Fatigue analysis and Optimization of connecting rod are the modern trend in automotive engineering industry emphasis on many parameters like total deformation, life, factor of safety, stress biaxiality and fatigue sensitivity. The main scope of this work comprises detailed review on various methods and procedures adopted by different researchers in Fatigue analysis of commercially used Engine Connecting rod. The objective of conducting fatigue analysis varies from each other like Weight reduction, Cost reduction, Shape optimization and fatigue life calculation at varying boundary conditions and loads. Fatigue analysis has a very dominant position in product design and development as more than 50% of the products, structural failures are due to fatigue concept only. The review have emphasized the importance of conducting the fatigue analysis of the connecting rod to identity its critical points, fatigue life and factor of safety etc., for its better performance and life period extension. N. Mohammed Raffic | Dr. K. Ganesh Babu | K. N. Arun Kumar"Design Evaluation and Optimization of IC Engine Connecting Rods “ A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10814.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/10814/design-evaluation-and-optimization-of-ic-engine-connecting-rods--a-review/n-mohammed-raffic
Study of analysis of bus passenger tie rod a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract This paper focuses on the study of buckling load on the Tie rod of steering system that undergoes an axial compression. Because of the external factors like road condition, different driving situations, different road adhesion, traffic conditions, vibrations and sudden jerks are sets up in tie rod. Tie rod generally buckle under the action of compressive force due to the large ratio of tie rod length to its radius of gyration. When it becomes worn out, steering will become more difficult and the vehicle will also typically be pulling or dragging to either side. Thus the aim of the project is to analyze tie rod for to improve the mass and buckling load of tie rod and to find out maximum deformation and stress. Present research is divided in two parts. First, to conduct survey amongst the buses, examine the causes of failure and second is to design and analysis to recommend best possible alternatives of Tie Rod with the aid of advanced design tools like CAD. Tie Rod failure is one of the major problems facing for MSRTC workshop supervisor. Key Words: Buckling Load, Compressive Load, CAD, FEM, MSRTC Bus, Tie Rod etc…
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of analysis of bus passenger tie rod a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract This paper focuses on the study of buckling load on the Tie rod of steering system that undergoes an axial compression. Because of the external factors like road condition, different driving situations, different road adhesion, traffic conditions, vibrations and sudden jerks are sets up in tie rod. Tie rod generally buckle under the action of compressive force due to the large ratio of tie rod length to its radius of gyration. When it becomes worn out, steering will become more difficult and the vehicle will also typically be pulling or dragging to either side. Thus the aim of the project is to analyze tie rod for to improve the mass and buckling load of tie rod and to find out maximum deformation and stress. Present research is divided in two parts. First, to conduct survey amongst the buses, examine the causes of failure and second is to design and analysis to recommend best possible alternatives of Tie Rod with the aid of advanced design tools like CAD. Tie Rod failure is one of the major problems facing for MSRTC workshop supervisor. Key Words: Buckling Load, Compressive Load, CAD, FEM, MSRTC Bus, Tie Rod etc…
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A study on the mechanical properties of s45 c medium type carbon steel specim...eSAT Journals
Abstract The experimental process is a fundamental technique used to determine the nature and behavior of many materials under study. In order to evaluate the fundamental properties of many engineering materials the use of mechanical testing techniques frequently play a crucial role. The development of new materials and the control of material quality are essential in the process of design and in their usage for industrial applications and construction. In this experiment, there were 2 sets (5 samples each) of medium type steel specimens S45C of 0.45% carbon content that were rigorously prepared according to ASTM standards under specific varied parameters. These parameters include the machining cutter speeds on the lathe machine and the mediums selected and temperatures set for the quenching process on the steel specimens in order to affect their overall microstructure. The specimens were then subjected to aggregate mechanical loading using a conventional tensile testing machine. The consequential effect of material structure metamorphosis under the selected quenching techniques was ultimately not part of the study as it involves microscopic analysis of grain boundaries and high-end precision equipment would be necessary to do any significant material analysis. The results of the experiment suggest that the macroscopic (not microscopic) effect of the lathe machining speeds do not significantly affect the tensile material strength of the S45 medium carbon steel specimen. Thus, the mediums and temperatures selected for the quenching process on the specimens had a marginal but significant effect on the elevated levels of tensile mechanical strength and strain of medium type carbon steel. Keywords: mechanical properties, carbon steel, lathe machine, S45C, quenching process, tensile test, stress, strain.
Importance of Force Measurements and Their Traceability in Steel IndustryBülent AYDEMİR
In iron and steel industry, force measurements play an important role in areas such as pressing, rolling and extrusion, both in process control and in development of reproducible similar products and quality. In order to obtain accurate and reliable measurement results, it is needed to perform traceable calibrations of devices used in measurements. Calibration of devices should be performed according to ISO, ASTM, and TS standards. Using inappropriate equipment will result in production losses and cost increases that will be reflected in product quality. For this reason, calibrated devices should be used in measurements; also these devices should have acceptable range of deviation. In this study, usage area of force measurements in iron and steel industry and importance of certifying performed measurements have been examined.
Design Modification of Failure Mode Effect Analysis of Vibrating Feeder used ...ijsrd.com
Vibratin feeder technology is common in material handling applications in numerous industries. This review paper examines a problem with fatigue in the support structure of a specific type of vibrating feeder. It also reviews the theory behind vibrating feeder technology and considerations that engineers who design them need to be aware of. The finite element method is used to replicate a fatigue problem in the support structure and various design configurations are then analyzed to reduce the risk of the conditions that caused the fatigue. The results are reviewed and recommendations are made to improve the design and modify the component dimensional parameters vibrating feeder.
A REVIEW ON OPTIMIZATION OF RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING OF ALUMINUM COMPONENTS US...AM Publications
Resistance Spot welding (RSW) is one of the common welding processes used for sheet joining especially in the automobile and aerospace industry. It is used in a wide range of industries but notably for the assembly of sheet steel vehicle bodies. This is a type of resistance welding where the spot welds are made at regular intervals on overlapping sheets of metal. Spot welding is primarily used for joining parts that are normally up to 3 mm in thickness. The joint quality can be defined in terms of properties such as weld-bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion.The objective of the research is to determine the optimum combination of parameters responsible for better quality of joints. The complicated behavior of the process must be analyzed to set the optimum parameters to get the optimum weld quality. The paper also presents the FEA simulation of the RSW process.
Modeling and analysis of naca 66 206 aerofoil propellereSAT Journals
Abstract
NACA aerofoil shapes have been successfully used over the years as wing and tail sections for general aviation and military aircraft, as well as propellers and helicopter rotors. The aircraft performance is highly affected by induced drag caused by wingtip vortices to improve fuel efficiency. In this research work, the analysis of NACA 66-206 aerofoil propellers was investigated for high-speed aircraft propulsion.CFD analysis is performed on the NACA aerofoil to verify the aerodynamic characteristics and enhancing the lift of the aircraft by changing the orientation of angle of attack 00, 100 and 200 and to determine the drag and lift coefficients by applying inlet velocities. An auxiliary part, winglets are added on propeller blade tip in order to improve the performance of propeller. By adding this auxiliary equipment the weight of propeller are significantly increased. To decrease the weight without compromising the performance of the propeller the fiber reinforced composite materials are used. The effects of stacking sequence layers of composite materials, which were fabricated from Kevlar, carbon, glass fibres, and epoxy resin have been used to increase the strength to weight ratio. To validate the strength of the propeller, Structural and buckling analysis is performed.
Keywords: Aerofoil, Propeller, fiber reinforcement and strength etc…
Modeling and Analysis of Two Wheeler Connecting Rod by Using AnsysIOSR Journals
Connecting rod is a major link inside of a internal combustion engine. It is the intermediate member
between the piston and the crankshaft. Its primary function is to transmit the push and pull from the piston pin
to the crank pin thus converting the reciprocating motion of piston in to rotary motion of the crank. In this paper
a static analysis is conducted on a connecting rod of a single cylinder 4-stroke petrol engine. The model is
developed using Solid modeling software i.e. PRO/E (creo-parametric). Further finite element analysis is done
to determine the von-misses stresses shear stress and strains for the given loading conditions.
A study on the mechanical properties of s45 c medium type carbon steel specim...eSAT Journals
Abstract The experimental process is a fundamental technique used to determine the nature and behavior of many materials under study. In order to evaluate the fundamental properties of many engineering materials the use of mechanical testing techniques frequently play a crucial role. The development of new materials and the control of material quality are essential in the process of design and in their usage for industrial applications and construction. In this experiment, there were 2 sets (5 samples each) of medium type steel specimens S45C of 0.45% carbon content that were rigorously prepared according to ASTM standards under specific varied parameters. These parameters include the machining cutter speeds on the lathe machine and the mediums selected and temperatures set for the quenching process on the steel specimens in order to affect their overall microstructure. The specimens were then subjected to aggregate mechanical loading using a conventional tensile testing machine. The consequential effect of material structure metamorphosis under the selected quenching techniques was ultimately not part of the study as it involves microscopic analysis of grain boundaries and high-end precision equipment would be necessary to do any significant material analysis. The results of the experiment suggest that the macroscopic (not microscopic) effect of the lathe machining speeds do not significantly affect the tensile material strength of the S45 medium carbon steel specimen. Thus, the mediums and temperatures selected for the quenching process on the specimens had a marginal but significant effect on the elevated levels of tensile mechanical strength and strain of medium type carbon steel. Keywords: mechanical properties, carbon steel, lathe machine, S45C, quenching process, tensile test, stress, strain.
Importance of Force Measurements and Their Traceability in Steel IndustryBülent AYDEMİR
In iron and steel industry, force measurements play an important role in areas such as pressing, rolling and extrusion, both in process control and in development of reproducible similar products and quality. In order to obtain accurate and reliable measurement results, it is needed to perform traceable calibrations of devices used in measurements. Calibration of devices should be performed according to ISO, ASTM, and TS standards. Using inappropriate equipment will result in production losses and cost increases that will be reflected in product quality. For this reason, calibrated devices should be used in measurements; also these devices should have acceptable range of deviation. In this study, usage area of force measurements in iron and steel industry and importance of certifying performed measurements have been examined.
Design Modification of Failure Mode Effect Analysis of Vibrating Feeder used ...ijsrd.com
Vibratin feeder technology is common in material handling applications in numerous industries. This review paper examines a problem with fatigue in the support structure of a specific type of vibrating feeder. It also reviews the theory behind vibrating feeder technology and considerations that engineers who design them need to be aware of. The finite element method is used to replicate a fatigue problem in the support structure and various design configurations are then analyzed to reduce the risk of the conditions that caused the fatigue. The results are reviewed and recommendations are made to improve the design and modify the component dimensional parameters vibrating feeder.
A REVIEW ON OPTIMIZATION OF RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING OF ALUMINUM COMPONENTS US...AM Publications
Resistance Spot welding (RSW) is one of the common welding processes used for sheet joining especially in the automobile and aerospace industry. It is used in a wide range of industries but notably for the assembly of sheet steel vehicle bodies. This is a type of resistance welding where the spot welds are made at regular intervals on overlapping sheets of metal. Spot welding is primarily used for joining parts that are normally up to 3 mm in thickness. The joint quality can be defined in terms of properties such as weld-bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion.The objective of the research is to determine the optimum combination of parameters responsible for better quality of joints. The complicated behavior of the process must be analyzed to set the optimum parameters to get the optimum weld quality. The paper also presents the FEA simulation of the RSW process.
Modeling and analysis of naca 66 206 aerofoil propellereSAT Journals
Abstract
NACA aerofoil shapes have been successfully used over the years as wing and tail sections for general aviation and military aircraft, as well as propellers and helicopter rotors. The aircraft performance is highly affected by induced drag caused by wingtip vortices to improve fuel efficiency. In this research work, the analysis of NACA 66-206 aerofoil propellers was investigated for high-speed aircraft propulsion.CFD analysis is performed on the NACA aerofoil to verify the aerodynamic characteristics and enhancing the lift of the aircraft by changing the orientation of angle of attack 00, 100 and 200 and to determine the drag and lift coefficients by applying inlet velocities. An auxiliary part, winglets are added on propeller blade tip in order to improve the performance of propeller. By adding this auxiliary equipment the weight of propeller are significantly increased. To decrease the weight without compromising the performance of the propeller the fiber reinforced composite materials are used. The effects of stacking sequence layers of composite materials, which were fabricated from Kevlar, carbon, glass fibres, and epoxy resin have been used to increase the strength to weight ratio. To validate the strength of the propeller, Structural and buckling analysis is performed.
Keywords: Aerofoil, Propeller, fiber reinforcement and strength etc…
Modeling and Analysis of Two Wheeler Connecting Rod by Using AnsysIOSR Journals
Connecting rod is a major link inside of a internal combustion engine. It is the intermediate member
between the piston and the crankshaft. Its primary function is to transmit the push and pull from the piston pin
to the crank pin thus converting the reciprocating motion of piston in to rotary motion of the crank. In this paper
a static analysis is conducted on a connecting rod of a single cylinder 4-stroke petrol engine. The model is
developed using Solid modeling software i.e. PRO/E (creo-parametric). Further finite element analysis is done
to determine the von-misses stresses shear stress and strains for the given loading conditions.
Design and Analysis Nose Landing Gear SupportIJSRD
Nose landing gear support bracket is one of the main parts in the nose landing gear assembly, whose function is to maintain the stability of the landing gear during the movements. This work is focused on the FEA analysis of support bracket by varying the stress concentration area, The objective of this work is to determine the static and modal analysis of support bracket with different stress concentration areas, then analysis is done using ANSYS WORKBENCH, These results could provide some useful suggestions for design and improvement for the better component
Finite element analysis of single cylinder engineLaukik Raut
This paper deals with, the problem occurred in single cylinder engine crank shaft. It consist of static structural
and fatigue analysis of single cylinder engine crank shaft. It identifies and solves the problem by using the
modeling and simulation techniques. The topic was chosen because of increasing interest in higher payloads,
lower weight, higher efficiency and shorter load cycles in crankshaft. The main work was to model the crank
shaft with dimensions and then simulate the crank shaft for static structural and fatigue analysis. The modeling
software used is PRO-E wildfire 4.0 for modeling the crank shaft. The analysis software ANSYS will be used for
structural and fatigue analysis of crank shaft for future work. The material for crank shaft is EN9 and other
alternate materials on which analysis will be done are SAE 1045, SAE 1137, SAE 3140, and Nickel Cast Iron.
The objectives involves modeling and analysis of crank shaft, so as to identify the effect of stresses on crank
shaft, to compare various materials and to provide possible solution.
Failure analysis and redesign of shaft of overhead craneLaukik Raut
This paper deals with the failure analysis and redesign of shaft of overhead crane having capacity 25 tonne.
There is problem of failure of the shaft in gear box which is mounted on the crane. The shaft breakage occurred
due to dynamic, alternating low tensile– compressive stresses and simultaneous torsional load.
An overhead crane is mechanical equipment for lifting and lowering a load and moving it horizontally, with the
hoisting mechanism which is an integral part of the machine.
To carry out the failure analysis of shaft it is necessary to model the shaft in any modelling software like PROE, CATIA etc. Then analysis of existing shaft is done analytically and with ANSYS11. The shaft is then
redesigned with suitable material available in data book of machine design and then analysis of new design of
shaft is done with the help of ANSYS-11 software.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONNECTING ROD OF MG-ALLOY ijiert bestjournal
The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production,critical component. It co nnects reciprocating piston to rotating crankshaft,transmitting the thrust of the piston to the crankshaft. Every vehicle that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod depending upon the number of cylinders in the engine. As the purp ose of the connecting rod is to transfer the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. Connecting ro ds for automotive applications are typically manufactured by forging from either w rought steel or powdered metal. the material used f or this process is Mg-Alloy and also finite element analysis of connecting rod
Similar to Design Evaluation and Optimization of IC Engine Connecting Rods '“ A Review (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Design Evaluation and Optimization of IC Engine Connecting Rods '“ A Review
1. @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
ISSN No: 2456
International
Research
Design Evaluation
IC Engine Connecting Rods
N. Mohammed Raffic
Assistant Professor, Nehru
Institute of Technology,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT
Fatigue analysis and Optimization of connecting rod
are the modern trend in automotive engineering
industry emphasis on many parameters like total
deformation, life, factor of safety, stress biaxiality and
fatigue sensitivity. The main scope of this work
comprises detailed review on various methods and
procedures adopted by different researchers in Fatigue
analysis of commercially used Engine Connecting
rod. The objective of conducting fatigue analysis
varies from each other like Weight reduction, Cost
reduction, Shape optimization and fatigue life
calculation at varying boundary conditions and loads.
Fatigue analysis has a very dominant position in
product design and development as more than 50% of
the products, structural failures are due to fatigue
concept only. The review have emphasized the
importance of conducting the fatigue analysis of the
connecting rod to identity its critical points, fatigue
life and factor of safety etc., for its better performance
and life period extension.
Keywords: ANSYS, Fatigue Life, GLARE, Stress
Biaxiality
1. INTRODUCTION
The Life, sensitivity and Maximum durability of any
engineering component has become a common desire
of any customer with no doubt. Product design and
development has many phases out of which analysis
of a product with varying objective have more
importance. Product analysis can be different types
like Static, Dynamic, Fatigue, Harmonic and so on.
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
Design Evaluation and Optimization of
Engine Connecting Rods – A Review
Dr. K. Ganesh Babu
Dean, Bharath Institute of
Engineering & Technology,
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
K. N.
Assistant
Institute of Technology,
Coimbatore,
analysis and Optimization of connecting rod
are the modern trend in automotive engineering
industry emphasis on many parameters like total
deformation, life, factor of safety, stress biaxiality and
fatigue sensitivity. The main scope of this work
detailed review on various methods and
procedures adopted by different researchers in Fatigue
analysis of commercially used Engine Connecting
rod. The objective of conducting fatigue analysis
varies from each other like Weight reduction, Cost
hape optimization and fatigue life
calculation at varying boundary conditions and loads.
Fatigue analysis has a very dominant position in
product design and development as more than 50% of
the products, structural failures are due to fatigue
The review have emphasized the
importance of conducting the fatigue analysis of the
connecting rod to identity its critical points, fatigue
life and factor of safety etc., for its better performance
GLARE, Stress
The Life, sensitivity and Maximum durability of any
engineering component has become a common desire
of any customer with no doubt. Product design and
development has many phases out of which analysis
of a product with varying objective have more
e. Product analysis can be different types
like Static, Dynamic, Fatigue, Harmonic and so on.
The Connecting rod of IC engine is a crucial
component of high volume production. Connecting
rod acts as a link between piston and crankshaft to
transfer the reciprocating motion of piston to rotary
motion of connecting rod as well power and energy.
The forces acting over a connecting rod during engine
operation are 1. Force on the piston due to gas
pressure and inertia of the reciprocating parts 2. Force
due to inertia of the connecting rod 3. Force due to
friction of the piston rings and of the piston 4. Force
due to the friction of the piston pin bearing and crank
pin bearing. The connecting rod is generally made
with I section to provide maximum rigidity with
minimum weight [4] and the stress distribution is even
in I sections when comparing to the other cross
sections. The Fig 1.0 shows the various sections used
for design and production of a connecting rod.
Fig 1.0 Different Cross Sections for Connecting Ro
Apr 2018 Page: 88
6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 3
Scientific
(IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
A Review
N. Arun Kumar
Assistant Professor, Nehru
Institute of Technology,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
The Connecting rod of IC engine is a crucial
component of high volume production. Connecting
rod acts as a link between piston and crankshaft to
ciprocating motion of piston to rotary
motion of connecting rod as well power and energy.
The forces acting over a connecting rod during engine
operation are 1. Force on the piston due to gas
pressure and inertia of the reciprocating parts 2. Force
inertia of the connecting rod 3. Force due to
friction of the piston rings and of the piston 4. Force
due to the friction of the piston pin bearing and crank
pin bearing. The connecting rod is generally made
with I section to provide maximum rigidity with
minimum weight [4] and the stress distribution is even
in I sections when comparing to the other cross
sections. The Fig 1.0 shows the various sections used
for design and production of a connecting rod.
Different Cross Sections for Connecting Rod
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 89
Fatigue analysis has a predominant position in
engineering analysis as 50-90% of the components
fail due to fatigue [5]. Fatigue may occur when a
member is subjected to repeated cyclic loadings.
Structures subjected to repeated cyclic loadings can
undergo progressive damage which shows itself by
the propagation of cracks. This damage is called
fatigue and is represented by a loss of resistance with
time. A number of factors influence the fatigue life of
a component in service, viz., (i) complex stress cycles,
(ii) engineering design, (iii) manufacturing and
inspection, (iv) service conditions and environment
and (v) material of construction [2].The authors have
reported that the fatigue analysis can be classified in
to three areas 1. Materials 2. Analysis and 3. Results
evaluation. The Fig 2.0 shows an Optimized
Connecting rod after Fatigue analysis [9].
Fig 2.0 Optimized Connecting Rod after Fatigue
Analysis
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
M.omid et.al (2008) has made an attempt to analyse
the Connecting rod of Universal tractor (U650). The
authors have given a clear idea about the fatigue
analysis and it’s types in the introduction part of their
research work. The authors have adopted continuum
mechanics approach in their study for the fatigue
crack initiation and Coffin – Manson method is
adopted for the analysis in which the relation between
the deformations (є) , stresses (σ) and number of
loading cycles (N) are considered. The authors have
considered the connecting rod with high strength alloy
steel as the material and the maximum load that acts
over the part will be 9500 N and it has been applied in
the form of fully reversed loading which has no mean
stress presence. The authors have meshed the
connecting rod using 10-node tetrahedral element in
ANSYS 7 as the element can provide the results with
high degree of accuracy. The load was applied over
the connecting rod in both the forms ie. Tensile and
compressive to find the maximum values of stress
analysis output parameters which may provide a idea
for fatigue analysis. The analysis have revealed the
critical points of the connecting rod such as end of the
shank and area near to piston pin hole (Point 46 in
mesh) , lateral and inner face of crank end of the
connecting rod and the end of the shank and near to
crank hole. The fatigue analysis in conducted with
stress concentration coefficient as 1.25 and factor of
safety for a design life of 1,000,000 cycles. The
authors have concluded that in order to improve the
fatigue life of the connecting rod of tractors further
the design life cycle may be increased by decreasing
the value of stress concentration coefficient and the
allowed number of cyclic loading on the connecting
rod is found to be 108
cycles.
Mohammad Ranjbarkohan et.al (2011) has
investigated the Fatigue Analysis of Connecting rod
used in Samand Engine using FEM. In their work the
authors have performed FEM analysis of Samand
Engine Connecting Rod under maximum compression
and tension loadings which are further considered for
the evaluation of critical points in the connecting rod.
Optimizing the Connecting Rod for durability based
upon the fatigue life calculation and longevity
analysis conducted using ANSYS was the major
objective of their study. The authors have inputted the
experimental data of Combustion chamber pressure
curve obtained from Iran Khodro’s Power test lab to
the mechanism modeled through MSc. ADAMS
software. C70S6 steel was the material considered for
Connecting rod. Solid 92 Element is considered for
analyzing the Connecting rod model in ANSYS 9.0.
The meshed model is subjected to four different
rotational speeds such as 1000 RPM (slow rotational
speed), 3000 RPM (middle rotational speed), 4500
RPM (maximum torque rotational speed) and 6000
RPM (maximum power rotational speed of engine).
Through analysis from ANSYS the authors have
reported that the maximum pressure stress of 297.361
MPa was obtained between the pin end and
connecting rod linkage and the maximum tensile
stress of 202.927 MPa was obtained at crank end of
the connecting rod. The authors have reported that the
lowest fatigue cycle equals 109
and the critical nodes
were identified between pin end and connecting rod
linkage. The authors have concluded that the Factor of
Safety for pressure stress was obtained 3.363 and for
tensile stress was obtained 4.927 and the results
obtained were in good agreement with the past
research reports.
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 90
Pushpendra Kumar Sharma et.al (2012) presented a
report on Fatigue analysis and optimization of
connecting rod using FEA. The authors have used
PRO/E Wildfire 3.0 for modeling the connecting rod
and forged steel was the material considered. In their
study the authors have calculated the total
deformation of the Connecting rod under static
loading condition using ANSYS Workbench. Post to
analysis of connecting rod for tensile loading the
authors have observed the critical regions in the order
of decreasing stress intensity are the oil hole, the
surface of the pin end bore, the piston pin end
transition, the extreme end of the cap and the crank
end transition of the connecting rod. Moreover the
authors have conducted fatigue analysis to obtain the
outputs such as Fatigue life, damage, Factor of safety,
Stress biaxiality, and Fatigue sensitivity. The major
objective of the authors was to optimize the
connecting rod based upon stress and fatigue analysis
results. The authors have drawn a conclusion stating
that the weight of the connecting rod by can be
reduced to 20% by changing the material form forged
steel to C-70 and they also reported that the ANSYS
software provides an overview about the stress
distribution in the part considered and provides a way
for improving the strength of the part by hardening at
selective regions.
Om Parkash et.al (2013) has carried out both static
and fatigue analysis of Universal Tractor U650
connecting rod in order to optimize the weight of the
connecting rod comparing to the existing design. In
their work the authors have modeled the part using
CATIA V5R19 and analyzed the part using ANSYS
Workbench by considering the properties of C-70
Alloy steel for material. In their analysis the axial load
acting over the connecting rod due to gas pressure is
taken as 9500N in the form of axial load is applied
over the part by keeping the piston as fixed end and
load applied at crank end and vice versa. Von mises
stress, Total deformation and Elastic strain were the
outputs obtained through static analysis. The authors
have conducted fatigue analysis considering
Goodman theory for a life cycle of 109
. Life,
Biaxiality indication, Damage and safety factor were
the output parameters considered for fatigue analysis.
In case of Biaxiality indication the authors have
considered ‘0’ as uniaxial stress, ‘-1’ as pure shear ,
‘1’ as pure biaxial state. The authors have stated that
the value more than 1 indicates that the part will
undergo failure before the design life. Through
different analysis procedures done for the part the
authors have concluded that weight of the connecting
rod can be reduced by 5 gm from the existing design
and the maximum stress is found near the piston end
or the end of the shank.
Yogesh. B. Dupare et.al (2014) carried out Fatigue
analysis of connecting rod in ANSYS. In their work
the authors have considered four stroke petrol engine
to find the magnitude and location of stresses which
have more susceptibility to undergo failure when
loaded. The model of the part was created using
PRO/E and the maximum load that is applied over the
part is 4319 N comparatively low and the fully
reversed loading is considered to create alternating
stress cycles. The authors have stated that the purpose
of conducting the fatigue test is to optimize the part.
During their analysis the maximum and minimum
equivalent alternating stress was 76.22 MPa and 0.01
MPa and the maximum and minimum biaxiality
indications are 0.97 and -1.0. The authors have
strongly concluded that fatigue strength was the
design driving factor in the optimization of
connecting rod and 20% reduction in weight can be
achieved by considering the other factors like Static
strength and buckling load.
Gaba.Peeyush et.al (2014) reported the design
evaluation of connecting rod using FEM for High
Cycle Fatigue Strength (HCFS). In their work the
authors have stated that during meshing of the
connecting rod the areas where there is a sudden
change in profile of the geometry, the radius the
radius around the stem close to the big end and the
transition radius of the bearing cap should be
considered for fine mesh to get more accurate and
quality results. In case of meshing the authors have
considered three different cases for anlaysis. Surface
elements with uniform size, Surface elements with
uniform tetra mesh size along both depth and surface,
Meshing with coarse pattern by reducing the no of
elements from the previous two cases. In case of load
analysis the bolt pretension force is the first step
considered by authors to find the contact evaluation
by taking the minimum value and by taking the
maximum value for High Cycle Fatigue analysis as
the high pretension can lead to a higher mean stress.
The authors have considered a total of 6 different load
cases for analysis and they are 1. Bolt preload 2. Mass
forces at 1375 rpm 3. Mass forces at 3250 rpm (Rated
speed) 4. Mass forces at 3600 rpm (Over speed)
5.Gas and mass forces at 1375 rpm 6. Gas and mass
forces at 3250 rpm (Rated speed). Followed by those
loading conditions the authors have additionally
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 91
considered two more load cases by combining them at
1375 rpm and 3250 rpm. C70S6 was the material
considered for the part. The authors have calculated
the mean and alternating stress, Factor of safety
during analyzing the connecting rod. The required
factor of safety for the material selected is found to be
1.50 but the analysis has given the F.O.S value as
1.71. Due to the various loading conditions followed
in the analysis the part has shown different behavior.
The authors have finally concluded that the geometry
near the big eye end of the connecting rod need to get
modified as the F.O.S value has fallen down at that
point. The authors have also advised that the accuracy
of the results are purely based upon the no of
elements, type of elements used in analysis.
Ramesh N.G (2014) has analyzed the 4 stroke single
cylinder diesel engine connecting rod using FEA. The
author has clearly stated the importance of fatigue
analysis of mechanical components as fatigue failure
is the prime cause for many part failures. The author
have considered the properties of C-55 hardened and
tempered steel for the connecting rod part. . The
author have modeled the connecting rod using CATIA
and meshed the model with tetrahedral element using
ANSYS software. The author have made analytical
calculations of the connecting rod and have found the
load to be applied as axial force at the small end
center of the connecting rod as 79454.37 N . The
same load value is considered in both tension and
compression. Through ANSYS the author has
evaluated the stress as various locations of the
connecting rod and the maximum stress value is found
in the shank area of the connecting rod with 216.3
N/mm2
. The author has conducted fatigue analysis of
the connecting rod followed by static structural
analysis by using the S-N theory to evaluate the
fatigue life of the connecting rod. The fatigue life is
evaluated by considering the Goodman diagram and a
load of 79.45 KN is applied and the fatigue life is
calculated till 107
cycles. The author has concluded
that the compressive stress is maximum between the
small end and shank of connecting rod and the Factor
of safety is 1.34 and I sections is recommended by the
author for the profile of the connecting rod as the
stress distribution is uniform over the entire web of
the connecting rod.
Dnyandeep K. Nikam et.al (2014) has done
optimization and fatigue analysis of modified
connecting rod using FEA tool. The authors have
considered two different load cases where the loads
and supports are same but axial tensile and
compressive load at piston pin end and crank end
restrained. The authors have stated the critical regions
in the order of decreasing stress intensity are the oil
hole, surface of the pin end bore, piston pin end
transition, extreme end of the cap and crank end
transition of the connecting rod. The authors have
performed fatigue analysis by inserting a fatigue tool
in ANSYS Workbench to evaluate the fatigue life ,
damage, F.O.S, stress biaxilaity and fatigue
sensitivity. The objective of conducting the fatigue
analysis is to optimize the connecting rod for its
weight and manufacturing cost. The authors have
tabulated the results of fatigue analysis and the
maximum values of Life, Damage, safety factor,
biaxiality indication and equivalent alternating stress
are 1,000,000 , 1000 , 15.0 , 0.94 and 83.585 MPa.
The authors have concluded that the weight of
connecting rod by 7.9% (100 gms) from the existing
one and by using materials such as micro-alloyed
steels whose yield strength and endurance limit are
higher the weight at the piston pin end and the crank
end can be further reduced. The author has also
advised to conduct Experimental Stress Analysis
(ESA) to calculate the stresses and also to conduct a
study on the effects of load on the connecting rod at
dynamic conditions.
Ambrish Tiwari et.al (2014) presented his detailed
report about reducing the weight and cost for
production of forged steel connecting rod. The
connecting rod selected for study by the authors is a
Mid size sedan supplied by OEM’s which comprises
crank radius, piston diameter, the piston assembly
mass, and the pressure-crank angle diagram . In their
work the authors have mentioned two different works
1. Dynamic load, the stress induced and 2. Quasi-
Dynamic stress analysis of connecting rod. The
authors have performed fatigue study based on Stress
Life (S/N) theory and modified Goodman diagram.
The authors have made a study on Static FEA and
Quasi Dynamic FEA in their work. The authors have
determined the R-ratio, degree of stress multiaxiality
by applying the maximum engine load as on extreme
load and compressive load corresponding to the peak
gas pressure as other extreme load. The analysis of the
part is carried out using I-DEAS software by
considering the crank angles at three different engine
speeds i.e. 5700 rev/min, 4000 rev/min and 2000
rev/min respectively. The axial load component of
load at the crank end or pin end was tensile and it was
applied with a cosine distribution and the compressive
load was applied with uniform distribution . The
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 92
authors have tabulated the inputs to be applied in
analysis for different engine speeds of varying crank
angles . The model of the connecting rod was meshed
with parabolic tetrahedral elements of varying lengths
2.5 mm (20719 Elements), 2mm (37373 Elements),
1.5mm (77316 Elements), and 1mm (224609
Elements). The authors have selected ten different
locations for the convergence of Von mises stress for
the applied load and plotted a graph between the
element length and Von mises stress. Next to static
analysis the authors have performed Quasi Static
analysis of the part by considering a total 15 different
locations in the part for convergence purpose. The
authors have reported that the locations 12 and 13
about 87.6 mm from crank end center have shown
high bending stress for global element length of 1.5
mm and 1mm as local element length. The author has
made a comparison between the results obtained for
static and quasi dynamic analysis and the same is
being plotted as graph between crank angle (deg) and
stress (MPa). A chart is prepared between various
locations and Von mises stress for both tensile and
compressive load. The authors have concluded the
following form their analysis.
1. Considerable differences in structural behavior is
found for both axial fatigue loading and dynamic
loading.
2. Out of three engine speeds used in analysis the
engine speed value 5700 rev/min may be considered
for design and optimization and 360 degree crank
angle.
3. The significant stress is bending stress and it varies
depending upon the location. The tensile bending
stress were 16% of stress amplitude, 19% of stress
amplitude at the shank center and negligible at the
piston end.
4. The value of R (minimum to maximum stress ratio)
varies with respect to location of connecting rod and
crank speed.
5. As the stress multiaxiality is high, multiaxial
fatigue analysis should be performed to find the
fatigue strength.
6. By changing the material from forged steel to
Crackable forged steel (C-70)
7. At locations like cap-rod outer edge, the extreme
end of the cap, and the surface of the piston pin end
bore, the stresses were observed to be significantly
lower under conditions of assembly.
8. The optimized geometry of connecting rod is 10%
lighter and of 25% lesser cost than the existing one.
9. The author has also proposed to use other fracture
crackable materials such as micro - alloyed steel
whose yield strength and endurance limit are higher
for reducing weight and cost of connecting rod.
Puran Singh et.al (2015) has analyzed the connecting
rod made with cast iron for both Fatigue and
Structural loading using FEA. The authors have
clearly stated in their abstract that the axial
compressive load is more than the axial tensile load
and the design is only analyzed for compressive loads
and continued with fatigue analysis. The authors have
mentioned about the specifications of the connecting
rod along with its material properties and the
calculation of compressive force acting over the
connecting rod is found to be 134377 N. The solid
model is meshed by using ANSYS software and the
compressive force is applied along the X axis
direction. The authors have stated that the meshed
models have 413465 elements and 511298 nodes. The
meshed model was analysed to find out the various
stress such as Maximum and Minimum values of
Normal stress, principle stresses, von mises stress, and
deformation along various axes. The results obtained
from the analysis shows that the Maximum normal
stress is about 227.03 MPa, Maximum principle stress
is about 411.32 MPa, Maximum von mises stress is
about 411.41 MPa and the maximum total
deformation is about 0.042314 mm. The authors have
concluded that the inner dead centre is the point
where the maximum force is acting in the part and the
compressive force plays a vital role in connecting rod
analysis comparing to tensile force.
Jitendra Jayant et.al (2015) presented the design and
development of connecting rod with aluminum alloy
replacing iron based alloy material for reciprocating
piston engine. In their work the authors have
considered the Connecting rod of four stroke petrol
engine for analysis. The author has given the literature
review of around 20 research papers in his work. The
author has considered C-70 as part material and
modeling is done by using PRO/E 4.0 and ANSYS
Workbench 14.0 is used for analysis. The authors
have described about the various manufacturing
methods of connecting rod. The author has conducted
static analysis of connecting rod with Von mises
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 93
stress, Shear stress, Elastic strain and total
deformation as output parameters. Based upon the
results of Static FEA and load analysis the
optimization study was conducted. The authors have
performed fatigue analysis of the part whose output
includes fatigue life, damage, factor of safety and
stress biaxiality indication. The authors have
concluded that the ideas proposed by various
researchers from reference may be considered while
designing a connecting rod for weight and cost
reduction and increase in life time.
Dipalee S. Bedse et.al (2015) has performed the
design evaluation through Finite Element Analysis for
fatigue life of Hero Honda Motor cycle 100 CC
Engine connecting rod. In their work the authors have
explained about the research gap found with their
topic as most of the research work was done based
upon heavy vehicle connecting rod and for light
vehicle connecting rod very few research works were
found. The authors have specified that the aim of their
work is to study the existing system of connecting rod
to find out the problem areas , different parameters
such as stresses , deflection and fatigue failure of the
connecting rod design a connecting rod based upon its
fatigue life. The 3D model of the connecting rod is
created using CATIA and analyzed using
HYPERMESH. The structural strength of the
connecting rod is assessed using UTM. By using
standard formulas and equations the authors have
calculated the pressure acting on the cylinder as 16
MPa and the gas forces as 31415.93 N. The authors
have performed load analysis on connecting rod and
found the maximum Von mises stress as 431.34
N/mm2
and 2.20 N/mm2
as minimum value. Later to
that the authors have conducted an experiment in
UTM machine by applying a load of 31000 N to study
the stress and displacement for the current part. The
authors have stated that the results obtained through
FEA and experimental works are in good agreement.
Through analysis the authors have observed and
concluded that the stress concentration is more at oil
hole portion and neck radius portion of crank and
piston end and they propose for a modified geometry
of the connecting rod in order to overcome the
stresses induce in the part.
Ningala Rakesh et.al (2016) has reported about the
fatigue analysis of composite connecting rod. In their
work the authors have modified the material used for
connecting rod from carbon steel to aluminum and
glass laminated composite material called GLARE.
The material GLARE (Glass Laminated Aluminum
Reinforced Epoxy) is fiber metal laminate composed
of several thin layers of metal interlinked with glass
fiber bonded together with a matrix such as epoxy and
it was patented by Akzo Nobel in 1987. It finds
applications in aircraft structures. In the present work
the authors have coated GLARE on aluminum alloy
with a thickness of 0.3mm. Solidworks 2015 and
ANSYS 15.0 are the two software’s preferred by the
authors for modeling and analysis. A load of 4500N
was applied over the connecting rod to calculate the
various outputs such as factor of safety, damage and
biaxiality indication. The authors have observed that
the F.O.S is maximum at cylindrical bolt head (15)
and minimum at crank head (2.2371). The biaxiality
indication is maximum at crank end with 0.99734 and
minimum at piston end with -0.99992. The authors
have finally concluded that the Connecting rod made
with aluminum alloy coated with GLARE has shown
better results when comparing to connecting rod made
only with aluminum. The Connecting rod provided
with GLARE coating have shown high factor of
safety which denotes the long life of the connecting
rod.
Gajanan Dinkarrao More et.al (2016) has evaluated
the fatigue failure of connecting rod used in Light
Commercial Vehicle (LCV) through FEA. In their
work the authors have considered the 970 CC four
stroke four cylinder engine connecting rod made out
of structural steel. Finite element analysis of
connecting rod and Optimization for design and mass
reduction are the two major objectives of author’s
work. The authors have modeled the connecting rod
using 3D modeling software and analyzed using
ANSYS. The authors have clearly tabulated the
schedule that need to adopt in the analysis activity
from start to end. The authors have finally concluded
that experiment work may be conducted in addition to
FEA and the authors have proposed to conduct limited
number of cycles for extrapolating the results.
Dan Yang et.al (2017) has conducted the fatigue
analysis of connecting rod using ANSYS Workbench.
In their work the authors have done static analysis of
the connecting rod to identify the weak position in the
part and then the part is subjected to both constant
amplitude loading and cyclic loading to assess the
fatigue life and safety factors thereby evaluating the
fatigue life of the connecting rod. The material of
connecting rod is structural steel. The modeled
connecting rod is meshed and analyzed using ANSYS
Workbench. The authors have fixed the piston pin
hole and cylindrical constraint is applied on the inner
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 94
surface of the two sides of the large semicircle and the
radial direction is fixed. The load applied on the
connecting rod is of two ways 1. A load of 4500 N in
the form of constant amplitude load is applied over
the surface of the big semicircle 2.At same location
with same magnitude the load is applied in the form
of arbitrary load. The static analysis has shown the
maximum stress with a value of 56.624 MPa near the
transition of the small end of the connecting rod.
Followed with fatigue analysis of connecting rod
High cycle fatigue is considered by considering
fatigue strength coefficient as 0.8 and 1e6 design
cycles to obtain the safety factor , alternating
equivalent stress and fatigue sensitivity of the
connecting rod. The author has plotted graph between
loading history and available life and it shows that the
fatigue life is infinite. The authors have reinserted the
fatigue analysis tool by considering the fatigue
strength coefficient as 0.8 and have reduced the
process data 0.05 times. The authors have considered
Goodman method to calculate the mean stress theory
and signed Von mises stress is used to compare the
fatigue material data. The authors have converted the
stochastic load –time course of dangerous point in to a
series of cyclic loads by Rain flow counting method
to obtain the equivalent fatigue load. Through the
fatigue analysis of the connecting rod for the second
time by varying the input parameters the minimum
life of the connecting rod is found to be 58 times and
the maximum life is 3.36963e5 times. The authors
have plotted two 3D graphs Finite Rainflow matrix
and Finite Damage matrix by taking mean, range and
count. The load cycle average after counting is
considered as mean, Maximum value of the load cycle
is considered as range and the frequency of the load is
considered as count. The authors have denoted that
the frequency of the load cycle is 87 times and most
of the cyclic frequencies are low average stress and of
low stress amplitude. The damage matrix specifies
the damage to the evaluation position of the entity i.e
Z - coordinate indicates the degree of relative damage
with maximum degree of damage value 3.61. The
authors have finally concluded that conducting the
fatigue analysis of connecting rod or any mechanical
component is highly essential and inevitable in order
to reduce the development cycle and reduces the
failure of parts.
3. CONCLUSION
The conclusion part of this review paper may be
arrived from the following points and the data
obtained through the review may be divided as
Similarities, Differences and Worth noting Work done
by the researchers in conducting the fatigue analysis
of connecting rod.
As a common observation from the review, the
connecting rods used in other applications like
Compressors, Agricultural machineries, Textile
machineries may also be considered for fatigue
analysis and optimization of various parameters
(Weight, Cost, and Performance) for the improvement
of life. The current fascinating manufacturing method
like 3D printing may be adopted to have better
performance and life comparing to the conventional
methods like Forging, SandCasting and other
techniques.
3.1 Similarities
1. For modeling of the connecting rod maximum
authors have preferred CATIA SOLIDWORKS
and PRO/E.
2. In case of analysis the authors have considered
ANSYS WORKBENCH, ADAMS, I-DEAS,
HYPERMESH and no open source software’s are
used.
3. The authors have taken the connecting rod of real
life automotive engines and the specifications of
the part are clearly provided.
4. The output parameters of static structural analysis
are Total deformation , Maximum and Minimum
Von mises stress etc
5. The most common output parameters of fatigue
analysis are Fatigue life, Damage, Stress
Biaxiality Indication, Factor of safety and
Equivalent alternating stress.
6. Most of the authors have conducted static
Structural Analysis as a preliminary analysis to
fatigue analysis to identify the location of
maximum stress in the connecting rod.
7. The material considered for analysis and element
used for meshing is clearly stated by all the
authors and few valuable study has been done
about the convergence study of meshing.
8. Few authors proposed to use fracture crackable
materials such as micro alloyed steels instead of
conventional forged steel to reduce the weight of
connecting rod.
8. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 95
9. From some author’s observation, they mentioned
fatigue strength as the most significant design
factor in the optimization process.
10. Most of the authors have calculated the force
acting over the connecting rod and other related
values using analytical method.
11. The weight reduction obtained through the fatigue
analysis is found to be very minimal.
12. The authors have stated that by reducing the stress
concentration coefficient the design cycle for
connecting rod may be increased.
13. The optimized geometry obtained through
analysis is not more than 20% lighter than the
existing connecting rod.
14. Few authors have considered Goodman diagram
in their analysis for prediction of fatigue life of the
component.
15. Large number of authors has not considered the
connecting rod of Light Vehicle Engine rather
considering a Heavy Vehicle Engine.
3.2 Differences
1. The objective of conducting the fatigue analysis
varies from each other , few authors has done the
analysis to identify the critical points in the part,
weight reduction , cost reduction and
optimization.
2. The critical point in the connecting rod varies
from one author to another as the loading and
boundary conditions, material used and software
used varies.
3. The charts and graphs plotted by authors vary
from one another to other as their objective has a
difference.
4. Very few authors have recommended conducting
dynamic analysis to have a deep insight and
experimental work to ensure the results obtained
through analysis. There is no evidence of
performing dynamic analysis depends upon the
frequency of loading.
5. Limited work has been considered a Composite
connecting rod coated with GLARE (GLASS
LAMINATED ALUMINIUM REINFORCED
EPOXY) for analysis for fatigue life prediction.
6. Finite Rainflow matrix and Finite Damage matrix
from the analysis results has plotted the report
preparted by a single author which is quite
different from other authors.
3.3 Worth noting Work done
From all the references took for the detailed review
the authors Ambrish Tiwari et.al [9] have done a
different job from others in case of weight and cost
reduction of connecting rod, though it is marginal the
other parameter are improved. The authors have
conducted two different types of analysis and
compared the results i.e. Static FEA and Quasi –
Dynamic FEA which was not considered by any other
author in the reference. The authors have considered
10 different locations in connecting rod for Static
FEA and 15 different locations for Quasi –Dynamic
FEA and they have tabulated all the input parameters
considered for different crankshafts speeds. Moreover
the authors have meshed the model with varying
element sizes and plotted graph with Von mises stress
for the same. They have also plotted graph between
stress and crank angle at different crankshaft speeds.
REFERENCES
1. M.Omid , S.S. Mohtasebi , S.A. Miraeei,
E.Mahmoodi , 2008 , “ Fatigue Analysis of
Connecting Rod of U650 Tractor in the Finite
Element Code ANSYS “, Journal of Applied
Sciences 8 (23): 4338 -4345, 2008
2. Mohammad Ranjbarkohan, Mohammad Reza
Asadi, Masoud Mohammadi, Ahangari Heidar,
2011, “Fatigue Analysis of Connecting Rod of
Samand Engine by Finite Element Method”,
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,
5(11): 841-845, 2011, ISSN 1991-8178.
3. Pushpendra Kumar Sharma1, Borse Rajendra R,
2012, “Fatigue Analysis and Optimization of
Connecting Rod Using Finite Element Analysis”,
International Journal Of advance research in
Science and Engineering (IJARSE), Vol. No.1,
Issue No. I, September, ISSN-2319-8354.
4. Om Parkash, Vikas Gupta, Vinod Mittal, 2013,
“Optimizing the Design of Connecting Rod under
Static and Fatigue Loading”, International
Journal of Research in Management, Science &
Technology (E-ISSN: 2321-3264) Vol. 1; No. 1.
5. Yogesh. B. Dupare, Raju.B.Tirpude,
Akshay.Y.Bharadbhunje , 2014 “Fatigue Analysis
In Connecting Rod using Ansys”, International
9. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2018 Page: 96
Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and
Research, p-ISSN: 2393-816.
6. Gaba.Peeyush, Sethi APS , 2014, “Design
Evaluation of Connecting Rod using FEM for
High Cycle Fatigue Strength”, International
Journal of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.2,
No.5, May 2014, E-ISSN: 2321-9637.
7. Ramesh .N. G, 2014, “Finite Element Analysis of
a Diesel Engine Connecting Rod” , International
Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research
Technology, ISSN: 2277-9655
8. Dnyandeep K. Nikam Rupesh Tiwari , 2014 ,
“Optimization and Fatigue Analysis of Modified
Connecting Rod Using FEA Tool”, International
Journal of Electronics, Communication & Soft
Computing Science and Engineering , ISSN:
2277-9477, Volume 3, Issue 5.
9. Ambrish Tiwari, Jeetendra Kumar Tiwari, Sharad
Kumar Chandrakar , 2014, “Fatigue Analysis of
Connecting Rod Using Finite Element Analysis to
Explore Weight and Cost Reduction Opportunities
for a Production of Forged Steel Connecting
Rod”, International Journal of Advanced
Mechanical Engineering. ISSN 2250-3234
Volume 4, Number 7 (2014), pp. 782-802.
10. Puran Singh, Debashis Pramanik, Ran Vijay 2015,
“Fatigue and Structural Analysis of Connecting
Rod’s Material Due to (C.I) Using FEA” ,
International Journal of Automotive Engineering
and Technologies , Vol 4 , Issue 4 , pp 245-
253,2015.
11. Jitendra Jayant, Julee Sahu , 2015 , “Design and
Development of Connecting Rod with Aluminum
Alloy Replacing Iron Based Alloy Material for
Reciprocating Piston Engine”, International
Journal of Technology Research and
Management, ISSN (Online): 2348-9006, Vol 2
Issue 8 Aug. 2015.
12. Dipalee S. Bedse , Mangesh. A. Ahire , 2015 ,
“Design Evaluation Through Finite Element
Analysis for Fatigue Life of Connecting Rod Used
In Two Wheelers “, International Journal of
Advanced Technology in Engineering and Science
“, Vol No 3, Special Issue No . 01
13. Ningala Rakesh*, A.Pandiyan, Shajin Majeed,
2016, “Fatigue Analysis of Composite Connecting
Rod”, International Journal of Engineering
Sciences & Research Technology, ISSN: 2277-
9655.
14. Gajannan Dinkarrao More , V.V.Mane ,
M.S.Kadam , A.B.Bhalake , 2016, “Evaluation of
Fatigue Failure of Connecting Rod used in a Light
Commercial Vehicle (LCV) through Finite
Element Analysis”, International Journal of
Innovations in Engineering Research and
Technology ISSN: 2394-3696, Volume 3, Issue2,
Feb.-2016.
15. Dan Yang, Zhen Yu, Wentao Cheng, Leilei
Zhang, 2017, “Fatigue Analysis of Engine
Connecting Rod Based on Workbench”, 7th
International Conference on Mechatronics,
Computer and Education Informationization
(MCEI 2017).