:
public class EntityFactory implements IEntityFactory
{
private Map<String, String> loadPropertiesFromFile(String fileName)
{
...
}
@Override
public Entity createEntity()
{
final Map<String, String> properties = loadPropertiesFromFile("entity.properties");
return new Entity(properties.get("name"));
}
}
public class EntityFactory implements IEntityFactory
{
@Override
public Entity createEntity(final Map<String, String> properties)
{
if (properties == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Properties must not be null");
}
return new Entity(properties.get("name"));
}
}

8. Open/Closed Principle (OCP)
Software entities (classes, modules, functions, etc.) should be open for
extension, but closed for modification.
Violation example:
public interface BeanSearcher {
public Bean findById(Long id);
}
public interface BeanSearcher {
public Bean findById(Long id);
public Bean findByName(String name);
}
extension

9. Open/Closed Principle (OCP)
Software entities (classes, modules, functions, etc.) should be open for
extension, but closed for modification.
Violation example:
After refactoring:
public interface BeanSearcher {
public Bean findById(Long id);
}
public interface BeanSearcher {
public Bean findByQuery(SearchQuery query);
}
public class IdSearchQuery extends SearchQuery {}
public class NameSearchQuery extends SearchQuery {}
public interface BeanSearcher {
public Bean findById(Long id);
public Bean findByName(String name);
}
extension

10. Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)
Functions that use pointers or references to base classes must be able to use
objects of derived classes without knowing it.
Violation example:
class Rectangle
{
protected int width;
protected int height;
public void setWidth(int w)
{
this.width = w;
}
public void setHeight(int h)
{
this.height = h;
}
public int calculateRectangleArea()
{
return width * height;
}
}
class Square extends Rectangle
{
@Override
public void setWidth(int w)
{
this.width = w;
this.height = w;
}
@Override
public void setHeight(int h)
{
this.width = h;
this.height = h;
}
}
private Rectangle rectangle = new Square();
@Test
public void rectangle()
{
rectangle.setHeight(2);
rectangle.setWidth(3);
Assert.assertEquals(rectangle.calculateRectangleArea(), 6);
}

11. Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)
Clients should not be forced to depend on methods that they do not use.
Violation example:
interface ProcessListener
{
public void onProcessStart(Process p);
public void onProcessEnd(Process p);
}
class NewProcessRegistrator implements ProcessListener
{
public void onProcessStart(Process p)
{
registerProcess(p);
}
public void onProcessEnd(Process p)
{
// nothing to do.
}
…
}

12. Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)
Clients should not be forced to depend on methods that they do not use.
Violation example:
interface ProcessListener
{
public void onProcessStart(Process p);
public void onProcessEnd(Process p);
}
class NewProcessRegistrator implements ProcessListener
{
public void onProcessStart(Process p)
{
registerProcess(p);
}
public void onProcessEnd(Process p)
{
// nothing to do.
}
…
}
interface ProcessStartupListener
{
public void onProcessStart(Process p);
}
interface ProcessShutdownListener
{
public void onProcessEnd(Process p);
}
interface ProcessListener extends
ProcessStartupListener, ProcessShutdownListener
{
}
class NewProcessRegistrator implements ProcessStartupListener
{
public void onProcessStart(Process p)
{
registerProcess(p);
}
…
}
refactoring

13. Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)
High-level modules should not depend on low-level modules. Both should depend
on abstractions. Abstractions should not depend on details. Details should depend
on abstractions.
Violation example:
• Direct instantiation: new SomeObject();
• Static methods: ServiceLocator.getObject();
• Interface contains field on a class: interface A { final Service SERVICE = new Service(); }
CI
CC
II
IC
depends depends
depends depends

14. A
D
K
E
H
F
G
C
B
Any OOP designed software is a set of interacting objects.
A class instance can have own lifecycle (scope, lifetime).
The problems are:
• Who should take care about instance creation and lifecycle?
• How to share one service instance between many others?
• How to reuse classes in deferent environment ?
use
use
use
use
use
Inversion Of Control and Dependency Injection

15. 1) Create it by yourself.
2) Ask someone to find/create it:
• Locator (for instance)
• Factory (for new instance)
3) Someone puts it to you. («Don’t call us. We’ll call you.»)
A B
use
// direct instantiation.
class A {
private B b = new B();
public void doSomething() {
b.someCall();
}
}
// Ask locator for component
class A {
private B b = Locator.getB();
public void doSomething() {
b.someCall();
}
}
// Create component with
// factory
class A {
private B b =
Factory.createB();
public void doSomething() {
b.someCall();
}
}
// Someone puts component
class A {
private B b;
public A(B b) {
this.b = b;
}
public void doSomething() {
b.someCall();
}
}
Inversion Of Control and Dependency Injection

16. C
S1
I1 S2
Test
Stub
use
impl
I2
S3
Test
Stub
C
S1
I1 S2
Test
Stub
use
impl
I2
S3
Test
Stub
Runtime configuration: Test configuration:
Some IoC frameworks (for example Spring) make possible to change dependency
configuration without any code modification.
Inversion Of Control and Dependency Injection

17. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="windows-1251"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd">
<bean id="service1" class="com.mycompany.springexample.services.ServiceImpl1" />
<bean id="service2" class="com.mycompany.springexample.services.ServiceImpl2" />
<bean id="client1" class="com.mycompany.springexample.client.Client" >
<property name="service1" ref="service1" />
<property name="service2" ref="service2" />
</bean>
</beans>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="windows-1251"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd">
<bean id="service1" class="com.mycompany.springexample.services.stub.ServiceStub1" />
<bean id="service2" class="com.mycompany.springexample.services.stub.ServiceStub2" />
<bean id="client1" class="com.mycompany.springexample.client.Client" >
<property name="service1" ref=“service1" />
<property name="service2" ref=“service2" />
</bean>
</beans>
Runtime Configuration
Test Configuration
Beans linkage definition

18. Law of Demeter principle (LoD)
• Each unit should only use a limited set of other units: only units
“closely” related to the current unit.
• “Each unit should only talk to its friends. Don’t talk to strangers.”
Main Motivation: Control information overload. We can only keep a
limited set of items in short-term memory.
Benefits: Loosely coupled classes.
LoD violation example:
A B C A M
B C
D
A knows B’s dependencies A knows
M’s inner structure

19. Law of Demeter violation code example
class A
{
public String getMessage()
{
return "Message";
}
}
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new B().printMessage(new A());
}
}
class B
{
public void printMessage(A a)
{
System.out.println(a.getMessage());
}
}

20. Law of Demeter violation code example
class A
{
public String getMessage()
{
return "Message";
}
}
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new B().printMessage(new A());
}
}
refactoring
class B
{
public void printMessage(A a)
{
System.out.println(a.getMessage());
}
}
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
A a = new A();
String message = a.getMessage();
new B().printMessage(message);
}
}
class B
{
public void printMessage(String message)
{
System.out.println(message);
}
}

21. Package design principles
Cohesion
• RREP: Release Reuse Equivalency Principle – The granule of reuse is the granule of release.
Only components that are released through a tracking system can be effectively reused. This
granule is the package.
• CCP: Common Closure Principle – The classes in a package should be closed together against
the same kinds of changes. A change that affects a package affects all the classes in that
package.
• CRP: Common Reuse Principle – The classes in a package are reused together. If you reuse
one of the classes in a package, you reuse them all.
Coupling
• ADP: Acyclic Dependencies Principle – The dependency structure between packages must be
a directed acyclic graph (DAG). That is, there must be no cycles in the dependency structure.
• SDP: Stable Dependencies Principle – The dependencies between packages in a design should
be in the direction of the stability of the packages. A package should only depend upon
packages that are more stable that it is.
• SAP: Stable Abstractions Principle – Packages that are maximally stable should be maximally
abstract. Instable packages should be concrete. The abstraction of a package should be in
proportion to its stability.

22. TUF & TUC
TUF – Test Unfriendly Features
• Database access
• File system access
• Network access
• Access to side effecting APIs (GUI, etc)
• Lengthy computations
• Inscrutable computations
(computations which are hard to test
because they are difficult to understand)
• Static variable usage
Never hide a TUF within a TUC
TUC – Test Unfriendly Constructs
• Final Methods
• Final Classes
• Static Methods
• Private Methods
• Static Initialization Expressions
• Static Initialization Blocks
• Constructors
• Object Initialization Blocks
• New‐Expressions

23. GRASP design patterns
• Information Expert – A general principal of object design and responsibility
assignment?
• Creator – Who creates?
• Controller – What first object beyond the UI layer receives and coordinates a
system operation?
• Low Coupling – How to reduce the impact of change?
• High Cohesion – How to keep objects focused, understandable, and manageable?
• Polymorphism – Who is responsible when behavior varies by type?
• Pure Fabrication – Who is responsible when you are desperate, and do not want to
violate high cohesion and low coupling?
• Indirection – How to assign responsibilities to avoid direct coupling?
• Protected Variations – How to assign responsibilities so that the variations or
instability in the elements do not have an undesirable impact on other elements?

24. GoF design patterns
Behavioral
Chain of responsibility
Command
Interpreter
Iterator
Mediator
Memento
Observer
State
Strategy
Template method
Visitor
Creational
Abstract factory
Builder
Factory method
Prototype
Singleton
Structural
Adapter
Bridge
Composite
Decorator
Facade
Flyweight
Proxy

25. • http://www.oodesign.com/ - Design principles, GoF patterns
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRASP_%28Object_Oriented_Design%29 – GRASP patterns.
• http://www.c2.com/cgi/wiki?LawOfDemeter – Law Of Demeter description.
• Working Effectively with Legacy Code; Michael Feathers, 2006.
• Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship; Robert C. Martin, 2008
• Agile Software Development, Principles, Patterns, and Practices; Robert C. Martin
Additional Information