This document discusses the design and components of a solar water heating system for residential buildings. It describes how flat plate collectors absorb solar energy and transfer heat to water, which is then stored in an insulated tank. Hot water is circulated through insulated steel pipes to rooms in the building. The document evaluates the performance of the system with and without pipe insulation, finding that insulation reduces heat losses by 50%. It also discusses factors like collector orientation, flow rates, pipe dimensions and insulating materials. The conclusion is that while insulation helps, heat losses remain high due to long pipe runs between the collector and tank.
A presentation on detailed study of efficiency of evacuated tube solar water heater under different solar conditons. This includes rate of energy conversion at different time through out the day.
This study was conducted MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY under the guidance of Dr. S. C. Jayswal
A presentation on detailed study of efficiency of evacuated tube solar water heater under different solar conditons. This includes rate of energy conversion at different time through out the day.
This study was conducted MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY under the guidance of Dr. S. C. Jayswal
Different physical processes for providing thermal comfort for passive buildings include solar radiation, long‐wave radiation exchange, radiative cooling, and evaporative cooling. Solar radiation and radiative cooling are the processes used for both thermal heating and cooling purposes
Solar water heater types, Flat plate collectors, Evacuated tube collectors, Pros and cons of Solar heater, Factors affecting solar heaters, Schematic diagrams, Thermosyphon effect, Working principles,Applications of solar heaters
A complete Presentation on SOLAR WATER HEATER by himanshu kumarrajaricky
The most emerging system in the field of utilization of solar energy by saving money with low payback period. Water heating technology is the old age technology but using solar energy as a energy source is viable and eco-friendly.
Green Building:Energy Efficient Air-Conditioningjvitek
This powerpoint illustrates the research done on the passive cooling methods of earth tube systems and solar chimneys in Florida\'s sub-tropical climate.
Unlike most cooling systems in California which circulate cold air to maintain comfort most radiant cooling system circulate cool water through ceiling wall, or floor panels from that water is then absorbed by the occupants and interior spaces.
Solar collector : A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, usually liquid or air.
Flat – Plate Collector : A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.
An attempt to spread a general awarness among the populace on basics of systems, taking the mystery out and Keeping it simply simple.
We are blessed with Solar Energy in abundance at no cost. The solar radiation incident on the surface of the earth can be conveniently utilized for the benefit of human society. One of the popular devices that harness the solar energy is solar hot water system (SHWS).
A solar water heater consists of a collector to collect solar energy and an insulated storage tank to store hot water. The solar energy incident on the absorber panel coated with selected coating transfers the heat to the riser pipes underneath the absorber panel.
The water passing through the risers get heated up and is delivered the storage tank.
The re-circulation of the same water through absorber panel in the collector raises the temperature to 80 C (Maximum) in a good sunny day. The total system with solar collector, storage tank and pipelines is called solar hot water system.
Different physical processes for providing thermal comfort for passive buildings include solar radiation, long‐wave radiation exchange, radiative cooling, and evaporative cooling. Solar radiation and radiative cooling are the processes used for both thermal heating and cooling purposes
Solar water heater types, Flat plate collectors, Evacuated tube collectors, Pros and cons of Solar heater, Factors affecting solar heaters, Schematic diagrams, Thermosyphon effect, Working principles,Applications of solar heaters
A complete Presentation on SOLAR WATER HEATER by himanshu kumarrajaricky
The most emerging system in the field of utilization of solar energy by saving money with low payback period. Water heating technology is the old age technology but using solar energy as a energy source is viable and eco-friendly.
Green Building:Energy Efficient Air-Conditioningjvitek
This powerpoint illustrates the research done on the passive cooling methods of earth tube systems and solar chimneys in Florida\'s sub-tropical climate.
Unlike most cooling systems in California which circulate cold air to maintain comfort most radiant cooling system circulate cool water through ceiling wall, or floor panels from that water is then absorbed by the occupants and interior spaces.
Solar collector : A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, usually liquid or air.
Flat – Plate Collector : A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.
An attempt to spread a general awarness among the populace on basics of systems, taking the mystery out and Keeping it simply simple.
We are blessed with Solar Energy in abundance at no cost. The solar radiation incident on the surface of the earth can be conveniently utilized for the benefit of human society. One of the popular devices that harness the solar energy is solar hot water system (SHWS).
A solar water heater consists of a collector to collect solar energy and an insulated storage tank to store hot water. The solar energy incident on the absorber panel coated with selected coating transfers the heat to the riser pipes underneath the absorber panel.
The water passing through the risers get heated up and is delivered the storage tank.
The re-circulation of the same water through absorber panel in the collector raises the temperature to 80 C (Maximum) in a good sunny day. The total system with solar collector, storage tank and pipelines is called solar hot water system.
A Complete Presenetation on "SOLAR WATER HEATER" By Himanshu Kumarrajaricky
The most emerging system in the field of utilization of solar energy by saving money with low payback period. Water heating technology is the old age technology but using solar energy as a energy source is viable and ecofriendly.
Fabrication and analysis of passive type Solar Water Heating System.
The system is manufactured in the workshop of Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering,Science and Technology for fulfillment of my Bachelor Engineering Degree.
The system was successful by which good results ontained in winter season through thermosiphon water heating process with 40% efficiency.
Module_2_Solar Collectors in environment.pptxRahulBadachi1
Nature paints a serene backdrop with lush greenery, towering trees, and a gentle stream under the warm embrace of the setting sun. The air is filled with the delicate scents of blooming flowers, creating a tranquil atmosphere. Birds add a musical touch, their chirps blending harmoniously with the rustling leaves and the soft babble of the brook.
Life thrives in this natural haven, as playful squirrels leave tiny footprints in the soft soil, and colorful butterflies gracefully flutter through the air. The environment resonates with the soothing sounds of insects, contributing to the lively symphony of nature. Each element, from the vibrant hues of the flora to the intricate movements of the fauna, collaborates to form a captivating ecosystem.
This idyllic setting invites observers to appreciate the delicate balance of life in nature. It serves as a sanctuary where the beauty of the environment lies in its simplicity, offering a peaceful retreat and a moment of connection with the wonders of the natural world.
Nature paints a serene backdrop with lush greenery, towering trees, and a gentle stream under the warm embrace of the setting sun. The air is filled with the delicate scents of blooming flowers, creating a tranquil atmosphere. Birds add a musical touch, their chirps blending harmoniously with the rustling leaves and the soft babble of the brook.
Life thrives in this natural haven, as playful squirrels leave tiny footprints in the soft soil, and colorful butterflies gracefully flutter through the air. The environment resonates with the soothing sounds of insects, contributing to the lively symphony of nature. Each element, from the vibrant hues of the flora to the intricate movements of the fauna, collaborates to form a captivating ecosystem.
This idyllic setting invites observers to appreciate the delicate balance of life in nature. It serves as a sanctuary where the beauty of the environment lies in its simplicity, offering a peaceful retreat and a moment of connection with the wonders of the natural world.
Nature paints a serene backdrop with lush greenery, towering trees, and a gentle stream under the warm embrace of the setting sun. The air is filled with the delicate scents of blooming flowers, creating a tranquil atmosphere. Birds add a musical touch, their chirps blending harmoniously with the rustling leaves and the soft babble of the brook.
Life thrives in this natural haven, as playful squirrels leave tiny footprints in the soft soil, and colorful butterflies gracefully flutter through the air. The environment resonates with the soothing sounds of insects, contributing to the lively symphony of nature. Each element, from the vibrant hues of the flora to the intricate movements of the fauna, collaborates to form a captivating ecosystem.
This idyllic setting invites observers to appreciate the delicate balance of life in nature. It serves as a sanctuary where the beauty of the environment lies in its simplicity, offering a peace
Module_2_Solar Collectors in environment management.pptxRahulBadachi1
Nature paints a serene backdrop with lush greenery, towering trees, and a gentle stream under the warm embrace of the setting sun. The air is filled with the delicate scents of blooming flowers, creating a tranquil atmosphere. Birds add a musical touch, their chirps blending harmoniously with the rustling leaves and the soft babble of the brook.
Life thrives in this natural haven, as playful squirrels leave tiny footprints in the soft soil, and colorful butterflies gracefully flutter through the air. The environment resonates with the soothing sounds of insects, contributing to the lively symphony of nature. Each element, from the vibrant hues of the flora to the intricate movements of the fauna, collaborates to form a captivating ecosystem.
This idyllic setting invites observers to appreciate the delicate balance of life in nature. It serves as a sanctuary where the beauty of the environment lies in its simplicity, offering a peaceful retreat and a moment of connection with the wonders of the natural world.
Nature paints a serene backdrop with lush greenery, towering trees, and a gentle stream under the warm embrace of the setting sun. The air is filled with the delicate scents of blooming flowers, creating a tranquil atmosphere. Birds add a musical touch, their chirps blending harmoniously with the rustling leaves and the soft babble of the brook.
Life thrives in this natural haven, as playful squirrels leave tiny footprints in the soft soil, and colorful butterflies gracefully flutter through the air. The environment resonates with the soothing sounds of insects, contributing to the lively symphony of nature. Each element, from the vibrant hues of the flora to the intricate movements of the fauna, collaborates to form a captivating ecosystem.
This idyllic setting invites observers to appreciate the delicate balance of life in nature. It serves as a sanctuary where the beauty of the environment lies in its simplicity, offering a peaceful retreat and a moment of connection with the wonders of the natural world.
Nature paints a serene backdrop with lush greenery, towering trees, and a gentle stream under the warm embrace of the setting sun. The air is filled with the delicate scents of blooming flowers, creating a tranquil atmosphere. Birds add a musical touch, their chirps blending harmoniously with the rustling leaves and the soft babble of the brook.
Life thrives in this natural haven, as playful squirrels leave tiny footprints in the soft soil, and colorful butterflies gracefully flutter through the air. The environment resonates with the soothing sounds of insects, contributing to the lively symphony of nature. Each element, from the vibrant hues of the flora to the intricate movements of the fauna, collaborates to form a captivating ecosystem.
This idyllic setting invites observers to appreciate the delicate balance of life in nature. It serves as a sanctuary where the beauty of the environment lies in its simplicity, offering a peace
This Presentation talks about low cooling strategies for buildings viz. radiant heating/cooling, geothermal heat exchange, rock beds and ground tunnel with examples and climate consideration.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Solar Heating System for Building – Water Heating, Pipe Dimension and Insulation over Pipe
1. IDL - International Digital Library Of
Technology & Research
Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
IDL - International Digital Library 1 | P a g e Copyright@IDL-2017
Solar Heating System for Building – Water
Heating, Pipe Dimension and Insulation over
Pipe
Satish Kumar Maurya1 & Dr. Jeeoot Singh2
1.P.G. Student, 2. Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering, Department, MMMUT
Gorakhpur, India
Abstract: This paper presents the performance of
a solar water heating system equipped with flat plate
solar collector panels of numerically identical surface
area but of different geometric configuration. The
amount of heat acquired from collectors of solar
energy depends primarily on the surface area that is
exposed to the solar irradiance. The solar thermal
water heaters with Thermo-syphon systems using Flat
Plate Collectors (FPC) to heating water. The hot water
supply through steel pipes and insulation must be
necessary to saving heat energy, losses by atmosphere.
Polyethylene is the insulating material which is used
to insulate over steel pipe. Approximately, 50%
efficiency of the solar water heating system (SWHS)
was gained when the insulation was used. They
efficient and the cost effectiveness are according to the
designs of the systems. The places and the climate of
the buildings where they locate are the main
considerations of the system design.
Keywords: flat plate collector, solar energy,
residential buildings, steel pipe, insulating material,
geometrical orientation.
1. INTRODUCTION
One of the essential requirements in modern buildings
is the uninterrupted provision of heating water. Flat
plate collector absorbs radiated energy from sun and
converts it into heat energy. A lot of work is being
done on solar collectors to increase efficiency of these
systems. These systems can be used for hot water
demands, space and room heating for household, large
buildings, and power sector. A solar water heater
consists of solar collector, hot water storage tank,
control unit and pump station.
The hot water in storage tank heated by flat plate
collector and supplied to building for different
purposes. The storage tank is requiring of insulation to
save heat energy otherwise heat will be transfer or loss
to atmosphere. The supply of hot water through pipe at
required location in building, the pipe is also require of
insulation because at long distance transfer of hot
water decreases its heat or water temperature drop, so
for saving heat, insulation over pipe must necessary.
SWH can play vital role in reducing effects of
environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels.
There are numerous types of the solar collector which
are available commercially such as flat-plate
collectors. The flat plate solar collector best fit for
sunny and warm temperature zones, so during cold,
cloudy, and breezy weather.
2. FLAT PLATE COLLECTOR:
• A device may be used for absorb radiations to
produce heat like water heater. The device in which
2. IDL - International Digital Library Of
Technology & Research
Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
IDL - International Digital Library 2 | P a g e Copyright@IDL-2017
the collection is achieved is called a flat-plate
collector.
• The flat plate collector is usually held tilt in a fixed
position and has no moving parts on a supporting
structure, facing south if located in the northern
hemisphere.
• The collector having a face area of 2 m2 with the
length being usually larger than width and the
temperature of hot water delivered ranges from 50 to
70o C. The storage tank being located above the level
of the collector, if natural circulation is applied for
heating small quantity of water.
• Absorber plate made of sheet metal and thickness
range from 0.2 to 1 mm. Generally, Aluminium or
Copper is used for both absorber plate and tube due to
high thermal conductivity.
3. BASIC PARTS OF FLAT PLATE
COLLECTOR:
A.Insulated Container:A layer of insulation, which
reduces conduction losses. An enclosure to contain the
different elements.
B.Transparent Cover: These are one or more sheets
made of glass for trapping the heat received by the
absorber plate. It helps in reducing the convective and
radiative heat losses.
C.Pipe/Tube: Flow tubes through which the heat
transfer fluid circulates.
D.Absorber Plate: Absorber plate is used to grasp and
absorb solar radiation. The plate is usually metallic
(copper, aluminum or steel), sometimes plastics have
been used in some low temperature applications.
4. DIRECTION OF FLAT PLATE
COLLECTOR TILT ANGLE:
5. STORAGE TANK:
3. IDL - International Digital Library Of
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International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
IDL - International Digital Library 3 | P a g e Copyright@IDL-2017
The storage tank is located slightly at higher level with
the solar collector which is located on stand. The cool
water flow inside the tank and these water flows
through collector. The collector heated this cool water
due to low density of hot water than cool water, the
hot water flow inside the tank. In storage tank, the hot
water will up side and cool water will down side due
to low and high density of water. The storage tank
capacity is 1000 liters.
6. STORAGE TANK INSULATION:
In general terms, the more thermal insulation will
better since it reduces standby heat loss. Hot water
tank is available with various insulation ratings but it
is possible to add layers of extra insulation in the form
of a blanket or 'jacket' on the outside of an uninsulated,
hot water tank to reduce heat loss, to increase energy
efficiency and, in extreme conditions, the hot water
tank itself might be wholly enclosed in a specially
constructed insulated space.
The most commonly available type of water heater
blanket is fiberglass insulation with a vinyl film on the
outside, the insulating blanket being wrapped around
the tank fixed in place with tape or straps, adding
insulation to an already well insulated tank may cause
condensation leading to rust, mould, or other
operational problems so some air flow must be
maintained, usually by convection caused by waste
heat. Most modern hot water tank have applied
polyurethane foam (PUF) insulation.
7. THERMOSIPHON SYSTEM:
For storing water, a storage tank is needed. A very
simple way of doing this, making use of gravity is
shown in above the thermosiphon system. The
principle of the thermosiphon system is that cold water
has a higher specific density than warm water, and so
being heavier will sink down. Therefore, the collector
is always mounted below the water storage tank, so
that cold water from the tank reaches the collector via
a descending water pipe. If the collector heats up the
water, the water rises again and reaches the tank
through an ascending water pipe at the upper end of
the collector. The cycle of tank–water pipe–collector
ensures the water is heated up until it achieves an
equilibrium temperature. The consumer can then make
use of the hot water from the top of the tank, with any
water used being replaced by cold water at the bottom.
The collector then heats up the cold water again.
Due to higher temperature differences at higher solar
irradiances, warm water rises faster than it does at
lower irradiances. Therefore, the circulation of water
adapts itself almost perfectly to the level of solar
irradiance. A thermosiphon system‟s storage tank must
be positioned well above the collector, otherwise the
cycle can run backwards during the night and all the
water will cool down. Furthermore, the cycle does not
work properly at very small height differences. In
regions with high solar irradiation and flat roof
architecture, storage tanks are usually installed on the
roof.
Thermosiphon systems operate very economically as
domestic water heating systems, and the principle is
simple, needing neither a pump nor a control.
However, thermosiphon systems are usually not
suitable for large systems, that is, those with more than
10 m² of collector surface. Furthermore, it is difficult
to place the tank above the collector in buildings with
sloping roofs, and single circuit thermosiphon systems
are only suitable for frost-free regions.
Thermosiphon System [adopted from 4]
4. IDL - International Digital Library Of
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International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
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8.CALCULATION:
The quantity of solar energy striking the Earth's
surface (solar constant) averages about 1,000 watts per
square meter under clear skies, depending upon
weather conditions, location and orientation. However
on the solar flat plate collector (FPC) available at
present you will only gain roughly 15-20% efficiency
at best. For flat plate collector, the useful heat gain
(Qu) can be calculated by,
9. FLOW RATE:
The suitable flow rate used in this project was set to
1000 liters per hour in major pipe and 100 liters per
hour in minor pipes, Working fluids is allowed to flow
steady enough to ensure the heat from the absorber
plate is transferred uniformly. Temperature difference
between the inlet and the outlet are easily measurable
when the fluid temperature is already in steady state
condition. The velocity of water inside pipe will be
depending on the height of storage tank. In this project
we use more bend pipes, Where bend loss is affect to
velocity of water inside pipe. The pipe may be
horizontal, vertical and inclined in direction. The
velocity of water inside pipe used in this project was
set to 0.1 m/sec.
10. DIMENSION OF PIPE:
A.Major Pipe:
The major steel pipe is connected from hot water tank.
The major pipe is require to discharge 1000 liters
water per hour.
5. IDL - International Digital Library Of
Technology & Research
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International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
IDL - International Digital Library 5 | P a g e Copyright@IDL-2017
B.Minor Pipe:
The minor steel pipes are connected to major
pipe. The minor pipe installed in 10 rooms and
each room is requiring to 100 liters water per
hour.
11. INSULATING MATERIAL:
In this paper, we will use polyethylene foam to
insulate over steel pipes for both major and minor
pipes. These properties are -
Polyethylene Foam:
Polyethylene is a flexible plastic foamed insulation
that is widely used to prevent freezing of domestic
water supply pipes and to reduce heat loss from
domestic heating pipes.
It is usually a mixture of similar polymers of
ethylene with various values of n and the chemical
formula (C2H4)n.
Polyethylene is of low strength, hardness and
rigidity, but has a high ductility and impact strength as
well as low friction.
The thermal-conductivity of HDPE (high-density
polyethylene) and LDPE (low-density polyethylene)
are 0.50 w/mk and 0.33 w/mk respectively.
6. IDL - International Digital Library Of
Technology & Research
Volume 1, Issue 5, May 2017 Available at: www.dbpublications.org
International e-Journal For Technology And Research-2017
IDL - International Digital Library 6 | P a g e Copyright@IDL-2017
CRITICAL RADIUS CASES:
1. If, R1 < Rc
The heat transfer increases by adding insulation till R2
= Rc. If insulation thickness is further increased, the
rate of heat loss will decrease from this peak value.
This happens when R1 is small and Rc is larger then
the thermal conductivity of the insulation K is high
(poor insulating material) and heat transfer co-efficient
h is low.
2. If, R1 > Rc
The heat transfer decreases by adding insulation. This
happens when R1 is large and Rc is small then the
thermal conductivity of the insulation K is low (good
insulating material) and heat transfer co-efficient h is
high.
13. THE FUTURE OF SOLAR THERMAL
ENERGY:
The passive and active solar will become the main
source of low temperature heating systems. The
integration of solar energy into the building is a trend
of the building energy development. The tendency of
designing energy efficient and cost effective building
is the main direction in the next few decades [9]. For
the electricity, it will rely on the concentrating solar
power (CSP). Refer to the experts, a minimum
reduction of 50% of greenhouse gases have to be
achieved in the coming fifty to a hundred years in
order to protect the global climate [10]. According to
some studies, the number of CSP plants around the
world will increase. The CSP plants will be mainly
built in the sunny areas. In the less sunny places, there
will be mixing of local energy production with less
contribution of CSP electricity from nearby CSP
plants in the sunnier places [11]. As the energy
production from the CSP is not sufficient to the
demand, the solar-hybrid energy systems are the trend
in the short-term development. For the long-term
development, the solar power tends to be the major
energy source.
14. CONCLUSION:
In this study, the simulations demonstrated the solar
thermal water heater (STWH) on the residences. The
hot water supply at the rate of 1000 liters/hour in
buildings. There are requiring to 155 solar flat plate
collectors for heating these water. The comparison of
without insulation and with insulation is of great
importance. Without insulation knew a 50% of energy
losses in the transfer pipe. As a result, the energy
stored in the hot water tank reaches 167.2 MJ/hour.
Thanks to the insulation of transfer pipe. Still, even
though there is insulation the reduced losses are high.
The problem goes back to the long pipe that connects
the tank with the collector.
15. REFERENCES:
1. M. S. Hossain, R. Saidur, H. Fayaz, N. A. Rahim,
M. R. Islam, J. U. Ahamed, and M. M. Rahman,
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