The drying process is one of the oldest methods used to remove the moisture content from the natural product.
It is the simplest and economical method on a large scale drying because of cheaper cost as compared to drying machine.
But it is estimated that about 30-40 percent of the commodity is wasted due to insufficient post-harvest treatment.
If solar dryers are used to remove excess moisture from the product before storage, their quality during storage will not deteriorate and infestation of insects will be reduced
Similarly, large quantities of excess vegetables and fruits, which are now being wasted, could be solar-dried for use during the off-season in a controlled manner.
Solar dryers are devices that use solar energy to dry substances, especially the food. Drying is one of the methods used to preserve food products for longer periods. Different types of solar dryers have been designed, developed and tested in the different regions.
A FORCED CONVECTION DRYER WAS DESIGNED AND COMMISSIONED FOR DRYING PROCESS
IT IS BASED ON THE MIXED MODE WITH DIRECT AND INDIRECT TYPE OF HEATING MECHANISM
Drying is an important unit operation in food processing which aids in preservationthrough the lowering of water activity of the product by evaporation of water. Using a solar dryer is comparatively cheaper and more efficient. Some solar dryersrun
without electrical grid power or fossil fuels. Various kinds of solar dryers that are widely used today. The indirect direct and mixed mode dryers that have shown potential in drying agricultural products in the tropical and subtropical countries are discussed. Aside from identifying the active and passive mode solar dryers, we also high light the environmental influence on solar energy (harnessing) that plays a vital role in the solar drying sector and related technologies that can help improve existingsolar dryers.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID SOLAR DRYER FOR DOMESTIC APPLICATIONSsangeetkhule
Introduction
Role of The Sun
Importance of Renewable Energy Sources
Solar Drying
Basics of Solar Energy
Working of Solar Cell
Basics of Solar Thermal Conversions
Outline of Thesis
Solar Dryer
Basics of Solar Dryers
Need For Dryers
Various Methods of Drying
Basics of Solar Drying Technique
Difference Between OSD & Solar Drying
Various Types of Solar Dryers
Working Consist of Hybrid Solar Dryer
Advantages & Reasons For Limited Use In India
Applications of Solar Dryers
Literature Review
Direct Solar Dryer
Indirect Solar Dryer
Mixed Mode Solar Dryer
Hybrid Solar Dryer
Conclusions
The outcome of Literature Review
Selection of Food Products
Methodology And Design Criterion
Methodology
Design Criterion
Selection of Solar Dryer Type
Design of Solar Dryer
Working of Model
Design Calculations
The Fan/Blower Design
Computer-Aided Design of Hybrid Solar Dryer
Solar Collector
Drying Chamber
Trays
Stand
Computational Analysis
Pre-Processor
PostProcessor
Economic Analysis
Economic Analysis of Dried Food Products
Bill
Actual Components For Fabricating
Commercial Solar Dryers
Other Locations
Conclusion And Recommendations
Conclusion
Recommendations
References
Power Requirements
Optimum Angle of Inclination
Solar Collector Area Calculations
Calculation of Components
Solar dryers are devices that use solar energy to dry substances, especially the food. Drying is one of the methods used to preserve food products for longer periods. Different types of solar dryers have been designed, developed and tested in the different regions.
A FORCED CONVECTION DRYER WAS DESIGNED AND COMMISSIONED FOR DRYING PROCESS
IT IS BASED ON THE MIXED MODE WITH DIRECT AND INDIRECT TYPE OF HEATING MECHANISM
Drying is an important unit operation in food processing which aids in preservationthrough the lowering of water activity of the product by evaporation of water. Using a solar dryer is comparatively cheaper and more efficient. Some solar dryersrun
without electrical grid power or fossil fuels. Various kinds of solar dryers that are widely used today. The indirect direct and mixed mode dryers that have shown potential in drying agricultural products in the tropical and subtropical countries are discussed. Aside from identifying the active and passive mode solar dryers, we also high light the environmental influence on solar energy (harnessing) that plays a vital role in the solar drying sector and related technologies that can help improve existingsolar dryers.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID SOLAR DRYER FOR DOMESTIC APPLICATIONSsangeetkhule
Introduction
Role of The Sun
Importance of Renewable Energy Sources
Solar Drying
Basics of Solar Energy
Working of Solar Cell
Basics of Solar Thermal Conversions
Outline of Thesis
Solar Dryer
Basics of Solar Dryers
Need For Dryers
Various Methods of Drying
Basics of Solar Drying Technique
Difference Between OSD & Solar Drying
Various Types of Solar Dryers
Working Consist of Hybrid Solar Dryer
Advantages & Reasons For Limited Use In India
Applications of Solar Dryers
Literature Review
Direct Solar Dryer
Indirect Solar Dryer
Mixed Mode Solar Dryer
Hybrid Solar Dryer
Conclusions
The outcome of Literature Review
Selection of Food Products
Methodology And Design Criterion
Methodology
Design Criterion
Selection of Solar Dryer Type
Design of Solar Dryer
Working of Model
Design Calculations
The Fan/Blower Design
Computer-Aided Design of Hybrid Solar Dryer
Solar Collector
Drying Chamber
Trays
Stand
Computational Analysis
Pre-Processor
PostProcessor
Economic Analysis
Economic Analysis of Dried Food Products
Bill
Actual Components For Fabricating
Commercial Solar Dryers
Other Locations
Conclusion And Recommendations
Conclusion
Recommendations
References
Power Requirements
Optimum Angle of Inclination
Solar Collector Area Calculations
Calculation of Components
Phase Change Materials(PCM) based solar refrigerationVishvesh Shah
Topics to be Covered
Refrigeration Using solar Energy
Introduction
Solar PV Based Refrigeration
Solar Absorption Refrigeration
Energy Storage Systems
Battery
Phase Change Materials
Solar Refrigeration System Model Studies
Solar powered refrigerator with Thermal Energy Storage
Solar Direct Drive Refrigerator for Vaccine Storage
Process of converting solar thermal energy (heat) into conditioned air.
Eco-friendly as well as Energy-efficient.
Can be operated with green resources of heat as backup resources when solar radiation is unavailable
We are providing detailed info regarding working principle of solar water heater in this presentation. If you are looking for their quality suppliers and manufacturers, you can visit our site.
Drying is the oldest preservation technique of agricultural products and it is an energy intensive process. High prices and shortages of fossil fuels have increased the emphasis on using alternative renewable energy resources. Drying of agricultural products using renewable energy such as solar energy is environmental friendly and has less environmental impact.
A solar dryer is an application of solar energy, used immensely in the food and agriculture industry. Though the sun is still used as the direct source for drying food items and clothes in certain parts of the world. An indirect source of solar power can also be used for the same purpose in the form of a solar dryer.
Infrared plastic solar cell @1000KV Technologies 90308448771000kv technologies
electronics engineering live projects abstracts
electronics projects, electronics projects for engineering final year students, electronics and communication engineering projects for final year students,100kv,1000kv,1000kv technologies,1000kv projects,technologies,live projects,Hyderabad live projects,live projects in, diploma low cost projects,1000kv projects, , academic projects,btech live projects,Hyderabad,1000kilovolts,1000kilovolts technologies ,btech main projects ,
solar water heating system - types and mechanismlee shin
solar is one of the trending technology getting into use which reduces the utility bills and bring more beneficial factor through its eco friendly method
Numerical Simulation of Solar Greenhouse Dryer Using Computational Fluid Dyna...RSIS International
Moisture removal from crops and other food items is
one of the ways to preserve them for longer duration. Previously,
drying openly in sun was used to reduce moisture content. But it
had some disadvantages like contamination due to dirt and other
unwanted elements as well as attack by rodents and birds.
Drying in covered close space with vents would be helpful in
overcoming these problems. Solar greenhouse dryers are the
close conduits in which crops can be dried without negatively
affecting the nutrition value. The factors affecting the crop
drying are solar radiation, climatic conditions, material of which
the dryer is made of and shape of the dryer. A lot of
experimental investigations have been done to improve the
drying rate. With the advances in computational power and
numerical techniques, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has
emerged as a powerful tool to optimize any design. In the present
study, simulations have been done on greenhouse dryer with
modifications to identify the temperature distribution with
variation in wind velocity. Different radiation levels have also
been found out at different locations in the dryer. The model of
the dryer has been created in CREO 5.0 and analysis has been
performed using ANSYS 14.0. The simulation has been done for
both forced and natural convection. Obtained results have been
validated with the experimental work done by previous works.
Better drying rate has been obtained for forced circulation as
compared to natural convection which is in agreement with the
available experimental results.
Phase Change Materials(PCM) based solar refrigerationVishvesh Shah
Topics to be Covered
Refrigeration Using solar Energy
Introduction
Solar PV Based Refrigeration
Solar Absorption Refrigeration
Energy Storage Systems
Battery
Phase Change Materials
Solar Refrigeration System Model Studies
Solar powered refrigerator with Thermal Energy Storage
Solar Direct Drive Refrigerator for Vaccine Storage
Process of converting solar thermal energy (heat) into conditioned air.
Eco-friendly as well as Energy-efficient.
Can be operated with green resources of heat as backup resources when solar radiation is unavailable
We are providing detailed info regarding working principle of solar water heater in this presentation. If you are looking for their quality suppliers and manufacturers, you can visit our site.
Drying is the oldest preservation technique of agricultural products and it is an energy intensive process. High prices and shortages of fossil fuels have increased the emphasis on using alternative renewable energy resources. Drying of agricultural products using renewable energy such as solar energy is environmental friendly and has less environmental impact.
A solar dryer is an application of solar energy, used immensely in the food and agriculture industry. Though the sun is still used as the direct source for drying food items and clothes in certain parts of the world. An indirect source of solar power can also be used for the same purpose in the form of a solar dryer.
Infrared plastic solar cell @1000KV Technologies 90308448771000kv technologies
electronics engineering live projects abstracts
electronics projects, electronics projects for engineering final year students, electronics and communication engineering projects for final year students,100kv,1000kv,1000kv technologies,1000kv projects,technologies,live projects,Hyderabad live projects,live projects in, diploma low cost projects,1000kv projects, , academic projects,btech live projects,Hyderabad,1000kilovolts,1000kilovolts technologies ,btech main projects ,
solar water heating system - types and mechanismlee shin
solar is one of the trending technology getting into use which reduces the utility bills and bring more beneficial factor through its eco friendly method
Numerical Simulation of Solar Greenhouse Dryer Using Computational Fluid Dyna...RSIS International
Moisture removal from crops and other food items is
one of the ways to preserve them for longer duration. Previously,
drying openly in sun was used to reduce moisture content. But it
had some disadvantages like contamination due to dirt and other
unwanted elements as well as attack by rodents and birds.
Drying in covered close space with vents would be helpful in
overcoming these problems. Solar greenhouse dryers are the
close conduits in which crops can be dried without negatively
affecting the nutrition value. The factors affecting the crop
drying are solar radiation, climatic conditions, material of which
the dryer is made of and shape of the dryer. A lot of
experimental investigations have been done to improve the
drying rate. With the advances in computational power and
numerical techniques, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has
emerged as a powerful tool to optimize any design. In the present
study, simulations have been done on greenhouse dryer with
modifications to identify the temperature distribution with
variation in wind velocity. Different radiation levels have also
been found out at different locations in the dryer. The model of
the dryer has been created in CREO 5.0 and analysis has been
performed using ANSYS 14.0. The simulation has been done for
both forced and natural convection. Obtained results have been
validated with the experimental work done by previous works.
Better drying rate has been obtained for forced circulation as
compared to natural convection which is in agreement with the
available experimental results.
Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryerijtsrd
Post harvest losses in developing countries have contributed to the unavailability of foodstuff. Estimation of these losses is generally cited to be of the order of 4 but under very adverse conditions, it is estimated as high as 100 . A significant percentage of these losses are related to improper and or untimely preservation of foodstuffs. This research work is therefore aimed at developing a multipurpose solar dryer. The solar dryer consists mainly of solar collector and dryer chamber compartment. The materials used in this research work include based frame, transparent fiberglass cover, an absorber oven baked Aluminium , thermometer, wire gauze, etc. The frame was constructed from a wood bars with a dimension of 900 mm x 900 mm x 600 mm. The dryer chamber is a truncated rectangle and it comprises of a double walls made up of a plain ply board measuring 800 mm x 800 mm x by 500 mm with a transparent fiberglass cover inclined at an angle of 15o. Three different samples namely sample A sliced plantains , sample B sliced yams , and sample C fish were used for test performance evaluation of the developed multipurpose solar dryer. The results obtained reveal that overall heat energy transfer coefficient of 4.91w m0C, dryer chamber rate of 0.654 kg hr., and dryer chamber area of 0.659 m2 were required by the solar dryer. Besides, the solar dryer dried the three samples used in this research work within duration of 8 hours i.e., 9am 5pm . The maximum solar chamber dryer temperature and ambient temperature were recorded as 55.00 oC and 35.46 oC respectively. Besides, the minimum lower temperature values recorded were obtained as 40.45 oC for solar chamber dryer temperature and 29.02 oC for ambient temperature. The improved results obtained with the multipurpose solar dryer were due to improved temperature obtained with the solar dryer chamber. Orhorhoro EK | Aregbe O | Tamuno RI "Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31195.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31195/performance-evaluation-of-a-developed-multipurpose-solar-dryer/orhorhoro-ek
A Review Investigation On The Thermal Performance Of The Solar Dryer System I...IJSRD
The quality of drying capacity of the solar dryer is chiefly depends on the external environmental conditions as an result the quality of dried product is decreases. So to improve the quality of dried product in the dryer reduce fluctuation of the temperature, reduce loss of energy is to be necessary. This is possible by employing the thermal energy storage material in the dryer. This paper is primarily focused on the arrangement of the latent heat storage material integrated with solar dyer. Which reduces fluctuation of temperature, reduce the loss of energy also increase the working hours of solar dryer even during off sunshine hours.
In many countries,agricultural products are dried under the open sun. However,this way of drying deg rades the quality of the dried products due to interferen ce from external impurities and uneven drying rates . Numerous types of solar dryers have been designed a nd developed in various parts of the world,yieldin g varying degrees of technical performance. Basically,there are three types of solar dryers;direct sol ar dryers,indirect solar dryers and mixed-mode dryers. This r eview paper is focused on hybrid solar dryers. Drying proceeded successfully even under unfavorable weath er conditions in the hybrid mode of operation these are the most cost effective type of dryers and are easy to fabricate and use. In this review paper,we reviewe d different types of hybrid solar dryers and different design m odifications applied to them in order to increase t heir effectiveness.
How the adoption of modern technology in manufacturing has influenced safety&...SAJID ALI RUK
Manufacturing is the processing of raw materials or parts into finished goods using tools, human labor, machinery, and chemical processing.
Large-scale manufacturing allows for the mass production of goods using assembly line processes and advanced technologies as core assets.
Efficient manufacturing techniques enable manufacturers to take advantage of economies of scale, producing more units at a lower cost.
Manufacturing is a value-adding process allowing businesses to sell finished products at a higher cost over the value of the raw materials used.
Before the Industrial Revolution, most products were handmade using human labor and basic tools.
Design and development of phase change material based all weather jacketSAJID ALI RUK
This research aims to design & develop such a PCM(s) based jacket that regulates body temperature, i-e no change in temperature of the encapsulated PCM(s).
Based on comfort, geometrical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics, which give insight into heat management through clothes to produce outdoor and protective clothes.
Network Diagrams: It is defined as “the identification of the project objectives and the ordered activity necessary to complete the project including the identification of resource types and quantities required.”
Scope refers to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them. It defines what is or is not to be done
The kick-off meeting is the team’s first introduction to the project
and It’s the formal beginning of both the planning phase of the project management process and the forming stage of the team-development process.
The Project Organization Structure is an enterprise environmental factor that plays an important role in determining the way, in which the organization and Project Manager perform.
To provide the students with:
1.An awareness of the importance of applying good practice 2.Project Management in projects of any size.
3.An understanding of essential elements, including the 4.Leadership Role of the Project Manager, Project Planning, 5.Risk Management and Stakeholder Engagement.
6.Opportunity to explore the dimensions and elements of project management, concepts, methodologies, strategies, and structures.
7.To established theories and techniques in the field of project management.
Project management is about acquiring or achieving the project goal and Most projects need to be broken down into a logical sequence of ‘phases’, known as the project life cycle.
Job Responsibilities of A Maintenance EngineerSAJID ALI RUK
Maintenance Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying engineering concepts for the optimization of equipment, procedures, and departmental budgets to achieve better maintainability, reliability, and availability of equipment.
Types of Maintenance Inspections and its importance for the organizationSAJID ALI RUK
In engineering activities inspection involves the measurements, tests, and gauges applied to certain characteristics regarding an object or activity.
Types of maintenance inspection:
1. Safety inspections
2. HVAC Inspections
3. Failure finding inspections
4. Building interior inspections
5. Lighting inspections
6. Building exterior inspections
7. Electrical inspections
8. Plumbing inspection
Importance of Project Management in Mechanical EngineeringSAJID ALI RUK
Project Management is an integral part of mechanical engineering. As it (ME) gives launching platforms for every field of engineering such as automobile, manufacturing, aerospace, power generation, chemical engineering, etc.
Engro fertilizer has three plant for urea production two plants are in working one is sold out in garbage , it was further divided into following sections.
1.Training Center
2. Admin Block
3. IT department
4. Operation
5. Inspection
6. Maintenance
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers is an American professional association that, in its own words, "promotes the art, science, and practice of multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences. We have branch of that society named as ASME-MUET-SZAB-CHAPTER.
Motivation is the word derived from the word 'motive' which means needs, desires, wants or drives within the individuals. It is the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
Design, fabrication & simulation of mixed mode solar dehydrator for date palm
1. “To start with the greatest name of Almighty
Allah. Most gracious and merciful, whose
bounties are unbounded, whose benevolence is
everlasting, whose blessings are uncountable,
whose being is eternal, whose mercy is unlimited,
whose provisions are un-ending, and whose Love
is our life, whose worship is our faith.
3. Outline
Introduction
Problem Statement
Aims & Objectives
Literature Review
Design & Material Selection
Working Mechanism
Components of Solar Dehydrator
Methodology
Results
Conclusion and Recommendation
References 3
4. Introduction
• Drying process is one of the oldest method used to remove the
moisture content from the natural product.
• It is simplest and economical method on a large scale drying because
of cheaper cost as compared to drying machine.
• But it is estimated that about 30-40 percent of the commodity is wasted
due to insufficient post-harvest treatment.
• If solar dryers are used to remove excess moisture from the product
before storage, their quality during storage will not deteriorate and
infestation of insects will be reduced
• Similarly, large quantities of excess vegetables and fruits, which are
now being wasted, could be solar-dried for use during off-season in a
controlled manner
4
5. • There are different types of solar dryers, such as direct drying (solar box
dryer), indirect drying (solar cabinet dryer), mixed mode drying (solar
tunnel dryer) or hybrid drying (hybrid solar/biomass cabinet dryer).
• Food materials and crops are very sensitive to the drying condition. very
short duration with high speed drying would cause a quality of dried
product will be reduced due to over or under dry. Thus , the selection of
drying temperature is one of the most important thing to ensure the
color, texture, flavor, and value of product will not degrade.
• Khairpur Mir’s district is famous because of political, historical and fruit
date palm. Date fruit of khairpur Mir’s district is called diamond of
khairpur Mir’s due to its fertile soil and geographical location. The date
Palm phoenix dactylifera is one of the fruit which is cultivated in large
quantity in khairpur Mir’s.
Introduction (continue…)
5
6. Problem Statement
Khairpur district approximately produced 90% of dates in Sindh Pakistan.
Dates convert into Chuhara by open sun drying method.
However, there are some disadvantages by using this method.
1. Rain can spoil the product
2. Wind
3. Attack of insect and fungus
4. Dust and moisture
5. Lost of product due to birds and animals
6
7. Aims & Objectives
▪ Design and fabrication of Mixed mode solar dehydrator.
▪ Experimentally setup and conduction system.
▪ Simulation of same dehydrator in computer using SOLIDWORKS software.
▪ Validate the results.
7
8. Literature Review
8
Title Authors Findings Year
01
.
Progress in solar
dryers for drying
various commodities.
Kumar, M.,
Sansaniwal
, S.K. and
Khatak, P
o Several studies compared the performance of a
mixed solar dryer with an indirect or direct solar
dryer. Hybrid solar dryers have been found to
provide an increased drying rate without
affecting the quality of the product.
o However, these systems are more complex and
less common.
o Temperature is one of the most important
parameters along with air velocity and relative
air humidity as found in the conclusions.
o It is possible to reduce the drying time from
14,89 % to 37,66 % compared to a natural solar
drying with increasing air velocity in the solar
dryer. But this result applies for crops
2016
9. Literature Review (continue…)
9
Title Authors Findings Year
02. A comprehensive
procedure for
performance
evaluation of solar
food dryers.
Augustus,
L., Kumar,
S. and
Bhattachary
a, S.C
o A higher temperature in the drying chamber
provides a higher drying rate for two main
reasons:
A higher temperature of the drying air increases
its ability to retain humidity.
A higher temperature of the drying air allows to
heat the product and thus to increase its vapor
pressure forcing the moisture to go on the
surface faster.
2002
03. Solar Assisted
Pervaporation (SAP)
for
Preserving and
Utilizing Fruits in
Developing Countries.
Phinney R.,
Rayner M.
and L.
Tivana
o Previous studies about fruit drying in membrane
pouches first showed that indirect solar drying
was preferable to avoid damaging effects on
nutrients or chemicals reactions altering the
product. However, more recent results suggest
that direct solar radiation is suitable for
membrane pouches.
2015
10. Literature Review (continue…)
10
Title Authors Findings Year
0
4.
Modeling
the Thin-Layer
Drying of Fruits and
Vegetables
Onwunde,
D. I.,
Norhashil
a, H. ,
Rimfiel,
B.J.,
Nazmi,
M.N. and
Khalina, A
o Air velocity has a small influence on the
drying process of most of vegetables and
fruits
2010
0
5.
A review of solar
drying technologies
VijayaVink
ataRaman
, S.,
Iniyan, S.
and Goic,
R.
o The impact of an high velocity of the airflow
in the drying chamber is limited and the
fluctuations of the airflow velocities are
small in the drying chamber and thus can
be neglected
2012
11. Design Parameters
▪ The dryer is constructed
into two main parts: a
solar collector and a
drying chamber.
▪ The prototype is smaller
in size, because its easy
to construct.
▪ Dimensions are
mentioned in the given
figure.
11
12. Material Selection
The whole structure of solar dehydrator is made up of:
▪ Glass
▪ Stainless steel sheet absorber
▪ Wood
▪ Metal wire (in tray)
12
13. Working Mechanism
▪ The working principle of the solar dryer is based upon the use
of solar radiation.
▪ The glass absorbs when the sun's radiation G (W/m2) hits on its
glass part. Then another part of the solar radiation will be
reflected (depending on the coefficient of reflection Rp) and the
remaining part will be transmitted through the glass depending
on the coefficient of transmission τp.
▪ Depending on the absorption coefficient αabs the radiation is
then absorbed by the absorber and reflected depending on the
Rabs.
▪ Air flows through the collector to the drying chamber due to
the less density. 13
15. Components of solar dryer
The solar dryer has three main parts.
▪ Air Heater (solar collector)
▪ Drying trays and
▪ Drying cabinet.
15
16. Solar Collector
Its assembly is made up of
channels for air flow and these
channels are covered by a
transparent glazing, the purpose
of which is to provide efficient
heated air and avoid its absorption
by the black base of the collector.
The glazing is composed of
transparent sheet of glass and
there is also an inlet of air at the
end of collector 16
17. Drying Cabinet
The manufacturing of drying
cabinet includes well-
seasoned wood. For the
efficient convection flow of air,
an outlet vent is placed at the
upper end of the cabinet. . The
remaining three walls of the
dryer that are opposite to it
has an additional covering of
2mm thick glass sheet that
results in additional heat. 17
18. Drying Trays
Drying trays are composed
of single fine mesh wire that
is placed inside the
chamber. Its open structure
allows significant amount of
hot air to pass through it and
dries the good items.
18
20. Results
• The solar dryer loaded test was performed on a 1.5 kg boiled
dates basis. During this test, only solar energy was used for
drying as heat source. Each hour interval was recorded as to
ambient temperature, moisture, dryer temperature and collector
output temperature while the weight was also recorded in a
dryer.
20
21. Results (continue…)
▪ Variation of temperatures in solar collector and drying cabinet compared
to ambient temperature
21
Time
Ambient
Temperature
(OC)
Temperature of
collector
(OC)
Temperature of
dryer
(OC)
11:00 AM 36 65 42
12:00 PM 37 76 52
1:00 PM 38 78 56
2:00 PM 39 70 53
3:00 PM 39 58 48
4:00 PM 39 50 42
5:00 PM 38 46 41
6:00 PM 38 41 40
22. Results (continue…)
▪ Variation of relative humidity of the ambient air and drying chamber
22
Time
Ambient Air
Humidity
(%)
Drying
chamber
humidity
(%)
Collector
Chamber
Humidity
(%)
12:00 PM 58 55 32
3:00 PM 41 34 21
6:00 PM 52 42 36 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
12: 00 P M 3: 00 P M 6: 00 P M
HUMIDITY%
TIME
CHART TITLE
Ambient Air Humidity
Drying chamber Humidity
Collector Humidity
23. Results (continue…)
▪ Moisture loss of dates during testing
23
Time Total Moisture loss
(%)
12:00 PM 58
3:00 PM 55.7
6:00 PM 52.3
12:00 PM 42.6
3:00 PM 34.8
6:00 PM 25.2
12:00 PM 13.6
24. Results (continue…)
▪ Compare the result of onsite experiment with MODEL measurement
24
11:00
AM
12:00
PM
1:00
PM
2:00
PM
3:00
PM
4:00
PM
5:00
PM
6:00
PM
Actual collector temperature 65 76 78 70 58 50 46 41
Model collector temperature 63.17 71.75 76.21 74.28 66.83 52.86 42.65 41.19
Actual dryer temperature 42 52 56 53 48 42 41 40
Model dryer temperature 38.93 51.7 55.19 57 57.32 56.48 55 52
Ambient temperature 36 37 38 39 39 39 38 38
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Temperature
Actual collector temperature Model collector temperature Actual dryer temperature
Model dryer temperature Ambient temperature
26. Results (continue…)
Validation of results
From the research paper (K. O. Falade and E. S. Abbo 2007), we have
found that moisture ratio of dates from 1 to 0 reduced in 28hrs at 50oC by
using oven drying method. And from our experiment it took around 21hrs
to reduced moisture ratio from 1 to 0.23 at mean temperature of 46.75 ~
50oC using solar dehydrator.
26
29. CONCLUSION
The research work has been concluded as:
▪ MMSD provides maximum temperature up to 78 OC at 1.00-2.00 PM as
compared to conventional drying method.
▪ Moisture content is reduced from 58% to 13.6% in dates to Chohara.
▪ Moisture removed up to 76.5% to convert dates into Chohara.
▪ MMSD takes less time (average 3 days) to convert dates into Chohara as
compared to conventional drying method (7-8 day-s),
▪ Less labors required
▪ MMSD required less space for drying.
29
30. RECOMMENDATIONS
The performance of existing solar food dryers can still be improved upon especially in
the aspect of reducing the drying time considering the following aspects.
▪ Increasing the size of the solar collector that can increase the storage capacity
thus reduce drying time.
▪ MMSD fruit dryer can further be modified to use blower and other good collector
heat to surpass the performance
▪ The modeling work could be improved by making more measurements on the
actual solar dryers varying the weather condition (temperature, relative humidity,
irradiation) to study the influence of the weather on the dryers’ performances.
30
31. References
Kumar, M., Sansaniwal, S.K. and Khatak, P. (2016). “Progress in solar dryers for
drying various commodities”.
Augustus, L., Kumar, S. and Bhattacharya, S.C. (2002). “A comprehensive procedure
for performance evaluation of solar food dryers”.
Phinney R., Rayner M. and L. Tivana (2015). “Solar Assisted Pervaporation (SAP) for
Preserving and Utilizing Fruits in Developing Countries”.
Onwunde, D. I., Norhashila, H. , Rimfiel, B.J., Nazmi, M.N. and Khalina, A. (2010).
“Modeling the Thin-Layer Drying of Fruits and Vegetables : A review”.
VijayaVinkataRaman, S., Iniyan, S. and Goic, R. (2012). “A review of solar drying
technologies”.
K. O. Falade and E. S. Abbo, “Air-drying and rehydration characteristics of date palm
(Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits,” J. Food Eng., vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 724–730, Mar. 2007,
doi: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.01.081.
31