All types of engine-driven vehicles from automobiles, airplanes, aircraft carriers, and agricultural equipment to Zambonis may have electric motors to perform a variety of functions. In electric vehicles, diesel-electric vehicles, and hybrid vehicles, electric motors are used to propel the vehicle. The motor controllers in-vehicle applications are integrated into the vehicle.
The machine is very much advance and simple to construct. The working of machine is easy and eco friendly . Its is the most economical vehicle as there is no fuel consumption. The cost of all the component is less and the component should be easily available in the market.so presently it is common to use in developing countries.
Summer Training Report,DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE WORKS,VARANASI(DLW)Vivek Yadav
Summer Training Report,
Locomotive Manufacturing Workshops(EES,LTS,LFS,HMS)
DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, VARANASI(DLW),
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
Diesel locomotive works (DLW) is production unit under the ministry of railways. This was set up in collaboration with American Locomotive Company (ALCO) USA in 1961 and the first locomotive was rolled out in 1964. This unit produces diesel electronic locomotives and DG sets for Indian railways and other customers in India and abroad.
An automotive jack is a device used to raise all or part of a vehicle into the air in order to facilitate repairs. Most people are familiar with the basic car jack (manually operated) that is still included as standard equipment with most new cars. These days, a car jack is an important tool to have in our vehicle due to unknown upcoming event such as flat tire in our journey. Even so, people who like to rotate their tires themselves or who may install snow tires before the winter and remove them in the spring need to use a jack to perform the job. Changing a flat tire is not a very pleasant experience. Women have a much lighter skeleton that means, among other things, woman can’t pull more forces as well as men and are at greater risk of skeletal injuries. Usually the car purposely tries to get a flat tire at the least opportune moments.
The document provides information about Deepak Singh's summer training at Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW) in Varanasi, India. It discusses:
1) DLW was established in 1956 to manufacture diesel-electric locomotives for Indian Railways. It produces 250 locomotives annually and has supplied locomotives internationally.
2) Deepak Singh was allotted to several workshops including Rotor shop, Welding shop, and Light Machine shop. He learned about welding processes, CNC machines, and turbocharger assembly in these workshops.
3) The Rotor shop manufactures components of the turbocharger which is critical to providing fresh air intake and improving the power and efficiency of locomotive engines.
DLW is an integrated plant and its manufacturing facilities are flexible in nature. These can be utilized for manufacture of different design of locomotives of various gauges suiting customer requirements and other products.
The document is a project report submitted by Arpit Jain for his B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering. It discusses his internship project at Eicher Engines in Alwar, India. Eicher Engines is a subsidiary of TAFE Motors and Tractors Limited, which is part of the Amalgamations Group. The report provides an introduction to the company, describes its product range including tractor and stationary engines. It also includes process flow charts, department descriptions and an overview of the quality assurance system at Eicher Engines. The main focus of the project was inspection of the material composition of a Valtra engine component.
This document is a summer internship report submitted by Iqubal Husain, a 2nd year mechanical engineering student, about his 4-week internship at Banaras Locomotive Works in Varanasi, India. The report includes an introduction to BLW, which was formerly known as Diesel Locomotive Works and now produces electric locomotives. It also describes some of the main shops at BLW, including the Maintenance Service Shop and Sheet Metal Shop, and provides details on key locomotives produced, such as the WAP-7 and WAG-9.
Summer Internship/Training report at Indian RailwayChirag Jain
The document summarizes Chirag Jain's 15-day summer training at the Western Railway Carriage Repair Workshop in Mumbai. It includes an acknowledgement, declaration, preface, and schedule of shops visited each day including lifting and maintenance of ICF and FIAT bogies, suspension springs and shock absorbers, air brake systems, wheels and axles, and final inspection. Key activities of the workshop included periodic overhauling of 1500 passenger coaches per year. Maintenance processes for bogies, air brakes, and other components are described. Safety precautions and defects to check for during maintenance are also outlined.
Summer Training Report,DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE WORKS,VARANASI(DLW)Vivek Yadav
Summer Training Report,
Locomotive Manufacturing Workshops(EES,LTS,LFS,HMS)
DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, VARANASI(DLW),
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
Diesel locomotive works (DLW) is production unit under the ministry of railways. This was set up in collaboration with American Locomotive Company (ALCO) USA in 1961 and the first locomotive was rolled out in 1964. This unit produces diesel electronic locomotives and DG sets for Indian railways and other customers in India and abroad.
An automotive jack is a device used to raise all or part of a vehicle into the air in order to facilitate repairs. Most people are familiar with the basic car jack (manually operated) that is still included as standard equipment with most new cars. These days, a car jack is an important tool to have in our vehicle due to unknown upcoming event such as flat tire in our journey. Even so, people who like to rotate their tires themselves or who may install snow tires before the winter and remove them in the spring need to use a jack to perform the job. Changing a flat tire is not a very pleasant experience. Women have a much lighter skeleton that means, among other things, woman can’t pull more forces as well as men and are at greater risk of skeletal injuries. Usually the car purposely tries to get a flat tire at the least opportune moments.
The document provides information about Deepak Singh's summer training at Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW) in Varanasi, India. It discusses:
1) DLW was established in 1956 to manufacture diesel-electric locomotives for Indian Railways. It produces 250 locomotives annually and has supplied locomotives internationally.
2) Deepak Singh was allotted to several workshops including Rotor shop, Welding shop, and Light Machine shop. He learned about welding processes, CNC machines, and turbocharger assembly in these workshops.
3) The Rotor shop manufactures components of the turbocharger which is critical to providing fresh air intake and improving the power and efficiency of locomotive engines.
DLW is an integrated plant and its manufacturing facilities are flexible in nature. These can be utilized for manufacture of different design of locomotives of various gauges suiting customer requirements and other products.
The document is a project report submitted by Arpit Jain for his B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering. It discusses his internship project at Eicher Engines in Alwar, India. Eicher Engines is a subsidiary of TAFE Motors and Tractors Limited, which is part of the Amalgamations Group. The report provides an introduction to the company, describes its product range including tractor and stationary engines. It also includes process flow charts, department descriptions and an overview of the quality assurance system at Eicher Engines. The main focus of the project was inspection of the material composition of a Valtra engine component.
This document is a summer internship report submitted by Iqubal Husain, a 2nd year mechanical engineering student, about his 4-week internship at Banaras Locomotive Works in Varanasi, India. The report includes an introduction to BLW, which was formerly known as Diesel Locomotive Works and now produces electric locomotives. It also describes some of the main shops at BLW, including the Maintenance Service Shop and Sheet Metal Shop, and provides details on key locomotives produced, such as the WAP-7 and WAG-9.
Summer Internship/Training report at Indian RailwayChirag Jain
The document summarizes Chirag Jain's 15-day summer training at the Western Railway Carriage Repair Workshop in Mumbai. It includes an acknowledgement, declaration, preface, and schedule of shops visited each day including lifting and maintenance of ICF and FIAT bogies, suspension springs and shock absorbers, air brake systems, wheels and axles, and final inspection. Key activities of the workshop included periodic overhauling of 1500 passenger coaches per year. Maintenance processes for bogies, air brakes, and other components are described. Safety precautions and defects to check for during maintenance are also outlined.
The document provides details about Vipin Kumar's training at Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW) in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. It includes:
1) An introduction to DLW, which was established in 1956 and manufactures diesel-electric locomotives for Indian Railways. It produces locomotives of various types including WDM, WDP, WDG, and WDS.
2) Descriptions of sections within DLW such as welding, machining, painting, and assembly shops where locomotive production takes place.
3) Acknowledgements from the author thanking DLW and his college for enabling the training opportunity.
4) Tables of contents and preface describing
Internship report of mechanical studentRitika Vyas
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Sudeep Mathur to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It provides details of a training project completed at VE Commercial Vehicles Ltd from May 10th to July 10th 2018 under the guidance of Mr. Vaibhav Vinayaka. The project focused on improving build quality for UD 1104 export vehicles to Indonesia by addressing part availability, quality, and manufacturing processes over 300 vehicles with a goal of reducing defects from 850 to 100 per vehicle.
Analysis and selection of body member sections, Body subframe and underfloor ...Yash Lad
This document discusses the selection, analysis, and design of body member sections, subframes, and underfloor structures for vehicle design. It covers various cross section shapes that can be used for body members, different types of subframe designs, and the key components that define an automobile platform for the underfloor structure. The document also summarizes several research papers on analyzing and optimizing vehicle chassis frames and structures through computational modeling and simulations.
This document provides an overview of electric vehicles, including their history, components, design considerations, manufacturing process, and advantages over gasoline-powered vehicles. It discusses how electric vehicles first emerged in the late 1800s but declined as gasoline vehicles improved. Recent concerns over pollution and limited resources have led to a resurgence in electric vehicle research and development. The key components of an electric vehicle include batteries, electric motors, motor controllers, and charging systems. Vehicle design must consider factors like weight, battery type and placement, and drivetrain configuration.
Summer Training Report on Indian Railways , C& W Workshop, NBQ, AssamDeepjyoti Patowary
This project report is based on Indian Railways Carriage and Wagon Workshop, New Bongaigaon, Assam under North-East Frontier (NFR) Railways. Project is uploaded here only based on educational purpose which will help the students studying engineering and undergoes industrial training. It may have some doubtful information. Readers are asked to re-verify the pieces of information before use.
Industrial training report on dlw varanasi for Main Receiving Substation, Tra...Devendra Kumar
Industrial training report on dlw Varanasi for Main Receiving Substation, Traction assembly shop, Maintenance area 2 and Loco Testing Shop(LTS).The industrial training report of DLW (DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE WORKS) is a different trade. i.e. Electronics and Communication, Electrical, Mechanical, Electrical & Electronics and many engineering holders have participated. The content of my industrial topic Main Receiving Substation, TRACTION ASSEMBLY SHOP, Maintenance area 2 and Loco Testing Shop
This document provides an overview of the Summer Training Presentation for Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW) in Varanasi, India. It discusses the history and establishment of DLW, gives facts about its production levels and locomotives, provides a diagram of diesel-electric locomotives, explains locomotive classification codes, and outlines the main production shops and divisions at DLW including Block, Engine, Loco, Maintenance Service, and Sub-Assembly.
indian railway gorakhpur training report for mechanical engineering 2016 Kishan Bharti
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Kishan Bharti during a 4-week training at the North Eastern Railway workshop in Gorakhpur, India. It includes an introduction to Indian Railways, a description of various shops in the workshop including machine, painting, wheel, spring, heat treatment, and jig and fixture shops. It also summarizes the processes, equipment, and activities carried out in each shop during Kishan's training period at the workshop.
This 3 sentence summary provides an overview of the key details from the document:
The document is a final design report for an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) created by a group of mechanical engineering students to fulfill their degree requirements. It includes sections on frame design and analysis, suspension system, steering, braking, engine and transmission selection, and safety features. The goal was to design a single-seat, high-performance off-road vehicle that can handle rugged terrain with maximum safety and comfort.
This document appears to be a student's six-week industrial training report submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It includes acknowledgments, a declaration, table of contents, instructions on report formatting and binding, and sections on company profile, project introduction and study, data analysis, results and findings, conclusions, limitations, suggestions, and bibliography. The report was submitted to Punjab Technical University after a six-week training at an unnamed company located in an unspecified city.
This document provides details about an internship training project conducted at the Central Railway Locomotive Workshop in Parel, Mumbai. It includes an introduction, certificates of completion for three interns, an acknowledgment, an index of topics covered in the internship report, and initial sections on braking systems used in Indian railways. Specifically, it discusses the classification of braking systems, focusing on air brake systems which use compressed air supplied by air compressors to activate brakes on each coach through a series of pipes, reservoirs, valves and cylinders.
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY THROUGH SPEED BREAKERSamiullah Kakar
This document describes a project to generate electricity from speed breakers on roads. As vehicles pass over speed breakers, kinetic energy is wasted through heat and friction. This project aims to convert that wasted energy into electrical energy. It proposes installing movable speed breakers connected to a rack and pinion mechanism to convert vertical motion into rotational motion. This rotation would generate electricity using standard generators. The document outlines the working principle, components, advantages, and scope of the project. It aims to provide a sustainable energy source by tapping into kinetic energy from traffic on busy roads.
This document presents a parametric stress analysis of a helical gear using finite element analysis (FEA). It describes designing a helical gear pair using SolidWorks, meshing the model in ANSYS, and analyzing the contact stresses. The analysis considered different gear modules and face widths. It was found that increasing the module decreased the contact region and increased stresses, while larger face widths decreased stresses by spreading the load over more teeth. The maximum von Mises stress of around 125 MPa occurred for the smallest module and face width. Load sharing plots showed how the ratio of load distributed between gear teeth changed with position along the line of contact.
The document provides details about an industrial training report completed by two interns at Hardrock Attachments Pvt. Ltd., a manufacturer of fabricated structures for construction machinery. The report describes the company's plant layout, manufacturing processes, machinery, quality systems, products, and maintenance procedures. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the heavy fabrication and machining industry for educational purposes.
This internship report summarizes the work done during an internship at the Mughalpura Railway Works in Lahore, Pakistan. The internship provided hands-on experience in various workshops including the diesel classified shop, foundry shop, E & DC shop, and spring shop. Key activities included learning about locomotive parts and operations, inspecting production processes, and understanding maintenance schedules. The report describes the functions of each workshop and manufacturing processes like casting, machining, and spring production. It aims to connect theoretical knowledge to practical applications in the railway industry.
BEV ( Battery Operated Electric Vehicles) PPTPranav Mistry
Presentation done on subject of BEV ( Battery Operated Electrical Vehicles) at ARAI ( Automobile Research Association Of India ,Pune) on 4 Th December .2019
"A die is a specialized tool used in manufacturing industries to cut or shape material mostly using a press. Like molds, dies are generally customized to the item they are used to create. Products made with dies range from simple paper clips to complex pieces used in advanced technology".
DLW is an integrated plant and its manufacturing facilities are flexible in nature. These can be utilized for manufacture of different design of locomotives of various gauges suiting customer requirements and other products.
The document provides an overview of Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW) in Varanasi, India, which produces diesel-electric locomotives. DLW was established in 1961 through collaboration with American Locomotive Company and has since produced locomotives using both ALCO and Electro-Motive Division technologies. The document details the various types of locomotives produced at DLW, including their specifications and components.
The document provides details about Vipin Kumar's training at Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW) in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. It includes:
1) An introduction to DLW, which was established in 1956 and manufactures diesel-electric locomotives for Indian Railways. It produces locomotives of various types including WDM, WDP, WDG, and WDS.
2) Descriptions of sections within DLW such as welding, machining, painting, and assembly shops where locomotive production takes place.
3) Acknowledgements from the author thanking DLW and his college for enabling the training opportunity.
4) Tables of contents and preface describing
Internship report of mechanical studentRitika Vyas
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Sudeep Mathur to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It provides details of a training project completed at VE Commercial Vehicles Ltd from May 10th to July 10th 2018 under the guidance of Mr. Vaibhav Vinayaka. The project focused on improving build quality for UD 1104 export vehicles to Indonesia by addressing part availability, quality, and manufacturing processes over 300 vehicles with a goal of reducing defects from 850 to 100 per vehicle.
Analysis and selection of body member sections, Body subframe and underfloor ...Yash Lad
This document discusses the selection, analysis, and design of body member sections, subframes, and underfloor structures for vehicle design. It covers various cross section shapes that can be used for body members, different types of subframe designs, and the key components that define an automobile platform for the underfloor structure. The document also summarizes several research papers on analyzing and optimizing vehicle chassis frames and structures through computational modeling and simulations.
This document provides an overview of electric vehicles, including their history, components, design considerations, manufacturing process, and advantages over gasoline-powered vehicles. It discusses how electric vehicles first emerged in the late 1800s but declined as gasoline vehicles improved. Recent concerns over pollution and limited resources have led to a resurgence in electric vehicle research and development. The key components of an electric vehicle include batteries, electric motors, motor controllers, and charging systems. Vehicle design must consider factors like weight, battery type and placement, and drivetrain configuration.
Summer Training Report on Indian Railways , C& W Workshop, NBQ, AssamDeepjyoti Patowary
This project report is based on Indian Railways Carriage and Wagon Workshop, New Bongaigaon, Assam under North-East Frontier (NFR) Railways. Project is uploaded here only based on educational purpose which will help the students studying engineering and undergoes industrial training. It may have some doubtful information. Readers are asked to re-verify the pieces of information before use.
Industrial training report on dlw varanasi for Main Receiving Substation, Tra...Devendra Kumar
Industrial training report on dlw Varanasi for Main Receiving Substation, Traction assembly shop, Maintenance area 2 and Loco Testing Shop(LTS).The industrial training report of DLW (DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE WORKS) is a different trade. i.e. Electronics and Communication, Electrical, Mechanical, Electrical & Electronics and many engineering holders have participated. The content of my industrial topic Main Receiving Substation, TRACTION ASSEMBLY SHOP, Maintenance area 2 and Loco Testing Shop
This document provides an overview of the Summer Training Presentation for Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW) in Varanasi, India. It discusses the history and establishment of DLW, gives facts about its production levels and locomotives, provides a diagram of diesel-electric locomotives, explains locomotive classification codes, and outlines the main production shops and divisions at DLW including Block, Engine, Loco, Maintenance Service, and Sub-Assembly.
indian railway gorakhpur training report for mechanical engineering 2016 Kishan Bharti
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Kishan Bharti during a 4-week training at the North Eastern Railway workshop in Gorakhpur, India. It includes an introduction to Indian Railways, a description of various shops in the workshop including machine, painting, wheel, spring, heat treatment, and jig and fixture shops. It also summarizes the processes, equipment, and activities carried out in each shop during Kishan's training period at the workshop.
This 3 sentence summary provides an overview of the key details from the document:
The document is a final design report for an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) created by a group of mechanical engineering students to fulfill their degree requirements. It includes sections on frame design and analysis, suspension system, steering, braking, engine and transmission selection, and safety features. The goal was to design a single-seat, high-performance off-road vehicle that can handle rugged terrain with maximum safety and comfort.
This document appears to be a student's six-week industrial training report submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It includes acknowledgments, a declaration, table of contents, instructions on report formatting and binding, and sections on company profile, project introduction and study, data analysis, results and findings, conclusions, limitations, suggestions, and bibliography. The report was submitted to Punjab Technical University after a six-week training at an unnamed company located in an unspecified city.
This document provides details about an internship training project conducted at the Central Railway Locomotive Workshop in Parel, Mumbai. It includes an introduction, certificates of completion for three interns, an acknowledgment, an index of topics covered in the internship report, and initial sections on braking systems used in Indian railways. Specifically, it discusses the classification of braking systems, focusing on air brake systems which use compressed air supplied by air compressors to activate brakes on each coach through a series of pipes, reservoirs, valves and cylinders.
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY THROUGH SPEED BREAKERSamiullah Kakar
This document describes a project to generate electricity from speed breakers on roads. As vehicles pass over speed breakers, kinetic energy is wasted through heat and friction. This project aims to convert that wasted energy into electrical energy. It proposes installing movable speed breakers connected to a rack and pinion mechanism to convert vertical motion into rotational motion. This rotation would generate electricity using standard generators. The document outlines the working principle, components, advantages, and scope of the project. It aims to provide a sustainable energy source by tapping into kinetic energy from traffic on busy roads.
This document presents a parametric stress analysis of a helical gear using finite element analysis (FEA). It describes designing a helical gear pair using SolidWorks, meshing the model in ANSYS, and analyzing the contact stresses. The analysis considered different gear modules and face widths. It was found that increasing the module decreased the contact region and increased stresses, while larger face widths decreased stresses by spreading the load over more teeth. The maximum von Mises stress of around 125 MPa occurred for the smallest module and face width. Load sharing plots showed how the ratio of load distributed between gear teeth changed with position along the line of contact.
The document provides details about an industrial training report completed by two interns at Hardrock Attachments Pvt. Ltd., a manufacturer of fabricated structures for construction machinery. The report describes the company's plant layout, manufacturing processes, machinery, quality systems, products, and maintenance procedures. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the heavy fabrication and machining industry for educational purposes.
This internship report summarizes the work done during an internship at the Mughalpura Railway Works in Lahore, Pakistan. The internship provided hands-on experience in various workshops including the diesel classified shop, foundry shop, E & DC shop, and spring shop. Key activities included learning about locomotive parts and operations, inspecting production processes, and understanding maintenance schedules. The report describes the functions of each workshop and manufacturing processes like casting, machining, and spring production. It aims to connect theoretical knowledge to practical applications in the railway industry.
BEV ( Battery Operated Electric Vehicles) PPTPranav Mistry
Presentation done on subject of BEV ( Battery Operated Electrical Vehicles) at ARAI ( Automobile Research Association Of India ,Pune) on 4 Th December .2019
"A die is a specialized tool used in manufacturing industries to cut or shape material mostly using a press. Like molds, dies are generally customized to the item they are used to create. Products made with dies range from simple paper clips to complex pieces used in advanced technology".
DLW is an integrated plant and its manufacturing facilities are flexible in nature. These can be utilized for manufacture of different design of locomotives of various gauges suiting customer requirements and other products.
The document provides an overview of Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW) in Varanasi, India, which produces diesel-electric locomotives. DLW was established in 1961 through collaboration with American Locomotive Company and has since produced locomotives using both ALCO and Electro-Motive Division technologies. The document details the various types of locomotives produced at DLW, including their specifications and components.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Sanjeet Kumar on the topic of electric traction. It includes declarations by the candidate and supervisor certifying the work. The abstract provides an overview of electric traction, including its history, development factors like safety and speed, and how materials like steel improved tracks. It also notes the standardization of track gauges. The report contains sections on the introduction, components of AC locomotives, and conclusions. It is intended to partially fulfill the requirements for a BTech in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
Objective of the workshop will be to create awareness & impart information on...satyendrapandey53
This document outlines the vision, mission, objectives and outcomes of the Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology's Mechanical Department. The vision is to impart technical education using a humane approach for sustainable development. The mission includes providing an environment for knowledge gain, research, developing skills for socio-economic development, and conserving natural resources. The program educational objectives are to develop strong fundamental knowledge, improve solutions through research, and resolve challenges through continuing education. The program outcomes are to apply mechanical engineering knowledge sustainably and communicate effectively in teams to improve systems and processes through creativity in design.
This document provides information about the Automobile Engineering elective course at Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology. It includes the vision, mission, and objectives of the college and mechanical engineering department. It then outlines the program educational objectives, specific outcomes, course outcomes, teaching scheme, and units to be covered for the Automobile Engineering theory course. Key topics covered in the course include chassis and frames, power plants, clutches, gearboxes, braking systems, steering, suspension, electrical systems, and modern automotive developments.
This document provides information about an elective course in Automobile Engineering offered at Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology. It includes the vision, mission, and objectives of the college and mechanical engineering department. It then outlines the program educational objectives, specific outcomes, course outcomes, syllabus, and textbooks for the Automobile Engineering elective course. The course is designed to help students understand the basic concepts and components of automobiles, including chassis, engines, transmissions, brakes, steering, suspension, electrical systems, and modern developments in automobiles.
This document provides information about an elective course in automobile engineering offered at Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology. It includes the vision, mission, and objectives of the college and mechanical engineering department. The document outlines the program educational objectives, specific outcomes, course outcomes, syllabus, and textbook references for the automobile engineering elective course. The course is designed to provide understanding of fundamental automobile concepts and components, including different chassis types, engines, transmissions, brakes, steering, suspension, electrical systems, and modern developments in automobiles.
Internal combustion engines produce appreciable emissions and are also less efficient at part loads. On other hand electric drives have zero emissions, but also very limited range. It is thus logical to combine the best aspects of both and the result is a hybrid vehicle. Optimum strategy would then be to use electric drive during slow moving city traffic, for acceleration and for hill climbing and IC engines at cruising speeds on highways. This would also results in reduced pollution in cities, along with improved mileage.
The engine on the conventional car is sized for the peak power requirement, which is seldom required in actual practice. The hybrid car uses a much smaller engine, whose size is kept closer to the average power requirement rather than the peak power. A smaller engine is always more efficient due to the reason that it would run at its optimum capacity most of the time as compared to a bigger engine running at part load most of the time.
Electric motor helps in several ways:
1. Provides extra power when the car is accelerating or climbing a hill.
2. Starts the engine, eliminating the need for a separate starter.
3. Provide regenerative braking to capture energy during braking
This document is an industrial training report submitted by Himanshu S. Singh to Ramendra Kr. Visen on his training at the Diesel Locomotive Workshop in Varanasi. The report provides background on Indian Railways and the history and operations of the Diesel Locomotive Workshop, including its establishment, annual production capacity, manufacturing processes, and departments.
diesel locomotive works training report by somesh dwivedisomesh dwivedi
4week summer training report on D.L.W. Varanasi by Somesh Dwivedi.
on the topics 1.-Heavy Weld Shop(HWS)
2.- Heavy Machine Shop(HMS)
3. Light Machine Shop(LMS)
4. Truck Machine Shop(TMS)
The document discusses electric vehicles. It begins with an introduction to electric cars, noting they are propelled by electric motors powered by batteries. It then discusses the various types of electric vehicles and the benefits of electric cars over combustion engines, including reduced emissions and less dependency on oil. The document also covers the historical development of electric cars, when they can be purchased, how they work mechanically, and production costs and timelines for an electric car project. It concludes that electric vehicles have significant potential to reduce emissions if charged from renewable sources.
This document provides a declaration by K. Vijayabhaskar that the project titled "A Study in Consumer Preferences on Sales and Services of Bajaj Bikes with reference to M.G.Brothers Nellore" is being submitted to fulfill the requirements for an MBA degree from Vikrama Simhapuri University. The project was conducted from 2008-2010 under the guidance of Mr. G. Kalyan Ramu and has not been submitted elsewhere for another degree.
The document provides an executive summary and introduction to a market survey report on electric bikes (e-bikes) in Pune City, India. The summary includes:
1) The report is based on a survey of people in Sinhgad road and karve road areas of Pune to understand awareness and perceptions of e-bikes and factors influencing e-bike purchases.
2) Primary data was collected through questionnaires distributed to shops and the public to analyze awareness levels and purchase factors using statistical tools like SPSS.
3) The analysis concluded that customers would purchase e-bikes if their speed and power matched gasoline bikes and maintenance costs were reasonable.
Design and fabrication of car parking system th esisankit chauhan
The document is a project report on the design and fabrication of an automated battery-operated car parking system. It includes sections on components used such as DC motors, controllers, parking slots, belts, pulleys, and lifts. It describes the manufacturing processes used such as welding and drilling. The report will analyze the design, discuss results and conclusions on developing a system to automatically park cars using a battery-powered mechanism.
Report on Studies of Electric Vehicle TechnologiesMAYANK ACHARYA
Detailed study on the basics and working of electric vehicles, comparison of different motors for EV application, comparison of different batteries for EV applications, Charging infrastructure for EV in India and a brief study on BMS(Battery Management System).
The document provides information about developments in train technologies. It begins with an introduction to a student project on developments in locomotive parts like engines, suspension systems, and braking systems. It then provides a history of rail transport in India and its contributions. Key engine developments discussed include the transition from steam to diesel and electric engines. Details are given on parts and working of steam, diesel, and electric engines. Advances in suspension and braking systems are also summarized.
The document proposes a solar-powered train system for public transportation. Solar cells would be installed on the rooftops of train coaches to directly charge storage batteries mounted underneath. This system would help address issues like rising fuel costs and shortages of non-renewable energy sources. Developing solar-powered trains is challenging and requires selecting appropriate solar panels, batteries, motors and designing the chassis. If implemented successfully on a large scale, solar-powered trains could help reduce dependence on fossil fuels and make transportation more environmentally friendly.
The document provides information about a summer training project conducted from June 11 to July 10, 2015 at the Electric Loco Shed in Kanpur, India. It discusses the history and components of Indian Railways and the Kanpur loco shed. Specifically, it covers the types of locomotives held at the Kanpur shed, the main sections of the shed, locomotive symbols and gauges, bogie and spring components, and analyzes the failure of springs in locomotives.
This document discusses the economic and environmental impacts of hybrid electric vehicles. It notes that automobiles are major producers of harmful CO2 emissions and pollutants. Hybrid vehicles, which combine a gasoline engine with an electric motor, can help reduce these emissions. While hybrids are still cleaner than gasoline-only cars, they are not completely clean as they still rely on gasoline. The design of hybrids requires improvements in areas like power trains and fuel processing. Overall, hybrids represent an opportunity to reduce vehicle emissions and transition to new technologies that use alternative fuels.
The document provides information about Diesel Locomotive Workshop (DLW) in India. It mentions that DLW was established in 1961 in collaboration with ALCO, USA to manufacture diesel locomotives indigenously. DLW has since produced over 4,700 locomotives and exported some locomotives to other countries. DLW obtained ISO certification in 1997 and manufactures state-of-the-art, microprocessor controlled locomotives with technology transferred from General Motors, USA. It has an annual production capacity of 125 locomotives.
Similar to Design & fabrication of Motorised vehicle (20)
The Jaisalmer Wind Park is India's 2nd largest operational onshore wind farm. This project located in Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan. The project, developed by Suzlon Energy.
Commission Date: August 2001
Type: Onshore
Installed Capacity: 1064 MW
The main objective of this study is to increase the productivity against the demand. The Quality related issue regarding material&
material shortage online is not in the scope of this study. Taking a value stream perspective means working on the big picture, nota just
individual process; and not a just optimization but an actual improvement. It covers value adding as well as non-value-adding activities. This
study also includes layout improvement and time study report.
This research shows marking benefit associated with the implementation of lean program because this project shows an industrial case
study of MCCB manufacturing Assembly line.
This document discusses improving the quality sigma level of copper terminals through applying a QC story methodology. It begins by introducing QC stories and their use in systematically solving problems to improve sigma level and reduce defects per million (DPM). The paper then describes analyzing production data for copper terminals to identify problematic components, defects, and potential causes. Various quality control tools are applied including Pareto charts, cause-and-effect diagrams, and why-why analysis to validate root causes. Corrective actions include modifying fixtures to eliminate misalignment and allow manufacturing two components per cycle. Experimental results show reductions in DPM levels and increases in sigma level and process capability, demonstrating the effectiveness of applying a QC story approach.
In the competitive and economic market, Industries needs shorter lead time, low cost and high customer demand satisfaction. So such industries face cost reduction and efficiency challenges. To sustain and stabilize market industries have to find out ways to reduce production time, cost and elimination of waste to improve operating performance and product quality. Value stream mapping technique maps material flow, information flow, activities and other process elements that are part of supply chain. The visual picture simplifies lean approach by identifying the value-added and non-value added stages. The primary objective of this study is to increase the productivity against the demand. The Quality related issue regarding material & material shortage online is not in the scope of this study. A value stream means working on the big picture,
not a just individual process; and not a just optimization but an actual improvement. It covers value adding as well as non-value-adding activities
his research shows benefit associated with the implementation of the lean program. This case study shows a manufacturing industry case study.
Today’s competitive environment has, lower manufacturing cost, more productivity in less time, high-quality product, defect-free operation are required to follow to every foundryman. For the improvement of products quality, there are diff-diff quality tools used in various review papers. Here I am going to review these papers and identify the different way of uses of those tools in manufacturing industries to increase the quality of the product. There are so many defects in the manufacturing process and these defects directly affect productivity, profitability and quality level of organization. This study is aimed to review the research work made by several researchers and attempt to get a technical solution for the various defects and to improve the entire process of the manufacturing
The focus of the approach is on cost reduction through eliminating non value added activities via applying a management philosophy which focused on identifying and eliminating waste from each step in the production chain respective of energy, time, motion and
resources alike throughout a product’s value stream, known as lean. The lean system was developed with reduced non value added activities so that greatly reduces the seven Mudas. People work with a greater confidence, with greater ease, and with greater peace than the typical
manufacturing facility. The study of current state map shows the areas for improvement and identifying the different types of wastes. The present and future state of value stream map are constructed to improve the production process by minimizing the non-value added activities
which are identified from the VSM. Before Current State Value Stream Mapping (CSVSM) tool used in panel manufacturing industry by
focusing both on processes and their cycle times for a product Power Control Centre (PCC) & Motor Control Centre (MCC) in present scenario.
The point of interest of the approach is on the development of sigma level with the aid of using QC story which incorporates the best manipulate and quality improvement. All sorts of first-rate control efforts directly enhance sigma level of components. Additionally,
through decreasing the level of Defectives consistent with defectives per million (DPM) which immediately affect to the sigma stage.
Here, within the paper certain technique will be discussed to address the problems and dreams which can be an improvement in sigma stage for the shop and decreased DPM level will be done. In the course of machining operation, nos. of types of defects would be happened. Categories those defects and after analyze a few standards could be made so that possibility for going on the defects may be
decreased and Sigma level might be improved. The getting to know of the quality controls procedure has to be surpassed directly to
everyone within the company. Total Quality Control can be achieved by proper methodology and the initially start up for fully implementing TQM may take few months for any company to claim to be a TQM company. Thereafter, the standardized procedures may have to be followed by all concerned to retain the progress achieved.
More from Government engineering College- Banswara,Rajasthan (7)
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
Design & fabrication of Motorised vehicle
1. 1
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MAHARANA PRATAP ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
KANPUR
PROJECT REPORT
ON
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MOTORIZED
VEHICLE
Submitted to U.P.Technical University,Lucknow in partial fulfillment of
requirement for the award of degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF SUBMITTED BY
Er. PARITOSH KUMAR RAHUL ARYA(0704640065)
LECTURER SHUBHAM AWASTHI(0704640078)
Deptt. Of Mechanical Engg. ZIAUR RAHMAN(0704640089)
M.P.E.C.KANPUR ZIA ZAFAR(07004640090)
(Mechanical 4th
year)
2. 2
MAHARANA PRATAP ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Department of Mechanical Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Rahul Arya , Shubham Awasthi , Ziaur Rahman , Zia Zafar of Eight Semester
B.tech Course in Mechanical Engineering Department have Satisfactorily Completed the Project work
on “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MOTORIZED VEHICLE”
In partial fulfillment , during the academic session 2010-2011 as prescribed by Uttar Pradesh
Technical University , Lucknow.
They have worked hard for this project and I wish all of them bright future.
Internal Examiner External Examiner
Mr.Paritosh Kumar
Lecturer
Mechanical Engg. Deptt.
3. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We feel great pleasure in expressing our deep sense of gratitude and
heartiest respect to Mr.Paritosh Kumar, for his surveillance, learned
guidance and heart touching inspirations through out our project work.
We take our privilege to have worked under Mr. Paritosh Kumar for his
valuable suggestions and pruning at every stage. He has been gracious
all along. The current work might not have been accomplished but his
supervision, constant encouragement, keep interests, patience, sparing
time for thought provoking discussion throughout the study. We do not
have words adequate enough to express our thanks to our guide.
We have a special mention of our gratitude to Mr.B.B.Maurya, Head of
Department , Mechanical Engineering for providing us the facilities of
the department . We express our deep sense of gratitude to Mr.Vikas
Singh and all other faculty members for antagonistic discussion and
suggestions providing us.
We thankfully, acknowledge the valuable opinions and co-operation of
all the students of Mechanical Engineering M.P.E.C Kanpur.
Rahul Arya (0704640061)
Shubham Awasthi(0704640078)
Ziaur Rahman (0704640089)
Zia Zafar (0704640090)
4. 4
PREFACE
The concept of Design and Fabrication of Motorized Vehicle came in our mind
during the visit of IIT KANPUR. It was one of the most innovative and interesting
project.
It was challenging job for us to design and fabricate Motorized Vehicle with
speed control. But our source of inspiration came from our mentor
Mr. Paritosh kumar and our workshop head Vikas Singh who helped to make
imagination into reality.
We also constantly strived ourselves to set up bench mark for peers and juniors
and finally lot of credit goes to our Head of Department Mr. B.B. Maurya .
A motorized bicycle is a bicycle with an attached motor used either to power the
vehicle, or to assist with pedaling.
5. 5
IDOLOGY OF PROJECT
Before staring our work we must know the meaning of “PROJECT” means to give
physically existence to the vibrating idea of mind.
Hence the combination of vibrating idea of mind is know as project the word
project consists of Seven letters. Each of them has its specific significance which is
given as follows.
P-PLANNING- Planning is a word which deals with the idea of thing
which is hypothesized before borning the construction of
project.
R-RESOURCE- It signifies the resources of which are able to make any
project. Resources are the ideas of which which guide to
routine function of planned work.
O-OPERATION- Its represents the operation of project i.e. the principle on
which device hold up.
J-JOINT LABOUR- It stands for the effort taking for meaning body jointly is
a work that can be accomplished to perform with full
efforts.
E-ECONOMY- The economy means the machine which is to prepared
have a reasonable cost. It indicates the construction
which is come to manufacture the machine.
C-CONSTRUCTION- It is main features to prepare the project.
T-TECHNIQUE- To accomplished the project technique which is being
used comes under the word.
6. 6
CONTENT
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1.) Introduction and selection criteria of design and fabrication of motorized vehicle 1
Introduction 1
History 3
2.) About design and fabrication of motorized Vehicle 10
Working principle 11
Description of component 11
3.) Drawing details of the component 24
4.) Machine used in design and fabrication of motorized vehicle 27
List of machine used in project 28
Operation done by the machine 29
5.) Hand tools and Equipment used 31
List of hand tool and equipment
6.) Cost Estimation 33
7.) Properties of motorized vehicle 36
8.) Merits and Demerits of motorized vehicle 44
9.) Environmental impact of motorized vehicle 50
10.) Present Scenerio in India 53
11.) Conclusion 56
12.) Bibliography 58
8. 8
INTRODUCTION
A Motorized vehicle (MV), also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or
more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. Electric vehicles include electric
cars, electric trains, electric lorries, electric aeroplanes, electric boats, electric motorcycles
and scooters and electric spacecraft.
A Motorized vehicle is vehicle with an attached motor used either to power the vehicle, or
to assist with pedaling. Sometimes classified as a motor vehicle, or a class of hybrid
vehicle, motorized vehicles may be powered by a variety of engine types and power
sources.
Electric vehicles first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity was
among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort
and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time.
The internal combustion engine (ICE) is the dominant propulsion method for motor
vehicles but electric power has remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains
and smaller vehicles of all types.
During the last few decades, environmental impact of the petroleum-based transportation
infrastructure, along with the peak oil, has led to renewed interest in an electric
transportation infrastructure. Electric vehicles differ from fossil fuel-powered vehicles in
that the electricity they consume can be generated from a wide range of sources, including
fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable sources such as tidal power, solar power,
and wind power or any combination of those. Currently though there are more than 400
coal power plants in the U.S. alone. However it is generated, this energy is then transmitted
to the vehicle through use of overhead lines, wireless energy transfer such as inductive
charging, or a direct connection through an electrical cable. The electricity may then be
stored on board the vehicle using a battery, flywheel, or super capacitors. Vehicles making
use of engines working on the principle of combustion can usually only derive their energy
9. 9
from a single or a few sources, usually non-renewable fossil fuels. A key advantage of
electric or Motorized electric vehicles is regenerative braking and suspension; their ability
to recover energy normally lost during braking as electricity to be restored to the on-board
battery.
In 2003, the first mass-produced Motorized gasoline-electric car, the Toyota Prius, was
introduced worldwide, in the same year Going Green in London launched the G-Wiz
electric car, a quadric cycle that became the world's best selling EV.
HISTORY
Electric motive power started with a small drifter operated by a miniature electric motor,
built by Thomas Davenport in 1835. In 1838, a Scotsman named Robert Davidson built an
electric locomotive that attained a speed of four miles per hour (6 km/h). In England a
patent was granted in 1840 for the use of rails as conductors of electric current, and similar
American patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847.
Figure 01-: Electric vehicle model by Ányos Jedlik, an early electric
motor experimenter ( 1828, Hungary)
Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain), Robert
Anderson of Scotland invented the first crude electric carriage, powered by non-
rechargeable primary cells.
10. 10
By the 20th century, electric cars and rail transport were commonplace, with commercial
electric automobiles having the majority of the market. Over time their general-purpose
commercial use reduced to specialist roles, as platform trucks, forklift trucks, tow tractors
and urban delivery vehicles, such as the iconic British milk float; for most of the 20th
century, the UK was the world's largest user of electric road vehicles.
Electrified trains were used for coal transport, as the motors did not use precious oxygen in
the mines. Switzerland's lack of natural fossil resources forced the rapid electrification
of their rail network. One of the earliest rechargeable batteries - the nickel-iron battery -
was favored by Edison for use in electric cars.
• Electric vehicles were among the earliest automobiles, and before the preeminence of light,
powerful internal combustion engines, electric automobiles held many vehicle land speed
and distance records in the early 1900s. They were produced by Baker Electric, Columbia
Electric, Detroit Electric, and others, and at one point in history out-sold gasoline-powered
vehicles.
Figure 02-: Edison and a 1914 Detroit Electric, model 47 (courtesy of the National
Museum of American History)
11. 11
In the 1930s, National City Lines, which was a partnership of General Motors, Firestone,
and Standard Oil of California purchased many electric tramnet works across the country to
dismantle them and replace them with GM buses.
Figure 03-:An electric vehicle and an antique car on display at a 1912 auto show
The partnership was convicted of conspiring to monopolize the sale of equipment and
supplies to their subsidiary companies conspiracy, but were acquitted of conspiring to
monopolize the provision of transportation services. Electric tram line technologies could
be used to recharge BEVs and PHEVs on the highway while the user drives, providing
virtually unrestricted driving range. The technology is old and well established
➢ EXPERIMENTATION
In January 1990, General Motors' President introduced its EV concept two-seater, the
"Impact", at the Los Angeles Auto Show. That September, the California Air Resources
12. 12
Board mandated major-automaker sales of EVs, in phases starting in 1998. From 1996 to
1998 GM produced 1117 EV1s, 800 of which were made available through three-year
leases.
Chrysler, Ford, GM, Honda, Nissan and Toyota also produced limited numbers of EVs for
California drivers. In 2003, upon the expiration of GM's EV1 leases, GM crushed them.
The crushing has variously been attributed to 1) the auto industry's successful federal
court challenge to California's zero-emissions vehicle mandate, 2) a federal regulation
requiring GM to produce and maintain spare parts for the few thousands EV1s and 3) the
success of the oil and auto industries' media campaign to reduce public acceptance of electric
vehicles.
Figure 04-Display of an electric car
Ford released a number of their Ford Ecostar delivery vans into the market. Honda, Nissan
and Toyota also repossessed and crushed most of their EVs, which, like the GM EV1s, had
been available only by closed-end lease. After public protests, Toyota sold 200 of its RAV
EVs to eager buyers; they now sell, five years later, at over their original forty-thousand-
dollar price. This lesson did not go unlearned; BMW of Canada sold off a number of Mini
EV's when their Canadian testing ended.
The production of the Citroën Berlingo Electrique stopped in September 2005.
13. 13
➢ REINTRODUCTION
With increasing prices of gasoline, electric vehicles are hitting the mainstream.
Major car makers, such as Ford Daimler AG, Toyota Motor Corp., General Motors
Corp., Renault SA, Peugeot-Citroen, VW, Nissan and Mitsubishi Corp., are developing
new-generation electric vehicles.
ELECRICITY SOURCES
There are many ways to generate electricity, some of them more ecological than others:
▪ On-board rechargeable electricity storage system (RESS), called Full Electric Vehicles
(FEV). Power storage methods include:
▪ Chemical energy stored on the vehicle in on-board batteries: Battery electric vehicle (BEV)
▪ Static energy stored on the vehicle in on-board electric double-layer capacitors
▪ kinetic energy storage: flywheels
▪ Direct connection to generation plants as is common among electric trains, trolley buses,
and trolley trucks (See also : overhead lines, third rail andconduit current collection)
▪ Renewable sources such as solar power: solar vehicle
▪ Generated on-board using a diesel engine: diesel-electric locomotive
▪ Generated on-board using a fuel cell: fuel cell vehicle
▪ Generated on-board using nuclear energy: nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers
It is also possible to have Motoried electric vehicles that derive electricity from multiple
sources. Such as:
▪ On-board rechargeable electricity storage system (RESS) and a direct continuous
connection to land-based generation plants for purposes of on-highway recharging with
unrestricted highway range
▪ On-board rechargeable electricity storage system and a fueled propulsion power source
(internal combustion engine): plug-in Motoried
14. 14
Batteries, electric double-layer capacitors and flywheel energy storage are forms of
rechargeable on-board electrical storage. By avoiding an intermediate mechanical step,
the energy conversion efficiency can be improved over the Motorieds already discussed, by
avoiding unnecessary energy conversions. Furthermore, electro-chemical batteries
conversions are easy to reverse, allowing electrical energy to be stored in chemical form.
Another form of chemical to electrical conversion is fuel cells, projected for future use.
For especially large electric vehicles, such as submarines, the chemical energy of the diesel-
electric can be replaced by a nuclear reactor. The nuclear reactor usually provides heat,
which drives a steam turbine, which drives a generator, which is then fed to the propulsion.
ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
In physics, the term energy describes the capacity to produce changes within a system,
without regard to limitations in transformation imposed by entropy. Changes in total energy
of systems can only be accomplished by adding or subtracting energy from them, as energy
is a quantity which is conserved, according to the first law of thermodynamics. According
to special relativity, changes in the energy of systems will also coincide with changes in the
system's mass, and the total amount of mass of a system is a measure of its energy.
Energy in a system may be transformed so that it resides in a different state. Energy in
many states may be used to do many varieties of physical work. Energy may be used in
natural processes or machines, or else to provide some service to society (such as
heat, light, or motion). For example, an internal combustion engine converts the
potential chemical energy in gasoline and oxygen into heat, which is then transformed into
the propulsive energy (kinetic energy that moves a vehicle.) A solar cell converts solar
radiation into electrical energy that can then be used to light a bulb or power a computer.
The generic name for a device which converts energy from one form to another is
a transducer.
15. 15
In general, most types of energy, save for thermal energy, may be converted to any other
kind of energy, with a theoretical efficiency of 100%. Such efficiencies might occur in
practice, such as when chemical potential energy is completely converted into kinetic
energies, and vice versa, only in isolated systems.
Conversion of other types of energies to heat also may occur with high efficiency but a
perfect level would be only possible for isolated systems also.
If there is nothing beyond the frontiers of the universe then the only real isolated system
would be the universe itself. Currently we do not have the knowledge or technology to
create an isolated system from a portion of the universe.
Exceptions for perfect efficiency (even for isolated systems) occur when energy has already
been partly distributed among many available quantum states for a collection of particles,
which are freely allowed to explore any state of momentum and position (phase space).
In such circumstances, a measure called entropy, or evening-out of energy distribution in
such states, dictates that future states of the system must be of at least equal evenness in
energy distribution. (There is no way, taking the universe as a whole, to collect energy into
fewer states, once it has spread to them).
A consequence of this requirement is that there are limitations to the efficiency with which
thermal energy can be converted to other kinds of energy, since thermal energy in
equilibrium at a given temperature already represents the maximal evening-out of energy
between all possible states. Such energy is sometimes considered "degraded energy,"
because it is not entirely usable. The second law of thermodynamics is a way of stating that,
for this reason, thermal energy in a system may be converted to other kinds of energy with
efficiencies approaching 100%, only if the entropy (even-ness or disorder) of the universe is
increased by other means, to compensate for the decrease in entropy associated with the
disappearance of the thermal energy and its entropy content.
17. 17
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The vehicle has lead-acid battery mounted near the rear wheel that
provide electricity to a motor. The electric motor drives the rear wheel
and the motor is mounted inside the rear wheel .DC to DC convertor is
used to convert high voltage supply to low voltage supply. Here the
electrical energy is converted into the rotation energy which gives
momentum to the vehicle. On the steering handle there is a accelerating
throttle which help in the acceleration of the vehicle with the help of
speed controller.
Despite the weight and size, the acceleration is very good.
DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENT
➢ Controllers
Electric vehicles brushless DC motor controller provides efficient, smooth and quite
controls for electric VEHICLE, electric motorcycle, scooter conversion, etc. Electric
vehicles brushless motor controller outputs high taking off current, and strictly limit battery
current. Motor speed controller can work with relative small battery, but provide good
acceleration and hill climbing. BLDC motor speed controller uses high power MOSFET,
PWM to achieve efficiency 99%. In most cases, Powerful microprocessor brings in
comprehensive and precise control to BLDC motor controllers. This programmable
brushless motor controller also allows users to set parameters, conduct tests, and obtain
diagnostic information quickly and easily.
Features of controllers:
•Special designed for electric VEHICLE and scooter.
• Intelligence with powerful microprocessor.
• Synchronous rectification, ultra low drop, fast PWM to achieve very high efficiency.
18. 18
• Electronic reversing.
• Voltage monitoring on 3 motor phases, bus, and power supply.
• Voltage monitoring on voltage source 12V and 5V.
• Current sense on all 3 motor phases.
• Current control loop.
• Hardware over current protection.
• Hardware over voltage protection.
• Support torque mode, speed mode, and balanced mode operation.
• Configurable limit for motor current and battery current.
• Battery current limiting available, doesn’t affect taking off performance.
• More startup current ,can get more startup speed.
• Low EMC.
• LED fault code.
• Battery protection: current cutback, warning and shutdown at configurable high and low
battery voltage.
• Rugged aluminum housing for maximum heat dissipation and harsh environment.
• Rugged high current terminals, and rugged aviation connectors for small signal.
• Thermal protection: current cut back, warning and shutdown on high temperature.
• Configurable 60 degree or 120 degree hall position sensors.
• Support motors with any number of poles.
Up to 40,000 electric RPM standard. Optional high speed 70,000 ERPM, and ultra high
speed 100,000 ERPM. (Electric RPM = mechanical RPM * motor pole pairs).
• Brake switch is used to start regen.
• 0-5V brake signal is used to command regen current.
• Support three modes of regenerative braking: brake switch regen, release throttle regen,0-
5V analog signal variable regen.
• Configurable high pedal protection: Disable operation if power up with high throttle.
• Current multiplication: Take less current from battery, output more current to motor.
• Easy installation: 3-wire potentiometer will work.
19. 19
• Current meter output.
• Standard PC/Laptop computer to do programming. No special tools needed.
• User program provided. Easy to use. No cost to customers.
General Specifications of Controllers:
•Frequency of Operation: 16.6kHz.
•Standby Battery Current: < 0.5mA.
•5V Sensor Supply Current: 40mA.
•Controller supply voltage range, PWR, 18V to 90V.
•Supply Current, PWR, 150mA.
•Configurable battery voltage range, B+. Max operating range: 18V to 60V.
•Analog Brake and Throttle Input: 0-5 Volts. Producing 0-5V signal with 3-wire pot.
•Full Power Operating Temperature Range: 0℃ to 50℃ (controller case temperature).
•Operating Temperature Range: -30℃ to 90℃, 100℃ shutdown (controller case
temperature).
•Peak Phase Current, 30 seconds: 300A.
•Continuous Phase Current Limit: 150A.
•Maximum Battery Current: Configurable.
Battery
An electric vehicle battery (EVB) or traction battery is a rechargeable battery used for
propulsion of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Traction batteries are used in forklifts,
electric Golf carts, riding floor scrubbers, electric motorcycles, full-size
electric cars, trucks, and vans, and other electric vehicles.
The electric motors are usually powered by 12-15 volt rechargeable batteries, similar to
those used to power outboard boat engines. These are available in wet or dry options. Many
VEHICLE carry an on-board charger which can be plugged into a standard wall outlet;
older or more portable models may have a separate charger unit.
20. 20
Electric vehicle batteries differ from starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) batteries because
they are designed to give power over sustained periods of time. Deep cycle batteries are
used instead of SLI batteries for these applications. Traction batteries must be designed
with a high ampere-hour capacity. Batteries for electric vehicles are characterized by their
relatively high power-to-weight ratio, energy to weight ratio and energy density; smaller,
lighter batteries reduce the weight of the vehicle and improve its performance. Compared to
liquid fuels, all current battery technologies have much lower specific energy; and this often
impacts the maximum all-electric range of the vehicles.
Batteries are usually the most expensive component of BEVs. The cost of battery
manufacture is substantial, but increasing returns to scale lower costs.
The predicted market for automobile traction batteries is over $37 billion in 2020.
On an energy basis, the price of electricity to run an EV is a small fraction of the cost of
liquid fuel needed to produce an equivalent amount of energy
➢ Lead Acid Battery
Flooded lead-acid batteries are the cheapest and most common traction batteries available,
usually discharged to roughly 80%. They will accept high charge rates for fast charges.
Flooded batteries require inspection of electrolyte level and replacement of water.
21. 21
Figure05: Lead Acid Battery pack
Traditionally, most electric vehicles have used lead-acid batteries due to their mature
technology, high availability, and low cost (exception: some early EVs, such as the Detroit
Electric, used a nickel-iron battery.) Like all batteries, these have an environmental impact
through their construction, use, disposal or recycling. On the upside, vehicle battery
recycling rates top 95% in the United States. Deep-cycle lead batteries are expensive and
have a shorter life than the vehicle itself, typically needing replacement every 3 years.
Lead-acid batteries in EV applications end up being a significant (25–50%) portion of the
final vehicle mass. Like all batteries, they have significantly lowerenergy density than
petroleum fuels—in this case, 30–40 Wh/kg. While the difference isn't as extreme as it first
appears due to the lighter drive-train in an EV, even the best batteries tend to lead to higher
masses when applied to vehicles with a normal range.
Charging and operation of batteries typically results in the emission
of hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which are naturally occurring and normally harmless if
properly vented. Early Citicar owners discovered that, if not vented properly, unpleasant
sulfur smells would leak into the cabin immediately after charging.
22. 22
Lead-acid batteries powered such early-modern EVs as the original versions of the EV1 and
the RAV4EV.
• Battery cost
The cost of the battery when distributed over the life cycle of the vehicle (compared with an
up to 10 years life cycle of an internal combustion engine vehicle) can easily be more than
the cost of the electricity. This is because of the high initial cost relative to the life of the
batteries. Battery weight is a problem; in trying to achieve a reasonable miles/charge, the
weight is still not reasonable for anything but local driving. For example, a 1-kWhr battery
using LiFePO4 technology costs $500USD. A typical small passenger electric car will use
8 kW-hrs for a 40-mile (64 km) range each day. Using the 7000 cycle or 10 year life given
in the previous section, 365 cycles per year would take 19 years to reach the 7000 cycles.
Using the lower estimate of a ten year life gives 3650 cycles over ten years giving 146000
total miles driven. At $500 per kWh an 8 kWh battery costs $4000 resulting in
$4000/146000 miles or $0.027 per mile. In reality a larger pack would be used to avoid
stressing the battery by avoiding complete discharge or 100% charge. Adding a 2 kWh in
battery adds $1000 to the cost resulting in $5000/146000 miles or $0.034/mile.
Scientists at Technical University of Denmark paid $10,000USD for a certified EV battery
with 25kWh capacity, with no rebates or overprice.[15]
Two out of 15 battery producers
could supply the necessary technical documents about quality and fire safety.[16]
Estimated
time is 10 years before battery price comes down to 1/3 of present.[15]
Battery professor
Poul Norby states that lithium batteries will need to double their energy density and bring
down the price from $500 (2010) to $100 per kWh capacity in order to make an impact on
petrol cars.
A solution to the range problem is detailed in an article on Battery Exchange and explains
how the total battery needs would be reduced by using a battery exchange or battery swap
system. This requires substantial investment in setting up exchange stations but would
23. 23
allow for the use of lighter batteries as they would not be required to provide many miles of
use. Lighter batteries make the ecar system far more efficient and lower overall costs.
The LiFePO4 technology has yielded batteries that have a higher miles/$ over the life of the
packs but they require a complex control system. The manufacture of the batteries is still
being developed and is not a reliable source.
Some batteries can be leased or rented instead of bought (see Think Global).
One article indicates that 10 kW·h of battery energy provides a range of about 20 miles
(32 km) in a Toyota Prius, but this is not a primary source, and does not fit with estimates
elsewhere of about 5 miles (8.0 km) /(kW·h). The Chevrolet Volt is expected to achieve 50
MPG when running on the auxiliary power unit (a small onboard generator) - at 33%
thermodynamic efficiency that would mean 12 kW·h for 50 miles (80 km), or about 240
watt-hours per mile. For prices of 1 kW·h of charge with various different battery
technologies, see the "Energy/Consumer Price" column in the "Table of rechargeable
battery technologies" section in the rechargeable battery.
Rechargeable batteries used in electric vehicles include lead-acid ("flooded", Deep cycle,
and VRLA), Ni Cd, nickel metal hydride, lithium ion, Li-ion polymer, and, less
commonly, zinc-air and molten salt batteries. The amount of electricity (i.e. electric charge)
stored in batteries is measured in ampere hours or incoulombs, with the total energy often
measured in watt hours.
• Internal Components
Battery pack designs for Electric Vehicles (EVs) are complex and vary widely by
manufacturer and specific application. However, they all incorporate a combination of
several simple mechanical and electrical component systems which perform the basic
required functions of the pack.
The actual battery cells can have different chemistry, physical shapes, and sizes as preferred
by various pack manufacturers. Battery pack will always incorporate many discrete cells
24. 24
connected in series and parallel to achieve the total voltage and current requirements of the
pack. Battery packs for all electric drive EVs can contain several hundred individual cells.
To assist in manufacturing and assembly, the large stack of cells is typically grouped into
smaller stacks called modules. Several of these modules will be placed into a single pack.
Within each module the cells are welded together to complete the electrical path for current
flow. Modules can also incorporate cooling mechanisms, temperature monitors, and other
devices. In most cases, modules also allow for monitoring the voltage produced by each
battery cell in the stack by the Battery Management System (BMS).
The battery cell stack has a main fuse which limits the current of the pack under a short
circuit condition. A “service plug” or “service disconnect” can be removed to split the
battery stack into two electrically isolated halves. With the service plug removed, the
exposed main terminals of the battery present no high potential electrical danger to service
technicians.
The battery pack also contains relays, or contactors, which control the distribution of the
battery pack’s electrical power to the output terminals. In most cases there will be a
minimum of two main relays which connect the battery cell stack to the main positive and
negative output terminals of the pack, those supplying high current to the electrical drive
motor. Some pack designs will include alternate current paths for pre-charging the drive
system through a pre-charge resistor or for powering an auxiliary buss which will also have
their own associated control relays. For obvious safety reasons these relays are all normally
open.
The battery pack also contains a variety of temperature, voltage, and current sensors.
Collection of data from the pack sensors and activation of the pack relays are accomplished
by the pack ’s Battery Monitoring Unit (BMU) or Battery Management System (BMS). The
BMS is also responsible for communications with the world outside the battery pack.
25. 25
• Charging
Batteries in BEVs must be periodically recharged. BEVs most commonly charge from
the power grid (at home or using a street or shop recharging point), which is in turn
generated from a variety of domestic resources, such as coal, hydroelectricity, nuclear and
others. Home power such as roof top photovoltaic solar cell
panels, microhydro or wind may also be used and are promoted because of concerns
regarding global warming.
Charging time is limited primarily by the capacity of the grid connection. A
normal household outlet is between 1.5 kilowatts (in the US, Canada, Japan, and other
countries with 110 volt supply) to 3 kilowatts (in countries with 240 V supply). Many
European countries feed domestic consumers with a 3 phase system fused at 16-25 amp
allowing for a theoretical capacity around 20-30 kW. However, this capacity is also
required to feed the rest of the location and hence cannot be used practically and will also
not be supported "en masse" by the distribution network. At this higher power level
charging even a small, 7 kilowatt-hour (14–28 mi) pack, would probably require one hour.
This is small compared to the effective power delivery rate of an average petrol pump,
about 5,000 kilowatt.
In 1995, some charging stations charged BEVs in one hour. In November 1997, Ford
purchased a fast-charge system produced by AeroVironment called "PosiCharge" for
testing its fleets of Ranger EVs, which charged their lead-acid batteries in between six and
fifteen minutes. In February 1998, General Motors announced a version of its "Magne
Charge" system which could recharge NiMH batteries in about ten minutes, providing a
range of sixty to one hundred miles.
Most people do not always require fast recharging because they have enough time, six to
eight hours, during the work day or overnight to recharge. As the charging does not require
attention it takes a few seconds for an owner to plug in and unplug their vehicle. Many BEV
drivers prefer refueling at home, avoiding the inconvenience of visiting a fuel station. Some
workplaces provide special parking bays for electric vehicles with charging equipment
provided.
26. 26
• Connectors
The charging power can be connected to the car in two ways. The first is a direct electrical
connection known as conductive coupling. This might be as simple as a mains lead into a
weatherproof socket through special high capacity cables with connectors to protect the
user from high voltages.The modern standard for plug-in vehicle charging is the SAE 1772
conductive connector (IEC 62196 Type 1) in the USA. The ACEA has chosen the VDE-
AR-E 2623-2-2 (IEC 62196 Type 2) for deployment in Europe.
The second approach is known as inductive charging. A special 'paddle' is inserted into a
slot on the car. The paddle is one winding of a transformer, while the other is built into the
car. When the paddle is inserted it completes a magnetic circuit which provides power to
the battery pack. In one inductive charging system, one winding is attached to the underside
of the car, and the other stays on the floor of the garage. The advantage of the inductive
approach is that there is no possibility of electrocution as there are no exposed conductors,
although interlocks, special connectors and ground fault detectors can make conductive
coupling nearly as safe. Inductive charging can also reduce vehicle weight, by moving more
charging componentry offboard. An inductive charging proponent from Toyota contended
in 1998 that overall cost differences were minimal, while a conductive charging proponent
from Ford contended that conductive charging was more cost efficient.
• Travel range before recharging and trailers
The range of a BEV depends on the number and type of batteries used, terrain, weather, and
the performance of the driver. The weight and type of vehicle also have an impact just as
they do on the mileage of traditional vehicles. Electric vehicle conversion performance
depends on a number of factors including the battery chemistry:
▪ Lead-acid batteries are the most available and inexpensive. Such conversions generally
have a range of 30 to 80 km (20 to 50 mi). Production EVs with lead-acid batteries are
capable of up to 130 km (80 mi) per charge.
27. 27
▪ NiMH batteries have higher energy density than lead-acid; prototype EVs deliver up to
200 km (120 mi) of range.
▪ New lithium-ion battery-equipped EVs provide 320–480 km (200–300 mi) of range per
charge. Lithium is also less expensive than nickel.
▪ Nickel-zinc battery are cheaper and lighter than Nickel-cadmium batteries. They are also
cheaper (but not as light) as Lithium-Ion batteries.
Finding the economic balance of range versus performance, battery capacity versus weight,
and battery type versus cost challenges every EV manufacturer.
With an AC system or Advanced DC systems regenerative braking can extend range by up
to 50% under extreme traffic conditions without complete stopping. Otherwise, the range is
extended by about 10 to 15% in city driving, and only negligibly in highway driving,
depending upon terrain.
BEVs (including buses and trucks) can also use genset trailers and pusher trailers in order
to extend their range when desired without the additional weight during normal short range
use. Discharged baset trailers can be replaced by recharged ones in a route point. If rented
then maintenance costs can be deferred to the agency.
Such BEVs can become Motoried vehicles depending on the trailer and car types of energy
and powertrain
• Lifespan
Individual batteries are usually arranged into large battery packs of
various voltage and ampere-hour capacity products to give the required energy capacity.
Battery service life should be considered when calculating the extended cost of ownership,
as all batteries eventually wear out and must be replaced. The rate at which they expire
depends on a number of factors.
The depth of discharge (DOD) is the recommended proportion of the total available energy
storage for which that battery will achieve its rated cycles. Deep cycle lead-acid batteries
28. 28
generally should not be discharged to below 20% of total capacity. More modern
formulations can survive deeper cycles.
• Safety
The safety issues of battery electric vehicles are largely dealt with by the international
standard ISO 6469. This document is divided in three parts dealing with specific issues:
▪ On-board electrical energy storage, i.e. the battery
▪ Functional safety means and protection against failures
▪ Protection of persons against electrical hazards.
Firefighters and rescue personnel receive special training to deal with the higher voltages
and chemicals encountered in electric and Motoried electric vehicle accidents. While BEV
accidents may present unusual problems, such as fires and fumes resulting from rapid
battery discharge, there is apparently no available information regarding whether they are
inherently more or less dangerous than gasoline or diesel internal combustion vehicles
which carry flammable fuels.
• Future
The future of battery electric vehicles depends primarily upon the cost and availability
of batteries with high energy densities, power density, and long life, as all other aspects
such as motors, motor controllers, and chargers are fairly mature and cost-competitive with
internal combustion engine components. Li-ion, Li-poly and zinc-air batteries have
demonstrated energy densities high enough to deliver range and recharge times comparable
to conventional vehicles.
29. 29
➢ Steering system
Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. which will
allow a vessel (ship, boat) or vehicle (car, motorcycle, VEHICLE) to follow the desired
course. An exception is the case of rail transport by which rail tracks combined together
with railroad switches (and also known as 'points' in British English) provide the steering
function.
• Basic geometry
The basic aim of steering is to ensure that the wheels are pointing in the desired directions.
This is typically achieved by a series of linkages, rods, pivots and gears. One of the
fundamental concepts is that of caster angle- each wheel is steered with a pivot point ahead
of the wheel; this makes the steering tend to be self-centering towards the direction travel.
Figure: Ackermann steering geometry
30. 30
• The steering linkages connecting the steering box and the wheels usually conforms to a
variation of Ackermann steering geometry, to account for the fact that in a turn, the inner
wheel is actually travelling a path of smaller radius than the outer wheel, so that the degree
of toe suitable for driving in a straight path is not suitable for turns.
32. 32
Design of Vehicle
Assume
load on vehicle= 100 kg
Load (P)= 1000 N
Let Area cross section =
Stress = load / area
= 1000/160×100×10^-4
σ = 625.55 n/m²
From tensile testing , σ’ = 650 N/m²
Thus, σ’ > σ theoretical
Hence design of the vehicle is safe
33. 33
Capability of Motor
Specification of motor Power (P)= 1.5 KW
No. of revolution per min(N)= 500 RPM
P=2 πrt/60×1000
Torque Transmitted T = 28.62 N-m
Shear Stress τ = 16T/πd³
Where D= dia of wheel
D=40 cm
τ = 16×28.62/π(0.4)³
τ = 2278.66 N/m²
Load carried by motor = shear stress × area of cross section
P= 2278.66×160×100 ×10^-4
P= 3645.5 N
or P= 364 kg
therefore the load on vehicle is easily carried by this motor .
Hence Design is safe
35. 35
LIST OF MACHINE USED IN PROJECT
1.) LATHE MACHINE:-
Center height 170 mm
Distance between center 600 mm
Maximum speed 2000 mm
Motor Power 500 kw
2.) DRILL MACHINE :-
Capacity 50 mm
Range of Spindle Speed 35-195 rpm
Working space on base 412 * 412 mm
3.) SHAPER MACHINE :-
Type Push cut horizontal type
Stroke 175-900 mm
Power Feed 0.2-5 mm
Motor 500 kw
4.) HACKSAW MACHINE :-
Maximum dia. Of root of cut 180 mm
Maximum square section to cut 125 mm
Stroke 75-150 mm
Blade Size 350 mm
Motor 1 HP
36. 36
OPERATION DONE BY THE MACHINES
1.)DRILLING
It is a process of making hole and enlarging it in an object by forcing a rotating tool called a
drill. The same operation can be accomplished in some other machine by holding the drill
stationary and rotating the work.
2.) BORING
It is the process of enlarging a hole that has already drilled or cored. Principally, it is an
operation of turning a hole that has been drilled previously, with a single point tool.
3.) REAMING
Reamer is a cutting tool, used for enlarging or finishing to accurate dimensions a hole
previously formed.The flutes on reamer body act both as cutting teeth and as grooves for
accommodating the chips removed.
4.) GRINDING
It is the process in which the metal cutting or removal take place comparatively in smaller
volume through friction for accuracy. It is also used for sharpening the tool.
5.) TURNING
It is the process which is performed on lathe machine in which remove the excess of
material from the work piece to produce crown shaped .
6.) TAPPING
Taping and threading is a process of making threads, are being made on adjustable rod, for
fixing steering column.
7.) SHAPING
It is used principally to machine flat or plane surface in horizontal, vertical and angular.
37. 37
8.) CUTTING
It is used principally to cut the material for making structure other parts.
9.) WELDING
It is the process of joining different material with help of heat and with or without the
application of filler material. In the manufacturing of chassis, battery cabin.
39. 39
LIST OF HAND TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
• Single point cutting tool
• Drills
• Vernier Caliper
• Hacksaw
• Files
• Measuring Tap
• Hammers
• Punch
• Screw Driver
• Hand grinding machine
• Hand Drilling machine
• T joint
• Oxy-Acetylene gas welding system
• Grease and oil
• Paint
44. 44
PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE
➢ ENERGY SOURCES
Although electric vehicles have few direct emissions, all rely on energy created
through electricity generation, and will usually emit pollution and generate waste, unless it
is generated by renewable source power plants. Since electric vehicles use whatever
electricity is delivered by their electrical utility/grid operator, electric vehicles can be made
more or less efficient, polluting and expensive to run, by modifying the electrical
generating stations. This would be done by an electrical utility under a government energy
policy, in a timescale negotiated between utilities and government.
Fossil fuel vehicle efficiency and pollution standards take years to filter through a nation's
fleet of vehicles. New efficiency and pollution standards rely on the purchase of new
vehicles, often as the current vehicles already on the road reach their end-of-life. Only a
few nations set a retirement age for old vehicles, such as Japan or Singapore, forcing
periodic upgrading of all vehicles already on the road.
Electric vehicles will take advantage of whatever environmental gains happen when a
renewable energy generation station comes online, a fossil-fuel power station is
decommissioned or upgraded. Conversely, if government policy or economic conditions
shifts generators back to use more polluting fossil fuels andinternal combustion engine
vehicles (ICEVs), or more inefficient sources, the reverse can happen. Even in such a
situation, electrical vehicles are still more efficient than a comparable amount of fossil fuel
vehicles. In areas with a deregulated electrical energy market, an electrical vehicle owner
can choose whether to run his electrical vehicle off conventional electrical energy sources,
45. 45
or strictly from renewable electrical energy sources (presumably at an additional cost),
pushing other consumers onto conventional sources, and switch at any time between the
two.
➢ EFFICIENCY
Because of the different methods of charging possible, the emissions produced have been
quantified in different ways. Plug-in all-electric and Motoried vehicles also have different
consumption characteristics.
➢ ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Electromagnetic radiation from high performance electrical motors has been claimed to be
associated with some human ailments, but such claims are largely unsubstantiated except
for extremely high exposures. Electric motors can be shielded within a metallic Faraday
cage, but this reduces efficiency by adding weight to the vehicle, while it is not conclusive
that all electromagnetic radiation can be contained.
➢ CHARGING (Grid Capacity)
If a large proportion of private vehicles were to convert to grid electricity it would increase
the demand for generation and transmission, and consequent emissions. However, overall
energy consumption and emissions would diminish because of the higher efficiency of
electric vehicles over the entire cycle. In the USA it has been estimated there is already
nearly sufficient existing power plant and transmission infrastructure, assuming that most
charging would occur overnight, using the most efficient off-peak base load sources.
In the UK however, things are different. While National Grid’s high-voltage electricity
transmission system can currently manage the demand of 1 million electric cars, Steve
Holliday (CEO National Grid PLC) said, “penetration up and above that becomes a real
46. 46
issue. Local distribution networks in cities like London may struggle to balance their grids
if drivers choose to all plug in their cars at the same time."
➢ CHARGING STATIONS
Electric vehicles typically charge from conventional power outlets or dedicated charging
stations, a process that typically takes hours, but can be done overnight and often gives a
charge that is sufficient for normal everyday usage.
However with the widespread implementation of electric vehicle networks within large
cities, such as those provided by POD Point in the UK and Europe, electric vehicle users
can plug in their cars whilst at work and leave them to charge throughout the day, extending
the possible range of commutes and eliminating range anxiety.
One proposed solution for daily recharging is a standardized inductive charging system
such as Evatran's Plugless Power. Benefits are the convenience of with parking over the
charge station and minimized cabling and connection infrastructure.
Another proposed solution for the typically less frequent, long distance travel is "rapid
charging", such as the Aerovironment PosiCharge line (up to 250 kW) and
the Norvik MinitCharge line (up to 300 kW). Ecotality is a manufacturer of Charging
Stations and has partnered with Nissan on several installations. Battery replacement is also
proposed as an alternative, although no OEM's including Nissan/Renault have any
production vehicle plans. Swapping requires standardization across platforms, models and
manufacturers. Swapping also requires many times more battery packs to be in the system.
One type of battery "replacement" proposed is much simpler: while the latest generation
of vanadium redox battery only has an energy density similar to lead-acid, the charge is
stored solely in a vanadium-based electrolyte, which can be pumped out and replaced with
charged fluid. The vanadium battery system is also a potential candidate for intermediate
energy storage in quick charging stations because of its high power density and extremely
good endurance in daily use. System cost however, is still prohibitive. As vanadium battery
47. 47
systems are estimated to range between $350–$600 per kWh, a battery that can service one
hundred customers in a 24 hour period at 50 kWh per charge would cost $1.8-$3 million.
According to Department of Energy research conducted at Pacific National Laboratory,
84% of existing vehicles could be switched over to plug-in Motorieds without requiring any
new grid infrastructure. In terms of transportation, the net result would be a 27% total
reduction in emissions of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide,
a 31% total reduction in nitrogen oxides, a slight reduction in nitrous oxide emissions, an
increase in particulate matter emissions, the same sulfur dioxide emissions, and the near
elimination of carbon monoxide and volatile organic compound emissions (a 98% decrease
in carbon monoxide and a 93% decrease in volatile organic compounds). The emissions
would be displaced away from street level, where they have "high human-health
implications."
➢ Battery swapping
There is another way to "refuel" electric vehicles. Instead of recharging them from electric
socket, batteries could be mechanically replaced on special stations just in a couple of
minutes (battery swapping).
Batteries with greatest energy density such as metal-air fuel cells usually cannot be
recharged in purely electric way. Instead some kind of metallurgical process is needed, such
as aluminum smelting and similar.
Silicon-air, aluminum-air and other metal-air fuel cells look promising candidates for swap
batteries. Any source of energy, renewable or non-renewable, could be used to remake used
metal-air fuel cells with relatively high efficiency. Investment in infrastructure will be
needed. The cost of such batteries could be an issue, although they could be made with
replaceable anodes and electrolyte.
48. 48
➢ OTHER IN-DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Conventional electric double-layer capacitors are being worked to achieve the energy
density of lithium ion batteries, offering almost unlimited lifespans and no environmental
issues. High-K electric double-layer capacitors, such as EEStor's EESU, could improve
lithium ion energy density several times over if they can be produced. Lithium-sulphur
batteries offer 250Wh/kg. Sodium-ion batteries promise 400Wh/kg with only minimal
expansion/contraction during charge/discharge and a very high surface area. Researchers
from one of the Ukrainian state universities claim that they have manufactured samples of
supercapacitor based on intercalation process with 318 W-h/kg specific energy, which seem
to be at least two times improvement in comparison to typical Li-ion batteries.
➢ SAFETY
The United Nations in Geneva (UNECE) has adopted the first international regulation
(Regulation 100) on safety of both fully electric and Motoried electric cars to ensure that
cars with a high voltageelectric power train, such as Motoried and fully electric vehicles,
are as safe as combustion cars. The EU and Japan have already indicated that they intend to
incorporate the new UNECE Regulation in their respective rules on technical standards for
vehicles.
➢ ENERGY RESILIENCE
Electricity is a form of energy that remains within the country or region where it was
produced and can be multi-sourced. As a result it gives the greatest degree of energy
resilience.
➢ ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Electric vehicle 'tank-to-wheels' efficiency is about a factor of 3 higher than internal
combustion engine vehicles. It does not consume energy when it is not moving, unlike
internal combustion engines where they continue running even during idling. However,
looking at the well-to-wheel efficiency of electric vehicles, their emissions are comparable
49. 49
to an efficient gasoline or diesel in most countries because electricity generation relies on
fossil fuels.
➢ COST OF RECHARGE
The GM Volt will cost "less than purchasing a cup of your favorite coffee" to recharge. The
Volt should cost less than 2 cents per mile to drive on electricity, compared with 12 cents a
mile on gasoline at a price of $3.60 a gallon. This means a trip from Los Angeles to New
York would cost $56 on electricity, and $336 with gasoline. This would be the equivalent to
paying 60 cents a gallon of gas.
➢ STABILIZATION OF THE GRID
Since electric vehicles can be plugged into the electric grid when not in use, there is a
potential for battery powered vehicles to even out the demand for electricity by feeding
electricity into the grid from their batteries during peak use periods (such as midafternoon
air conditioning use) while doing most of their charging at night, when there is unused
generating capacity. This Vehicle to Grid (V2G) connection has the potential to reduce the
need for new power plants.
Furthermore, our current electricity infrastructure may need to cope with increasing shares
of variable-output power sources such as windmills and PV solar panels. This variability
could be addressed by adjusting the speed at which EV batteries are charged, or possibly
even discharged.
Some concepts see battery exchanges and battery charging stations, much like gas/petrol
stations today. Clearly these will require enormous storage and charging potentials, which
could be manipulated to vary the rate of charging, and to output power during shortage
periods, much as diesel generators are used for short periods to stabilize some national
grids.
50. 50
➢ RANGE
Many electric designs have limited range, due to the low energy density of batteries
compared to the fuel of internal combustion engine vehicles. Electric vehicles also often
have long recharge times compared to the relatively fast process of refueling a tank. This is
further complicated by the current scarcity of public charging stations. "Range anxiety" is a
label for consumer concern about EV range.
➢ HEATING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
In cold climates considerable energy is needed to heat the interior of a vehicle and to
defrost the windows. With internal combustion engines, this heat already exists from the
combustion process from the waste heat from the engine cooling circuit and this offsets
the greenhouse gases' external costs. If this is done with battery electric vehicles, this will
require extra energy from the vehicles' batteries. Although some heat could be harvested
from the motor(s) and battery, due to their greater efficiency there is not as much waste heat
available as from a combustion engine.
However, for vehicles which are connected to the grid, battery electric vehicles can be
preheated, or cooled, and need little or no energy from the battery, especially for short trips.
Newer designs are focused on using super-insulated cabins which can heat the vehicle using
the body heat of the passengers. This is not enough, however, in colder climates as a driver
delivers only about 100 W of heating power. A reversible AC-system, cooling the cabin
during summer and heating it during winter, seems to be the most practical and promising
way of solving the thermal management of the EV. Ricardo Arboix introduced (2008) a
new concept based on the principle of combining the thermal-management of the EV-
battery with the thermal-management of the cabin using a reversible AC-system. This is
done by adding a third heat-exchanger, thermally connected with the battery-core, to the
traditional heat pump/air conditioning system used in previous EV-models like the GM
EV1 and Toyota RAV4 EV.
51. 51
The concept has proven to bring several benefits, such as prolonging the life-span of the
battery as well as improving the performance and overall energy-efficiency of the EV.
➢ ELECTRIC PUBLIC TRANSIT EFFICIENCY
Shifts from private to public transport (train, trolleybus or tram) have the potential for large
gains in efficiency in terms of individual miles per kWh.
Research shows people do prefer trams, because they are quieter and more comfortable and
perceived as having higher status.
Therefore, it may be possible to cut liquid fossil fuel consumption in cities through the use
of electric trams.
Trams may be the most energy-efficient form of public transportation, with rubber wheeled
vehicles using 2/3 more energy than the equivalent tram, and run on electricity rather than
fossil fuels.
In terms of net present value, they are also the cheapest—Blackpool trams are still running
after 100-years, but combustion buses only last about 15-years.
53. 53
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MOTORIZED
VEHICLES
➢ ENVIRONMENTAL
• Due to efficiency of electric engines as compared to combustion engines, even when the
electricity used to charge electric vehicles comes from a CO2 emitting source, such as a
coal or gas fired powered plant, the net CO2 production from an electric car is typically one
half to one third of that from a comparable combustion vehicle.
• Electric vehicles release almost no air pollutants at the place where they are operated. In
addition, it is generally easier to build pollution control systems into centralised power
stations than retrofit enormous numbers of cars.
• Electric vehicles typically have less noise pollution than an internal combustion engine
vehicle, whether it is at rest or in motion. Electric vehicles emit no tailpipe CO2 or
pollutants such as NOx,NMHC, CO and PM at the point of use.
• Electric motors don't require oxygen, unlike internal combustion engines; this is useful
for submarines.
• While electric and Motoried cars have reduced tailpipe carbon emissions, the energy they
consume is sometimes produced by means that have environmental impacts. For example,
the majority ofelectricity produced in the United States comes from fossil
fuels (coal and natural gas) so use of an Electric Vehicle in the United States would not be
completely carbon neutral. Electric and Motoried cars can help decrease energy use and
pollution, with local no pollution at all being generated by electric vehicles, and may
someday use only renewable resources, but the choice that would have the lowest negative
environmental impact would be a lifestyle change in favor of walking, biking, use of public
transit or telecommuting. Governments may invest in research and development of electric
54. 54
cars with the intention of reducing the impact on the environment where they could instead
develop pedestrian-friendly communities or electric mass transit.
➢ MECHANICAL
• Electric motors are mechanically very simple.
• Electric motors often achieve 90% energy conversion efficiency over the full range of
speeds and power output and can be precisely controlled. They can also be combined
with regenerative braking systems that have the ability to convert movement energy back
into stored electricity.
• This can be used to reduce the wear on brake systems (and consequent brake pad dust) and
reduce the total energy requirement of a trip. Regenerative braking is especially effective
for start-and-stop city use.
Figure-:An Alkè electric city van.
55. 55
• They can be finely controlled and provide high torque from rest, unlike internal combustion
engines, and do not need multiple gears to match power curves. This removes the need
for gearboxes and torque converters.
• Electric vehicles provide quiet and smooth operation and consequently have less noise
and vibration than internal combustion engines.
➢ FUTURE ASPECTS
Figure:Eliica Battery Electric Car with 370 km/h top speed and 200 km range
• The number of US survey respondents willing to pay $4,000 more for a plug-in
Motoried car increased from 17% in 2005 to 26% in 2006.
• Ferdinand Dudenhoeffer, head of the Centre of Automotive Research at the Gelsenkirchen
University of Applied Sciences in Germany, said that "by 2025, allpassenger cars sold in
Europe will be electric or Motoried" electric.
• Several startup companies like Tesla Motors, Commuter Cars, and Miles Electric
Vehicles will have powerful battery-electric vehicles available to the public in 2008.
Battery and energy storage technology is advancing rapidly. The average distance driven by
80% of citizens per day in a car in the US is about 50 miles (US dept of transport, 1991),
which fits easily within the current range of the electric car.
56. 56
• This range can be improved by technologies such as Plug-in Motoriedelectric vehicles
which are capable of using traditional fuels for unlimited range, rapid charging stations for
BEVs, improved energy density batteries, flow batteries, or battery swapping.
• In 2006 GM began the development of a plug-in Motoried that will use a lithium-ion
battery. The vehicle, initially known as the Car, is now called the Chevrolet Volt. The basic
design was first exhibited January 2007 at the North American International Auto Show.
GM is planning to have this EV ready for sale to the public in the latter half of 2010. The
car is to have a 40-mile (64 km) range. If the battery capacity falls below 30 percent a small
internal combustion engine will kick in to charge the battery on the go.
• This in effect increases the range of the vehicle, allowing it to be driven until it can be fully
charged by plugging it into a standard household AC electrical source. In December 2010
Nissan introduced the Nissan Leaf in Japan and the U.S.
• The Nissan Leaf is a five-door mid-size hatchback electric car. The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency determined the range to be 117 kilometres (73 mi), with an energy
consumption of 765 kJ/km (34 kWh per 100 miles). Among other awards and recognition,
the Nissan Leaf won the 2010 Green Car Vision Award award, the 2011 European Car of
the Year award, the 2011 World Car of the Year, and ranks as the most efficient EPA
certified vehicle for all fuels ever.
• On October 29, 2007, Shai Agassi launched Project Better Place, a company focused on
building massive scale Electric Recharge Grids as infrastructure supporting the deployment
of electric vehicles (including plug-in Motorieds) in countries around the world. On January
21, PBP and the Nissan–Renault group signed a MOU - PBP will provide the battery
recharging and swapping infrastructure and Renault-Nissan will mass-produce the vehicles.
➢ Improved long term energy storage and nano batteries
• There have been several developments which could bring electric vehicles outside their
current fields of application, as scooters, golf cars, neighborhood vehicles, in industrial
operational yards and indoor operation. First, advances in lithium-based battery technology,
57. 57
in large part driven by the consumer electronics industry, allow full-sized, highway-capable
electric vehicles to be propelled as far on a single charge as conventional cars go on a single
tank of gasoline. Lithium batteries have been made safe, can be recharged in minutes
instead of hours, and now last longer than the typical vehicle. The production cost of these
lighter, higher-capacity lithium batteries is gradually decreasing as the technology matures
and production volumes increase.
• Rechargeable Lithium-air batteries potentially offer increased range over other types and
are a current topic of research
➢ Introduction of battery management and intermediate storage
• Another improvement is to decouple the electric motor from the battery through electronic
control, employing ultra-capacitors to buffer large but short power demands
and regenerative braking energy.
• The development of new cell types combined with intelligent cell management improved
both weak points mentioned above. The cell management involves not only monitoring the
health of the cells but also a redundant cell configuration (one more cell than needed). With
sophisticated switched wiring it is possible to condition one cell while the rest are on duty.
➢ Faster battery recharging
• By soaking the matter found in conventional lithium ion batteries in a special solution,
lithium ion batteries were supposedly said to be recharged 100x faster. This test was
however done with a specially-designed battery with little capacity. Batteries with higher
capacity can be recharged 40x faster.
• The research was conducted by Byoungwoo Kang and Gerbrand Ceder of MIT. The
researchers believe the solution may appear on the market in 2011. Another method to
speed up battery charging is by adding an additional oscillating electric field. This method
was proposed byIbrahim Abou Hamad from Mississippi State University.The
company Epyon specializes in faster charging of electric vehicles
59. 59
Environmental Impact of Motorized Vehicle
• Though Motoried cars consume less petroleum than conventional cars, there is still an issue
regarding the environmental damage of the Motoried car battery. Today most Motoried car
batteries are one of two types: (1) nickel metal hydride, or (2) lithium ion; both are regarded
as more environmentally friendly than lead-based batteries which constitute the bulk of car
batteries today.
• There are many types of batteries. Some are far more toxic than others. While batteries like
lead acid or nickel cadmium are incredibly bad for the environment, the toxicity levels and
environmental impact of nickel metal hydride batteries—the type currently used in
Motorieds—are much lower. Nickel-based batteries are known carcinogens, and have been
shown to cause a variety of teratogenic effects.
• The Lithium-ion battery has attracted attention due to its potential for use in Motoried
electric vehicles. Hitachi is a leader in its development.
• Additionally, the market for Lithium-ion batteries is rapidly expanding as an alternative to
the nickel-metal hydride batteries, which have been utilized in the Motoried market thus
far. In addition to its smaller size and lighter weight, lithium-ion batteries deliver
performance that helps to protect the environment with features such as improved charge
efficiency without memory effect.
• In an environment where motor vehicle requirements including lower exhaust emissions
and better fuel economy are prevalent, it is anticipated that the practical use of Motoried,
electric, and fuel cell vehicles will continue to increase.
• The lithium-ion batteries are appealing because they have the highest energy density of any
rechargeable batteries and can produce a voltage more than three times that of nickel-metal
hydride battery cell while simultaneously storing large quantities of electricity as well.
60. 60
• The batteries also produce higher output (boosting vehicle power), higher efficiency
(avoiding wasteful use of electricity), and provides excellent durability, compared with the
life of the battery being roughly equivalent to the life of the vehicle.
• Additionally, use of lithium-ion batteries reduces the overall weight of the vehicle and also
achieves improved fuel economy of 30% better than gasoline-powered vehicles with a
consequent reduction in CO2 emissions helping to prevent global warming. The lithium-ion
batteries supplied by Hitachi are flourishing in a wide range of different applications
including cars, buses, commercial vehicles and trains.
• Electric vehicles that have the ability to be recharged from an owner’s main power supply
are now available in several global automotive markets. When these vehicles are charged
overnight, which is less costly than charging the vehicle during the day in Japan, the
expense is about one-ninth of the cost for fueling a gasoline powered vehicle.
61. 61
MOTORIED VEHICLE EMISSIONS
• Motorized vehicle emissions today are getting close to or even lower than the
recommended level set by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).
• The recommended levels they suggest for a typical passenger vehicle should be equated to
5.5 metric tons of carbon dioxide. The three most popular Motorized vehicles, Honda
Civic, Honda Insight and Toyota Prius, set the standards even higher by producing 4.1, 3.5,
and 3.5 tons showing a major improvement in carbon dioxide emissions.
• Motorized vehicles can reduce air emissions of smog-forming pollutants by up to 90% and
cut carbon dioxide emissions in half.
63. 63
PRESENT SCENERIO IN INDIA
Practically the only Electric Vehicle to have been manufactured for several years is the
Indian REVA. It is produced by REVA Electric Car Company Private Ltd. (RECC) in
Bangalore, India, a company established in 1994 as a joint venture between the Maini
Group India and AEV LLC, California USA. After seven years of R&D, they
commercialized the first REVA car in June 2001.
The current version of the REVA is the REVAi. It was first reserved for the Indian market,
but it is now distributed in several European countries: UK (by GoinGreenunder the name
G-Wiz), Cyprus and Greece (by REVA Phaedra Electricity Mobility Ltd., Belgium
(by Green Mobil), Norway (by Ole Chr. Bye AS), Iceland (byPerlukafarinn ehf), Spain
(by Emovement)and Germany (by Elektro PKW, the REVA is also available in the
Republic of Ireland GreenAer. It may be exported to the USA with a speed limiter for use
as a Neighborhood Electric Vehicle (NEV).
In July 2010, the government of Tamil Nadu allocated land in Ranipet to Bavina Cars India
for production of electric cars. The plant is set to be operational by 2011.
In addition to Bangalore-based Reva, which currently is the only company actually selling
EVs today, electric cars made in India includes:
▪ Mahindra & Mahindra: Four-seat model by 2010.
▪ Tata: 2008-2009 (also possibly an air car).
▪ Ajanta Group: clockmaker with plans for low-cost electric vehicle.
▪ Tara: Low-cost EV less than a Tata Nano.
▪ Hero Electric: 2013 Electric car.
With Tata, Ajanta and Tara talking about 'low-cost' cars and "less than a Tata Nano".
65. 65
Conclusion
All types of engine-driven vehicles from automobiles, airplanes, aircraft carriers
and agricultural equipment to zambonis may have electric motors to perform a
variety of functions. In electric vehicles, diesel-electric vehicles, and hybrid
vehicles, electric motors are used to propel the vehicle. The motor controllers in
vehicle applications are integrated into the vehicle.
The machine is very much advance and simple to construst. The working
of machine is easy and eco friendly . Its is the most economical vehicle as there
is no fuel consumption. The cost of all the component is less and the component
should be easily available in the market .so presently it is common to use in
developing countries.