This research article proposes an intelligent energy safety and management system (IESMS) that uses RFID and ZigBee wireless sensor network technologies. The system identifies users, monitors and controls power outlets, and cuts off power when the RFID card is removed. It also implements a smart control strategy to prevent electrical circuit overload by shutting down some power outlets. Test results validated the effectiveness of the proposed IESMS and its ability to achieve energy savings and safety.
Energy Harvesting Alternatives for Powering Critical WSN Based and Autonomous...ijtsrd
Wireless Sensor Network WSN applications in the industry, domestic and commercial sectors are becoming quite interesting and exciting. For instance, since January 2005, major International Oil and Gas companies IOCs operating in Nigeria Niger Delta region have made wireless sensor network the defacto monitoring system for their vast oil and gas pipelines, oil wells and other facilities. This is because wireless technology has vast advantages over their wired counterpart. Despite the interest generated by the varied advantage of wireless sensor nodes in the oil and gas industry and other sectors, the biggest challenge lie in the limited battery energy of these tiny wireless sensor nodes. Battery energy of the wireless sensors are so limited that it will take maximum of one year to deplete and that will require massive replacements of the batteries so that the network will still be functional. This is almost impossible or very costly for a field of thousands or millions of wireless sensor nodes. This paper will examine the possibility of harvesting ambient or environmental energy sources such as RF, solar, piezoelectric, thermal etc to store and power these wireless sensor nodes so that the need for massive battery replacements will be avoided and costs saved. Fidelis C. Obodoeze | Ndidi Fidelia Ugwoke | Edith Angela Ugwu "Energy Harvesting Alternatives for Powering Critical WSN-Based and Autonomous Monitoring Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29131.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/29131/energy-harvesting-alternatives-for-powering-critical-wsn-based-and-autonomous-monitoring-systems/fidelis-c-obodoeze
29 9136 eee learning manuscript on power (edit lafi)IAESIJEECS
This paper manages the investigation of the control system and the down to earth utilization of electrical machines utilizing an android telephone in a Zigbee arrange. The framework measures the voltage and current parameters of electric gadgets and consequently sees the power devoured. The proposed framework is an adaptable framework which gives a proficient and successful control system from a remote area. The framework likewise concentrates on voice based control and in this manner spares the power cost of the purchasers. Alternate other options to zigbee are additionally examined in the paper.
An efficient and improved model for power theft detection in PakistanjournalBEEI
This paper describes an improved model for the monitoring of power used by a party such as household users and different industries in Pakistan. The power theft detection was done using the intelligent internet of things (IoT) service system for calculating the user's power simultaneously. The power meter catches a theft detection device that is instantly transmitted to the central system which compares both the data by means of microcontroller and if there is any difference found, it informs the power utility about the hooking, meter relief or theft activities happen. Information of the theft detection through the global mobile communications system is transmitted and notified theft is displayed on the terminal monitor or won. As a result, although consumers continue to use excess fuel, the customer's power supply is cut in the electricity boards segment. The general radio package module system sends central circuit and meter data via an internet protocol address to a web server. GSM's IoT based perception is used to monitor the power supply and billing information calculated with a microcontroller continuously with the determination of the electricity table area. With this unit, the duplicate user can be located at the rear of the electricity office with the power meter status.
Mitchell Elder is proposing an engineering project for his Bachelor of Electrical Engineering thesis to design a novel power converter and energy storage system for powering wireless sensor network nodes using energy harvesting. The system will use modern power electronics to universally convert energy from different sources into electrical energy, collect and store energy from multiple sources using only capacitors, and deliver pulsed power to sensor nodes. The project aims to advance energy harvesting power supplies and prove the concept by powering a dummy sensor node with the developed system. A plan outlines experiments to test the system and collect performance data over 26 weeks of research.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that discusses modernizing traditional grids into smart grids through renewable energy sources. It provides background on the motivation to transition to smart grids, including addressing environmental concerns from fossil fuels and the inability of traditional grids to integrate renewable energy. The document outlines key features of smart grids, including reliability, flexibility, efficiency, sustainability, and enabling new energy markets. It also discusses challenges to smart grids, such as differences between energy generation and demand, transmitting power across grids, ensuring energy security, and developing standards to allow different technology components to work together.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Muhammed Nazeem M to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The report discusses managing a smart grid power system using ZigBee technology. It provides background on renewable energy sources and their integration into smart grids. It also describes the benefits of smart grids, enabling technologies like ZigBee, and features of smart grid systems.
This document discusses smart grids and provides an overview presented by Ms. Sk. Rizwana. It defines smart grids as using two-way digital technology to control appliances and save energy. Key smart grid technologies discussed include advanced metering infrastructure, demand response, distributed generation, home area networks, communication networks, cyber security, electric vehicles, and energy storage. An overview of smart grid development in countries like China, US, Japan, Korea, Spain, and India's vision for renewable energy sources by 2050 is also provided. The advantages of smart grids like better power quality and renewable integration and disadvantages like network challenges and security issues are highlighted.
Energy Harvesting Alternatives for Powering Critical WSN Based and Autonomous...ijtsrd
Wireless Sensor Network WSN applications in the industry, domestic and commercial sectors are becoming quite interesting and exciting. For instance, since January 2005, major International Oil and Gas companies IOCs operating in Nigeria Niger Delta region have made wireless sensor network the defacto monitoring system for their vast oil and gas pipelines, oil wells and other facilities. This is because wireless technology has vast advantages over their wired counterpart. Despite the interest generated by the varied advantage of wireless sensor nodes in the oil and gas industry and other sectors, the biggest challenge lie in the limited battery energy of these tiny wireless sensor nodes. Battery energy of the wireless sensors are so limited that it will take maximum of one year to deplete and that will require massive replacements of the batteries so that the network will still be functional. This is almost impossible or very costly for a field of thousands or millions of wireless sensor nodes. This paper will examine the possibility of harvesting ambient or environmental energy sources such as RF, solar, piezoelectric, thermal etc to store and power these wireless sensor nodes so that the need for massive battery replacements will be avoided and costs saved. Fidelis C. Obodoeze | Ndidi Fidelia Ugwoke | Edith Angela Ugwu "Energy Harvesting Alternatives for Powering Critical WSN-Based and Autonomous Monitoring Systems" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29131.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/29131/energy-harvesting-alternatives-for-powering-critical-wsn-based-and-autonomous-monitoring-systems/fidelis-c-obodoeze
29 9136 eee learning manuscript on power (edit lafi)IAESIJEECS
This paper manages the investigation of the control system and the down to earth utilization of electrical machines utilizing an android telephone in a Zigbee arrange. The framework measures the voltage and current parameters of electric gadgets and consequently sees the power devoured. The proposed framework is an adaptable framework which gives a proficient and successful control system from a remote area. The framework likewise concentrates on voice based control and in this manner spares the power cost of the purchasers. Alternate other options to zigbee are additionally examined in the paper.
An efficient and improved model for power theft detection in PakistanjournalBEEI
This paper describes an improved model for the monitoring of power used by a party such as household users and different industries in Pakistan. The power theft detection was done using the intelligent internet of things (IoT) service system for calculating the user's power simultaneously. The power meter catches a theft detection device that is instantly transmitted to the central system which compares both the data by means of microcontroller and if there is any difference found, it informs the power utility about the hooking, meter relief or theft activities happen. Information of the theft detection through the global mobile communications system is transmitted and notified theft is displayed on the terminal monitor or won. As a result, although consumers continue to use excess fuel, the customer's power supply is cut in the electricity boards segment. The general radio package module system sends central circuit and meter data via an internet protocol address to a web server. GSM's IoT based perception is used to monitor the power supply and billing information calculated with a microcontroller continuously with the determination of the electricity table area. With this unit, the duplicate user can be located at the rear of the electricity office with the power meter status.
Mitchell Elder is proposing an engineering project for his Bachelor of Electrical Engineering thesis to design a novel power converter and energy storage system for powering wireless sensor network nodes using energy harvesting. The system will use modern power electronics to universally convert energy from different sources into electrical energy, collect and store energy from multiple sources using only capacitors, and deliver pulsed power to sensor nodes. The project aims to advance energy harvesting power supplies and prove the concept by powering a dummy sensor node with the developed system. A plan outlines experiments to test the system and collect performance data over 26 weeks of research.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that discusses modernizing traditional grids into smart grids through renewable energy sources. It provides background on the motivation to transition to smart grids, including addressing environmental concerns from fossil fuels and the inability of traditional grids to integrate renewable energy. The document outlines key features of smart grids, including reliability, flexibility, efficiency, sustainability, and enabling new energy markets. It also discusses challenges to smart grids, such as differences between energy generation and demand, transmitting power across grids, ensuring energy security, and developing standards to allow different technology components to work together.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Muhammed Nazeem M to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The report discusses managing a smart grid power system using ZigBee technology. It provides background on renewable energy sources and their integration into smart grids. It also describes the benefits of smart grids, enabling technologies like ZigBee, and features of smart grid systems.
This document discusses smart grids and provides an overview presented by Ms. Sk. Rizwana. It defines smart grids as using two-way digital technology to control appliances and save energy. Key smart grid technologies discussed include advanced metering infrastructure, demand response, distributed generation, home area networks, communication networks, cyber security, electric vehicles, and energy storage. An overview of smart grid development in countries like China, US, Japan, Korea, Spain, and India's vision for renewable energy sources by 2050 is also provided. The advantages of smart grids like better power quality and renewable integration and disadvantages like network challenges and security issues are highlighted.
Necessity of Internet of Things in Smart Gridijtsrd
This document discusses the importance of implementing Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in smart grids. It covers how IoT can enhance generation, transmission, and distribution in the grid. At the generation level, IoT allows for better integration of renewable energy sources like wind and solar. In transmission, IoT sensors can monitor infrastructure and mitigate damage from natural disasters. At the distribution level, IoT enables monitoring of microgrids and smart energy management in homes and buildings. The document argues that IoT is necessary to efficiently manage energy resources and ensure sustainability in future power systems.
IRJET- A Smart Monitoring System for Hybrid Energy System using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart monitoring system for a hybrid energy system using IoT. The system uses solar and wind energy sources and can switch between them without inconvenience through an Android app and WiFi module. An ESP32 microcontroller module transmits and receives electrical data wirelessly from the app and monitors the system. Users can control the energy sources remotely through the app in a flexible and secure manner. The system provides an efficient, cheaper, and flexible way to control hybrid energy sources manually and remotely.
Context of smart grids in india knowledge paper of india smart grid day 2013L&C
This document discusses regulatory support needed for smart grid projects in India. It outlines three key areas of regulatory focus: economic regulation, safety and standards, and awareness and capacity building. Some challenges in these areas include the lack of optimal tariff design, investment approval mechanisms, interoperability standards, cyber security standards, and consumer awareness. Suggested interventions include introducing time-of-use tariffs, facilitating investment approvals, developing interoperability and cyber security standards, and conducting capacity building and consumer education programs. State regulatory commissions can support smart grid projects by leveraging factors in the Electricity Act that encourage competition, efficiency and optimal investments.
This paper is set against a backdrop where India is at an important juncture in the energy landscape – a
present riddled with many challenges and an imminent future of multiple opportunities led by technology
implementations. The paper begins by providing an overall context to the Indian Power scenario and
introduces the country’s ambitious smart grids vision led by security, adaptability, sustainability, reliability and
quality. In the next section, we delve deeper into the characteristics of the Indian Smart Energy ecosystem
– exploring the market potential and opportunities as well as policies that are currently in place. The third
segment is dedicated to standardization and an effort has been made to bring together all relevant standards
(including IoT) as well as policies that enable their implementation. This segment also discusses cyber security
and associated challenges, as these tenets are critical to the standards debate. The fourth segment explores
opportunities and challenges that all these bring in the areas of renewable energy, transmission, distribution,
micro-grids and security as well as their possible impact. In the final section, the paper puts forth some
actionable recommendations for stakeholders in the energy ecosystem including calling for new policies around
rooftop PVs, net metering, communications and IoT, data usage, distribution automation and management of
distributed energy resources, schemes for incentivizing stakeholders as well as greater collaboration among
ecosystem players. In doing so, it also highlights the benefits that collaborations such as those between India
and EU could bring to accelerating both standards creation as well as implementation.
Overall fuzzy logic control strategy of direct driven PMSG wind turbine conne...IJECEIAES
The fuzzy logic strategies reported in the literature about the control of direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) connected to grid are limited in terms of inclusiveness and efficiency. So an overall control based on fuzzy logic and anti-windup compensation is proposed in this paper. Aiming at the inadequate of hill climb search (HCS) MPPT with fixed step size, the fuzzy logic is introduced in the stage of "generating rotor speed reference" to overcome the oscillations and slowness in traditional method. PI controllers are replaced by anti-windup fuzzy logic controllers in the "machine side control" stage and in "grid side control" stage to pertinently regulate the reference parameters. Then comparison tests with classical methods are implemented under varying climatic conditions. The results obtained demonstrate that the developed control is superior to other methods in response time (less than 4.528E-04 s), precision (an overshoot about 0.41%) and quality of produced energy (efficiency is 91%). The study verifying the feasibility and effectiveness of this algorithm in PMSG wind turbine connected to grid.
pptWhitepaper 03-smart grid-the future of the electric power systemavvariharish
This document provides an introduction to the smart grid, including:
1. What the smart grid is, how it allows two-way communication between producers and consumers to better balance supply and demand.
2. Why the smart grid matters to more efficiently utilize the electric grid and reduce emissions by flattening demand.
3. A brief history of smart grid projects starting in the early 2000s in Italy and the US.
Design of smart wireless changeover for continuous electric current feeding f...IJECEIAES
Electric power has become a vital element for life today. Despite this importance, electric power consumers in Iraq suffer from the problem of noncontinuity and daily electric power supply interruption. This problem led to the use of various sources of electric power as an alternative to compensate for the shortage of electric power provided by the Iraqi national grid. In this work, a smart wireless changeover device is designed using wireless sensor networks technology aiming to solve problem caused by the multiplicity of power sources received at home and governmental buildings in Iraq by controlling operation of some electrical devices (which consume high current) in the home or workplace automatically when changing source of electricity from one to another. This solution will help to ensure the continuity of electric current feeding from power sources of variable capacities, also, to rationalize power consumption by assigning an operation priority to electric devices. Furthermore, a statistical measurement as a case study was performed in a building with a total power consumption of 160.8 KW/h. The result showed that the device functions effectively and it is capable of achieving an average saving in power of about 50% to 86% depending on the applied priorities and case study scenario.
This document discusses a study that examined students' perceptions of electricity use in electrical and
electronics workshops in Nigeria. It identifies various areas where electricity is needed, including lighting,
power tools, wiring, soldering, and testing equipment. However, Nigeria has unreliable public electricity
supply. As a result, workshops and businesses struggle to power equipment, hindering learning and skill
development. The study aims to investigate students' views on available electricity and its utilization across
different workshops. A questionnaire was administered to 106 students to collect data on their perceptions.
IRJET- Generation of Electrical Energy from Sound EnergyIRJET Journal
This document discusses converting sound energy into electrical energy. It proposes a system using sound sensors to capture sound waves, which are then converted into electrical signals and stored in a battery. A boost converter increases the voltage which can power small loads like LED lights. The system was simulated and a hardware prototype was created using a sound sensor, amplifier, boost converter, battery, and LED lights. Converting unused sound energy could provide a renewable source of electricity and reduce noise pollution.
For the Smart Homes of this century, the paper gives a few hints on energy management and thereby reducing bills along with an eco-friendly environment.
Renewable Energy Integration into Smart Grid-Energy Storage Technologies and ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses renewable energy integration into smart grids and the role of energy storage technologies. It begins by outlining the benefits of renewable energy and smart grids, including facilitating high shares of variable renewable energy sources. Energy storage is useful for adding flexibility to electric grids to deal with the variability of renewables. The document then discusses various energy storage technologies and their applications for integrating renewable energy at different levels of the electric grid system. Key benefits of energy storage include supporting renewable energy integration, improving grid reliability and efficiency, and facilitating demand-side management.
The document provides an overview of smart grids and the electrical grid in India. It discusses:
1) The components and evolution of India's electrical grid from regional grids to a unified national grid.
2) Key regulatory authorities and figures on India's current energy mix, electricity consumption and generation capacity.
3) The definition and benefits of smart grids, including more efficient transmission, reduced costs, improved integration of renewable energy, and increased system reliability.
4) The main components of smart grid architecture including smart infrastructure, communication, management and protection systems.
IRJET- Overloading Detection in Residentional AreaIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a proposed system for detecting overloading in residential areas. Current sensors measure incoming and outgoing current from an energy meter. If outgoing current is greater than incoming, overloading occurs. The currents are compared using Arduino programming. If overloading is detected, warning SMS are sent to the utility and consumer via GSM. The supply is then cut off by a relay. The system aims to prevent losses from transformer overloading due to electricity theft or excessive usage.
Implementation of modular MPPT algorithm for energy harvesting embedded and I...IJECEIAES
The establishment of the latest IoT systems available today such as smart cities, smart buildings, and smart homes and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are let the main design restriction on the inadequate supply of battery power. Hence proposing a solar-based photovoltaic (PV) system which is designed DC-DC buck-boost converter with an improved modular maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The output voltage depends on the inductor, capacitor values, metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) switching frequency, and duty cycle. This paper focuses on the design and simulation of min ripple current/voltage and improved efficiency at PV array output, to store DC power. The stored DC power will be used for smart IoT systems. From the simulation results, the current ripples are observed to be minimized from 0.062 A to 0.02 A maintaining the duty cycle at 61.09 for switching frequencies ranges from 300 kHz to 10 MHz at the input voltage 48 V and the output voltage in buck mode 24 V, boost mode 100 V by maintaining constant 99.7 efficiencies. The improvised approach is compared to various existed techniques. It is noticed that the results are more useful for the self-powered Embedded & Internet of Things systems.
Smart ac dc low voltage distribution system for building with distributed gen...IAEME Publication
1) The document proposes a smart low voltage distribution system for buildings that includes both AC and DC distribution to meet the energy needs of various loads.
2) A DC distribution system is proposed to facilitate distributed generation and consumer devices that operate on DC, eliminating the need for AC compatibility.
3) The system utilizes smart grid technologies through a smart distribution management system to enable demand side management and improve power quality and energy efficiency of the combined AC/DC distribution system.
Power distribution system fault monitoring device for supply networks in NigeriaIJECEIAES
Electric power is the bedrock of our modern way of life. In Nigeria, power supply availability, sufficiency and reliability are major operational challenges. At the generation and transmission level, effort is made to ensure status monitoring and fault detection on the power network, but at the distribution level, particularly within domestic consumer communities there are no fault monitoring and detection devices except for HRC fuses at the feeder pillar. Unfortunately, these fuses are sometimes replaced by a copper wire bridge at some locations rendering the system unprotected and creating a great potential for transformer destruction on overload. This study is focused on designing an on-site power system monitoring device to be deployed on selected household entry power cables for detecting and indicating when phase off, low voltage, high voltage, over current, and blown fuse occurs on the building’s incomer line. The fault indication will help in reducing troubleshooting time and also ensure quick service restoration. After design implementation, the test result confirms design accuracy, device functionality and suitability as a low-cost solution to power supply system fault monitoring within local communities.
Smart Grid Technology for Intelligent Power UseIJARIIT
The existing Power Grids is antiquated, congested and inefficient in many ways and it does not take full advantage
of new automation technologies that for example can prevent an outage or restore power much faster after an outage. It does
not take advantage of new materials which can make the equipment throughout the grid more efficient. It was not designed for
integrating large amounts of renewable energy generation into the grid which is necessary in order to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and prevent climatic changes. This paper proposes a method for better implementation of smart grids that integrates
technologies of advanced sensing, control methodologies and communication capabilities into the current power grids at both
the transmission level and distribution levels.
IRJET- Integration of Renewable Energy in Smart GridIRJET Journal
This document discusses the integration of renewable energy sources into smart grids. It begins with an abstract that outlines some of the challenges of integrating renewable energy at both large and small scales directly into existing utility grids. It then provides background on how smart grid technologies can help address these issues and enable higher penetration of renewable energy sources like wind and solar. Some key smart grid features and technologies that can facilitate renewable energy integration are described, such as bidirectional power flow, distributed generation, demand response capabilities, energy storage, and enhanced monitoring and control. The document also discusses technical and economic benefits of energy storage systems in supporting renewable energy integration into smart grids. Finally, it outlines some issues specific to integrating wind and solar energy systems due to their variable nature.
This document provides an overview of smart grid physical protection. It discusses system reliability analysis and failures in protection mechanisms. For system reliability analysis, it describes methods to ensure reliability of distributed generation, measurement infrastructure, and the network before implementation. It also discusses empowering substations with decision-making abilities. For failures in protection mechanisms, it covers predicting and preventing failures, as well as identifying, diagnosing, and recovering from failures. The document provides examples of research in these areas and their approaches to improving smart grid reliability and protection.
Necessity of Internet of Things in Smart Gridijtsrd
This document discusses the importance of implementing Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in smart grids. It covers how IoT can enhance generation, transmission, and distribution in the grid. At the generation level, IoT allows for better integration of renewable energy sources like wind and solar. In transmission, IoT sensors can monitor infrastructure and mitigate damage from natural disasters. At the distribution level, IoT enables monitoring of microgrids and smart energy management in homes and buildings. The document argues that IoT is necessary to efficiently manage energy resources and ensure sustainability in future power systems.
IRJET- A Smart Monitoring System for Hybrid Energy System using IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart monitoring system for a hybrid energy system using IoT. The system uses solar and wind energy sources and can switch between them without inconvenience through an Android app and WiFi module. An ESP32 microcontroller module transmits and receives electrical data wirelessly from the app and monitors the system. Users can control the energy sources remotely through the app in a flexible and secure manner. The system provides an efficient, cheaper, and flexible way to control hybrid energy sources manually and remotely.
Context of smart grids in india knowledge paper of india smart grid day 2013L&C
This document discusses regulatory support needed for smart grid projects in India. It outlines three key areas of regulatory focus: economic regulation, safety and standards, and awareness and capacity building. Some challenges in these areas include the lack of optimal tariff design, investment approval mechanisms, interoperability standards, cyber security standards, and consumer awareness. Suggested interventions include introducing time-of-use tariffs, facilitating investment approvals, developing interoperability and cyber security standards, and conducting capacity building and consumer education programs. State regulatory commissions can support smart grid projects by leveraging factors in the Electricity Act that encourage competition, efficiency and optimal investments.
This paper is set against a backdrop where India is at an important juncture in the energy landscape – a
present riddled with many challenges and an imminent future of multiple opportunities led by technology
implementations. The paper begins by providing an overall context to the Indian Power scenario and
introduces the country’s ambitious smart grids vision led by security, adaptability, sustainability, reliability and
quality. In the next section, we delve deeper into the characteristics of the Indian Smart Energy ecosystem
– exploring the market potential and opportunities as well as policies that are currently in place. The third
segment is dedicated to standardization and an effort has been made to bring together all relevant standards
(including IoT) as well as policies that enable their implementation. This segment also discusses cyber security
and associated challenges, as these tenets are critical to the standards debate. The fourth segment explores
opportunities and challenges that all these bring in the areas of renewable energy, transmission, distribution,
micro-grids and security as well as their possible impact. In the final section, the paper puts forth some
actionable recommendations for stakeholders in the energy ecosystem including calling for new policies around
rooftop PVs, net metering, communications and IoT, data usage, distribution automation and management of
distributed energy resources, schemes for incentivizing stakeholders as well as greater collaboration among
ecosystem players. In doing so, it also highlights the benefits that collaborations such as those between India
and EU could bring to accelerating both standards creation as well as implementation.
Overall fuzzy logic control strategy of direct driven PMSG wind turbine conne...IJECEIAES
The fuzzy logic strategies reported in the literature about the control of direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) connected to grid are limited in terms of inclusiveness and efficiency. So an overall control based on fuzzy logic and anti-windup compensation is proposed in this paper. Aiming at the inadequate of hill climb search (HCS) MPPT with fixed step size, the fuzzy logic is introduced in the stage of "generating rotor speed reference" to overcome the oscillations and slowness in traditional method. PI controllers are replaced by anti-windup fuzzy logic controllers in the "machine side control" stage and in "grid side control" stage to pertinently regulate the reference parameters. Then comparison tests with classical methods are implemented under varying climatic conditions. The results obtained demonstrate that the developed control is superior to other methods in response time (less than 4.528E-04 s), precision (an overshoot about 0.41%) and quality of produced energy (efficiency is 91%). The study verifying the feasibility and effectiveness of this algorithm in PMSG wind turbine connected to grid.
pptWhitepaper 03-smart grid-the future of the electric power systemavvariharish
This document provides an introduction to the smart grid, including:
1. What the smart grid is, how it allows two-way communication between producers and consumers to better balance supply and demand.
2. Why the smart grid matters to more efficiently utilize the electric grid and reduce emissions by flattening demand.
3. A brief history of smart grid projects starting in the early 2000s in Italy and the US.
Design of smart wireless changeover for continuous electric current feeding f...IJECEIAES
Electric power has become a vital element for life today. Despite this importance, electric power consumers in Iraq suffer from the problem of noncontinuity and daily electric power supply interruption. This problem led to the use of various sources of electric power as an alternative to compensate for the shortage of electric power provided by the Iraqi national grid. In this work, a smart wireless changeover device is designed using wireless sensor networks technology aiming to solve problem caused by the multiplicity of power sources received at home and governmental buildings in Iraq by controlling operation of some electrical devices (which consume high current) in the home or workplace automatically when changing source of electricity from one to another. This solution will help to ensure the continuity of electric current feeding from power sources of variable capacities, also, to rationalize power consumption by assigning an operation priority to electric devices. Furthermore, a statistical measurement as a case study was performed in a building with a total power consumption of 160.8 KW/h. The result showed that the device functions effectively and it is capable of achieving an average saving in power of about 50% to 86% depending on the applied priorities and case study scenario.
This document discusses a study that examined students' perceptions of electricity use in electrical and
electronics workshops in Nigeria. It identifies various areas where electricity is needed, including lighting,
power tools, wiring, soldering, and testing equipment. However, Nigeria has unreliable public electricity
supply. As a result, workshops and businesses struggle to power equipment, hindering learning and skill
development. The study aims to investigate students' views on available electricity and its utilization across
different workshops. A questionnaire was administered to 106 students to collect data on their perceptions.
IRJET- Generation of Electrical Energy from Sound EnergyIRJET Journal
This document discusses converting sound energy into electrical energy. It proposes a system using sound sensors to capture sound waves, which are then converted into electrical signals and stored in a battery. A boost converter increases the voltage which can power small loads like LED lights. The system was simulated and a hardware prototype was created using a sound sensor, amplifier, boost converter, battery, and LED lights. Converting unused sound energy could provide a renewable source of electricity and reduce noise pollution.
For the Smart Homes of this century, the paper gives a few hints on energy management and thereby reducing bills along with an eco-friendly environment.
Renewable Energy Integration into Smart Grid-Energy Storage Technologies and ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses renewable energy integration into smart grids and the role of energy storage technologies. It begins by outlining the benefits of renewable energy and smart grids, including facilitating high shares of variable renewable energy sources. Energy storage is useful for adding flexibility to electric grids to deal with the variability of renewables. The document then discusses various energy storage technologies and their applications for integrating renewable energy at different levels of the electric grid system. Key benefits of energy storage include supporting renewable energy integration, improving grid reliability and efficiency, and facilitating demand-side management.
The document provides an overview of smart grids and the electrical grid in India. It discusses:
1) The components and evolution of India's electrical grid from regional grids to a unified national grid.
2) Key regulatory authorities and figures on India's current energy mix, electricity consumption and generation capacity.
3) The definition and benefits of smart grids, including more efficient transmission, reduced costs, improved integration of renewable energy, and increased system reliability.
4) The main components of smart grid architecture including smart infrastructure, communication, management and protection systems.
IRJET- Overloading Detection in Residentional AreaIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a proposed system for detecting overloading in residential areas. Current sensors measure incoming and outgoing current from an energy meter. If outgoing current is greater than incoming, overloading occurs. The currents are compared using Arduino programming. If overloading is detected, warning SMS are sent to the utility and consumer via GSM. The supply is then cut off by a relay. The system aims to prevent losses from transformer overloading due to electricity theft or excessive usage.
Implementation of modular MPPT algorithm for energy harvesting embedded and I...IJECEIAES
The establishment of the latest IoT systems available today such as smart cities, smart buildings, and smart homes and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are let the main design restriction on the inadequate supply of battery power. Hence proposing a solar-based photovoltaic (PV) system which is designed DC-DC buck-boost converter with an improved modular maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The output voltage depends on the inductor, capacitor values, metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) switching frequency, and duty cycle. This paper focuses on the design and simulation of min ripple current/voltage and improved efficiency at PV array output, to store DC power. The stored DC power will be used for smart IoT systems. From the simulation results, the current ripples are observed to be minimized from 0.062 A to 0.02 A maintaining the duty cycle at 61.09 for switching frequencies ranges from 300 kHz to 10 MHz at the input voltage 48 V and the output voltage in buck mode 24 V, boost mode 100 V by maintaining constant 99.7 efficiencies. The improvised approach is compared to various existed techniques. It is noticed that the results are more useful for the self-powered Embedded & Internet of Things systems.
Smart ac dc low voltage distribution system for building with distributed gen...IAEME Publication
1) The document proposes a smart low voltage distribution system for buildings that includes both AC and DC distribution to meet the energy needs of various loads.
2) A DC distribution system is proposed to facilitate distributed generation and consumer devices that operate on DC, eliminating the need for AC compatibility.
3) The system utilizes smart grid technologies through a smart distribution management system to enable demand side management and improve power quality and energy efficiency of the combined AC/DC distribution system.
Power distribution system fault monitoring device for supply networks in NigeriaIJECEIAES
Electric power is the bedrock of our modern way of life. In Nigeria, power supply availability, sufficiency and reliability are major operational challenges. At the generation and transmission level, effort is made to ensure status monitoring and fault detection on the power network, but at the distribution level, particularly within domestic consumer communities there are no fault monitoring and detection devices except for HRC fuses at the feeder pillar. Unfortunately, these fuses are sometimes replaced by a copper wire bridge at some locations rendering the system unprotected and creating a great potential for transformer destruction on overload. This study is focused on designing an on-site power system monitoring device to be deployed on selected household entry power cables for detecting and indicating when phase off, low voltage, high voltage, over current, and blown fuse occurs on the building’s incomer line. The fault indication will help in reducing troubleshooting time and also ensure quick service restoration. After design implementation, the test result confirms design accuracy, device functionality and suitability as a low-cost solution to power supply system fault monitoring within local communities.
Smart Grid Technology for Intelligent Power UseIJARIIT
The existing Power Grids is antiquated, congested and inefficient in many ways and it does not take full advantage
of new automation technologies that for example can prevent an outage or restore power much faster after an outage. It does
not take advantage of new materials which can make the equipment throughout the grid more efficient. It was not designed for
integrating large amounts of renewable energy generation into the grid which is necessary in order to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and prevent climatic changes. This paper proposes a method for better implementation of smart grids that integrates
technologies of advanced sensing, control methodologies and communication capabilities into the current power grids at both
the transmission level and distribution levels.
IRJET- Integration of Renewable Energy in Smart GridIRJET Journal
This document discusses the integration of renewable energy sources into smart grids. It begins with an abstract that outlines some of the challenges of integrating renewable energy at both large and small scales directly into existing utility grids. It then provides background on how smart grid technologies can help address these issues and enable higher penetration of renewable energy sources like wind and solar. Some key smart grid features and technologies that can facilitate renewable energy integration are described, such as bidirectional power flow, distributed generation, demand response capabilities, energy storage, and enhanced monitoring and control. The document also discusses technical and economic benefits of energy storage systems in supporting renewable energy integration into smart grids. Finally, it outlines some issues specific to integrating wind and solar energy systems due to their variable nature.
This document provides an overview of smart grid physical protection. It discusses system reliability analysis and failures in protection mechanisms. For system reliability analysis, it describes methods to ensure reliability of distributed generation, measurement infrastructure, and the network before implementation. It also discusses empowering substations with decision-making abilities. For failures in protection mechanisms, it covers predicting and preventing failures, as well as identifying, diagnosing, and recovering from failures. The document provides examples of research in these areas and their approaches to improving smart grid reliability and protection.
This document is a survey for a client to provide feedback on the service and advice received from a solicitor. It asks the client to rate their satisfaction level overall and then rate the solicitor on various aspects of their service. It also asks what the client liked most, how the solicitor could have improved, how likely the client is to recommend the solicitor to others, and provides an optional space for any other feedback.
The document discusses the ARDX Advantage Package offered by A. Reddix and Associates, a management consulting company, to its employees. The package includes ARDX University which provides over 50 in-house educational programs for skills enhancement, as well as tuition assistance for external programs. It also offers health, disability, retirement and other benefits to promote employee well-being. Details on all benefits and programs are available on the company's website.
The document describes the process of editing an image for a magazine cover and contents page. The image was inserted into Photoshop and cropped to fit the magazine cover without distorting the model. Text and other elements were added around the model. The brightness and contrast of the image were increased lightly to make it look more professional and inviting for the cover. For the contents page, the image was cropped slightly to straighten it and inserted on the right side for neat appearance.
Este documento discute la diferencia entre instintos y pulsiones según Sigmund Freud. Freud creía que los humanos no tienen instintos, sino pulsiones fundamentales como Eros (autoconservación y sexualidad) y Tanathos (pulsión de muerte). También explora la definición de sexo biológico y sexualidad, la cual está conformada por elementos biológicos, psicológicos y sociales que definen cómo cada persona se manifiesta como hombre o mujer.
The document discusses the history and organization of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It was formed through the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944 in response to the Great Depression and breakdown of international monetary cooperation. The IMF aims to preserve stability of the international monetary system and provide loans and technical assistance to member countries experiencing economic difficulties. It also introduced Special Drawing Rights as a new reserve asset after the dissolution of the Bretton Woods system in the 1970s. The IMF currently has 188 member countries and oversees global economic and financial stability.
The document discusses racial and economic segregation and lack of access to opportunity in Connecticut. It finds that Black and Latino residents disproportionately live in areas with lower access to education, jobs, healthcare and other resources. This segregation is linked to past discriminatory housing policies like redlining. The Open Communities Alliance aims to promote fair and equitable access to housing choice and opportunity through policies like balanced affordable housing placement, housing mobility programs, and investing in underserved communities.
El documento proporciona consejos para crear presentaciones en PowerPoint efectivas, incluyendo asegurarse que sean accesibles para todos los usuarios, enfocarse en transmitir las ideas de manera clara y concisa sin aburrir a la audiencia, y mantener una actitud positiva durante la presentación. También recomienda revisar la ortografía, dejar tiempo para preguntas, y concluir con una actividad dinámica para lograr resultados exitosos.
Element 1 flash cards- vocabulary slishare- monica renjifoMonica Renjifo
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
A simple presentation that shares about:
1) Qualities that a Mufassir should possess.
2) Reasons why some people misinterpret Qur'anic verses.
3) Best Tafsir Methodology
Source: Ta'rif al-Darisin by Salah Al-Khalidi & Asbabul Khata' Fi al-Tafsir Dirasah Ta'siliyyah by Mahmud Muhammad Ya'qub
This document contains contact information and a profile for Aktheruzzaman, a production designer and art director with over 6 years of experience. It outlines his skills and experience working on feature films, TV shows, and commercials. His current role is as an Assistant Art Director at Deepto TV, where he is responsible for set design, props, costumes, and within budget and schedules. Prior freelance experience includes production design roles for various film and television production companies. The document promotes Aktheruzzaman's expertise in visual design, project management, and delivering creative solutions.
The President's Advisory Council (PAC) was established by the CEO of A. Reddix and Associates (ARDX) to promote unity and organizational integrity within the company. The PAC's mission is to advise the CEO on strategic solutions to enhance the culture at ARDX. The PAC is comprised of associates from different levels of the company, from directors to junior associates, to represent opinions from all levels. Members of the PAC meet bi-monthly with the CEO to discuss potential challenges and solutions related to ARDX's corporate culture.
Mickey Mouse wakes up early each morning and gets dressed, then eats breakfast. He checks on his favorite dog and enjoys ice cream before visiting his friends. Mickey rides his bike and plays piano with his friends during the day. In the evening, he cleans his house and has dinner with his father before playing video games and reading a story at night.
Ajay Sardesai provides a summary of his professional experience, qualifications, and contact information. He has over 23 years of experience in the diagnostics and healthcare industry, including 19 years working for Suyog Diagnostics in various roles such as Assistant General Manager of Instrumentation and Business Development. He is currently the General Manager of Diagnostics at MP Biomedicals India, where he is responsible for overseeing day-to-day operations and developing marketing strategies.
Element 2 lisstening renjifo arcentales- manobandaMonica Renjifo
This document discusses strategies for teaching listening skills to young language learners. It provides examples of activities teachers can use, including: listening and doing physical activities, mime stories, drawing what they hear, putting pictures or events in order, filling in blanks, and repeating rhymes, songs and drills. It emphasizes using gestures, facial expressions and eye contact when telling stories. Both reading stories to young learners and having them create their own stories are discussed. Providing opportunities for independent listening is also recommended.
Real-time monitoring of the prototype design of electric system by the ubido...IJECEIAES
In this paper, a prototype DC electric system was practically designed. The idea of the proposed system was derived from the microgrid concept. The system contained two houses each have a DC generator and load that consists of four 12 V DC lamps. Each house is controlled fully by Arduino UNO microcontroller to work in Island mode or connected it with the second house or main electric network. House operating mode depends on the power generated by its source and the availability of the main network. Under all operating cases, the minimum price of electricity consumption should satisfy as possible. Information between the houses about the operating mode and the main network state was exchanging wirelessly with the help of the RFHC12. This information uploaded to the Ubidots platform by the Wi-FiESP8266 included in the node MCU microcontroller. This platform has several advantages such as capture, visualization, analysis, and management of data. The system was examined for different cases to verify its working by varying the load in each building. All tested states showed that the houses transfer from one mode to another automatically with high reliability and minimum energy cost. The information about the main grid states and the sources of the houses were monitored and stored at the Ubidots platform.
The energy grid is currently undergoing a historical change of state from the traditional structure where a utility owns the generation, transmission and distribution services into an integrated smart grid in a monopolistic market which introduce consumers as active players in managing and controlling the power. This report provides an analysis of the methods applicable to smart grid interoperability tests. A systematic approach for developing smart grid interoperability tests was adopted by analyzing a house and an industries looking at the analysis of their active power. This analysis of active power gives the exact idea to know the range of maximum permissible loads that can be connected to their relevant bus bars. This paper presents the change in the value of Active Power with varying load angle in context with small signal analysis using wind, solar and generator grid . The result obtained showed that, consumers can then choose the cheapest energy to be consumed. Makinde Kayode | Owolabi Balikis Omowunmi | Lawal Olawale Kazeem "Analysis of Smart Grid Interoperability" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50629.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/50629/analysis-of-smart-grid-interoperability/makinde-kayode
IRJET- IoT based Energy Management System Including Renewable Energy using Ar...IRJET Journal
This document presents a proposed Internet of Things (IoT) based energy management system for homes that includes renewable energy sources using Arduino and ZigBee technology. The system monitors energy consumption and generation from sources like solar panels in order to optimize energy usage and costs. It consists of energy monitoring modules, an Arduino controller, ZigBee for wireless communication, and a home server to analyze energy data and control loads. The system is able to track energy usage patterns, estimate generation from weather forecasts, and schedule loads to minimize costs while meeting energy demands based on available renewable sources. Experimental results showed the system able to automatically turn loads on/off based on available energy and provide energy monitoring information through connected devices.
Smart Grid Data Centers Distributed & ICTs Sustainability on Generation Energ...IJMTST Journal
Smart grid has modernized the way electricity is generated, transported, distributed, and consumed by integrating advanced sensing, communications, and control in the day-to-day operation of the grid. Electricity is a core utility for the functioning of society and for the services provided by information and communication technologies(ICTs). Several concepts of the smart grid, such as dynamic pricing, distributed generation, and demand management, have significantly impacted the operation of ICT services, in particular, communication networks and data centers. Ongoing energy-efficiency and operational expenditures reduction efforts in communication networks and data center shave gained another dimension with those smart grid concepts. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on the smart grid-driven approaches in energy-efficient communications and data centers, and the interaction between smart grid and information and communication infrastructures. Although the studies on smart grid, energy-efficient communications, and green data centers have been separately surveyed in previous studies, to this end, research that falls in the intersection of those fields has not been properly classified and surveyed yet. We start our survey by providing background information on the smart grid and continue with surveying smart grid-driven approaches in energy-efficient communication systems, followed by energy, cost and emission minimizing approaches in datacenters, and the corresponding cloud network infrastructure. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout.
This document provides an introduction to smart grids. It defines a smart grid as an intelligent power grid that uses communication technology and smart meters to allow bidirectional power flow and handle distributed energy resources. The key benefits of smart grids are more reliable, flexible, efficient and robust power delivery. Smart grids modernize the traditional one-way power grid into an automated system with two-way data communication between power producers and consumers. This enables features like self-monitoring, self-healing and demand response capabilities. Security is also an important consideration for smart grids due to the integration of digital technologies.
The document discusses smart grid technology. It begins with an introduction and then covers related work, components of a smart grid like connectivity networks and access networks, how smart grids work using two-way communication, features, comparisons to traditional grids, advantages like reduced losses and carbon footprint, and disadvantages like intermittent renewable sources. It concludes that smart grids will modernize energy supply and create smart homes and cities. The future scope is improved infrastructure and widespread adoption like the Internet. References are provided.
The document discusses smart grid technology. It begins with an introduction and then covers related work, components of a smart grid, how it works, features, advantages and disadvantages. A smart grid integrates information and communication technologies with the traditional power grid. It allows two-way communication between utilities and customers. Key components include connectivity networks, smart meters, and sensors. A smart grid provides benefits like reduced losses, automated control, reliability and reduced carbon emissions. However, challenges include the need to augment existing infrastructure and ensuring communication is not interrupted. Overall, smart grids are expected to become more widely used in the future.
Theft Detection detection of raspberry and Arduinokabileshcm55
The document describes a project to develop an advanced power theft detection system. The system integrates two ESP8266 modules, two current sensors, an Arduino, and the Blynk app. It aims to continuously monitor power consumption in real-time to detect anomalies indicative of electricity theft. The system conducts simulations to validate its functionality and ability to detect theft. Upon detecting anomalies, it triggers alerts to notify authorities for further investigation and action. The system was developed as a student project to address the prevalent issue of electricity theft and help improve distribution network efficiency and reliability.
Advantages and recent advances of smart energy gridjournalBEEI
Smart grid is widely recognized technology used to improve the stability and losses of the electric power system. It is encouraging reliability, efficiency, and effective control of the supply of electrical energy. However, it is a hot topic for recent publications and still has a limited understanding among researchers. This review work is to provide insight and support to the beginner researchers since this topic needs a multidisciplinary background knowledge. The conventional electric transmission system and distribution networks struggle to provide resilient performance and reliable service and real-time data. Also, smart grid id a promising network maneuver to stabilize the system once any disturbances break out by using the distributed renewable energy generators, while the conventional networks lack for flexibility to integrate with renewable energy generators or microgrids. This comprehensive work is conducted to map previous controbution in a coherent manar, including the specifications, features, and fundamentals that are presented to benefit the interested readers interested in smart grid development.
Smart grid will become the next-generation electrical power system to provide reliable, efficient, secure, and cost-effective energy generation, distribution, and consumption. To achieve these goals, communications infrastructure and wireless networking will play an important role in supporting data transfer and information exchange in smart grid. There has been a desire for a long time to increase the efficiency of the way in which power is generated and delivered to customers. The technology currently in use by the grid is outdated and in many cases unreliable. There have been three major blackouts in the past ten years. The old technology leads to n systems, costing unnecessary money to the utilities, consumers, and taxpayers.
To upgrade the grid, and to operate an improved grid, will require significant dependence on distributed intelligence and communication capabilities. To address the challenges of the existing power grid, the new concept of smart grid has emerged. The smart grid can be considered as a modern electric power grid infrastructure for enhanced efficiency and reliability through automated control, high-power converters, modern communications infrastructure, sensing and metering technologies, and modern energy management techniques based on the optimization of demand, energy and network availability ,and so on. For the system, we explore various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the Smart Grid. .
COST-EFFICIENT RESIDENTIAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT SCHEME FOR INFORMATION-CENTRIC N...IJCNCJournal
Home network (HOMENET) performs multiple important functions such as energy management,
multimedia sharing, lighting and climate control in smart grid (SG). In HOMENET there are numerous
challenges among which mobility and security are the basic requirements that need to be addressed with
priority. The information-centric networking (ICN) is regarded as the future Internet that subscribes data
in a content-centric manner irrespective of its location. Furthermore, it has pecial merit in mobility and
security since ICN supports in-network caching and self-contained security, these make ICN a potential
solution for home communication fabric. This paper aims to apply the ICN approach on HOMENET
system, which we called ICN-HOMENET. Then, a proof-of-concept evaluation is employed to evaluate the
effectiveness of the proposed ICN-HOMENET approach in data security, device mobility and efficient
content distribution for developing HOMENET system in SG. In addition, we proposed a cost-efficient
residential energy management (REM) scheme called ICN-REM scheme for ICN-HOMENET system which
encourages consumers to shift the start time of appliances from peak hours to off-peak hours to reduce the
energy bills. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to propose an ICN-based REM scheme
for HOMENET system. In this proposal, we not only consider the conflicting requests from appliances and
domestic power generation, but also think the energy management unit (EMU) should cooperate with
measurement sensors to control some specific appliances in some specific conditions. Moreover, the
corresponding performance evaluation validates its correctness and effectiveness.
IRJET - IoT based Energy Monitoring System for Energy ConservationIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of a low-cost IoT energy monitoring system. Sensors are used to measure environmental data like temperature, humidity, and motion. An energy monitoring solution integrates with these sensors. The system uses a PZEM-004T energy meter, CT sensors, an SD3004 chip, and ESP8266 microcontroller to measure voltage, current, power consumption, and more. This data is sent via MQTT to a Raspberry Pi server. The system provides energy monitoring for applications like billing, smart grids, and home automation in a low-cost way. It concludes the system successfully monitors energy metrics and sends data to servers for analysis and management.
This document describes an advanced power theft detection system developed by students at ROHINI College of Engineering & Technology. The system uses two ESP8266 modules and current sensors to continuously monitor power consumption in real-time. It analyzes the data using an algorithm implemented on the Arduino IDE to detect anomalies that may indicate electricity theft. When theft is detected, alerts are triggered to notify authorities. The system aims to help mitigate electricity theft through rigorous testing and real-time monitoring capabilities.
A Result Paper on: Power Grid Associated With Web Using Non-Conventional Ener...rahulmonikasharma
This paper proposes a household power unit which is able to automatic switching and will communicatethrough Ethernet/Wi-Fi so utilization of the Non-conventional energy sources like solar energy will become more reliable. Further it will have madeready to end-user through electrical setup. The Arduino MEGA processor is preferred to work as an Embedded Device. The program loaded on this device will be work as Real time operating system. It isnecessary to process, control and communication. Other services are provided on the top of embedded device. It includes communication with server about the real-timeinformation on energy meters at customer`s location.Energy source selection, power-up the connection and disconnection are some of the services that areprovided through the online web portal. The web browser available at subscriber`s end, can act as an interface to these services provided.. Greater integration of renewable energy generation may be achieved by facilitating battery energy storage systems like integrating remote access to manage the set up like Ethernet, Web communication etc. The smart energy management of the resources is very important aspect. It allows collection of energy from multiple sources. In case of commercial and large scale implementation, the generated power at distribution level can be directly fed to the utility distribution network. Inthis paper, the smart energy management system is used where the battery monitoring systemworks alternately. ARDUINO MEGA 7 microcontroller is used to regulate the actual operating function as a core part of the setup. It is ideally appropriate for residential premises along with commercial applications.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
DESIGN OF INTELLIGENT DEVICE TO SAVE STANDBY POWER IN NETWORK ENABLED DEVICESIAEME Publication
This document proposes an Automatic Power Cut-Off and Reset Device (APCRD) to reduce standby power consumption in network-enabled devices. The APCRD would automatically cut power to appliances when they enter standby mode, completely eliminating standby power use. The document analyzes current and projected network device electricity consumption and savings potential from various efficiency approaches. It finds that the APCRD could achieve the highest energy, economic, and emissions savings compared to the Eco Design Directive or best available technologies by fully eliminating standby power in eligible devices.
Report on smart metering& control of transmission systemDurgarao Gundu
This document provides an overview of smart metering and smart grid infrastructure. It discusses key components of a smart metering infrastructure including smart meters, communication systems, meter data management systems, and home area networks. Smart meters can record and store energy usage data at intervals, communicate bidirectionally, and support time-of-use pricing and demand response. Communication systems enable transmission of data from smart meters to utilities. Meter data management systems collect, store, analyze and utilize energy usage data. Home area networks allow customers to access their energy usage data and receive signals from utilities. The document also compares automatic meter reading and smart metering infrastructure and examines smart meter communication technologies suitable for the Indian context.
Smart Grid The Role of Electricity Infrastructure in Reducing Greenhouse Gas ...Gruene-it.org
This white paper discusses how implementing a smart grid using information and communications technology can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity sector in three ways: 1) By reducing growth in electricity demand through tools like smart meters and demand response programs. 2) By accelerating adoption of renewable electricity sources like microgeneration and electric vehicles. 3) By delaying construction of new power plants and transmission lines by prolonging the life of existing infrastructure. The paper outlines the key applications of a smart grid and their potential environmental and economic impacts.
IOT-ENABLED GREEN CAMPUS ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ijesajournal
Increasing cost and demand for energy is imposing us to find smart ways to save energy. To satisfy the energy requirement and at the same time to cut down the cost, consumption of energy must be monitored and controlled. Energy consumption can be well managed with the capabilities of the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper presents an architecture towards IoT-enabled Green campus Energy Management System. In the proposed system, the data acquisition module collects energy consumption information from each device and transmits it to the cloud platform for further processing and analysis. Since lighting and air conditioning appliances contribute to most of the electricity consumption in the campus environment, they have been taken as a prototype to validate the proposed architecture.
Effective utlization of home appliances by using smart (1)swathiammu7
This presentation discusses using a smart grid and wireless sensor network to effectively utilize home appliances and manage energy consumption. A system is proposed that uses a residential load control scheme to shift appliance usage away from peak pricing periods based on real-time electricity prices. This smart grid system aims to reduce energy costs for consumers by optimizing appliance operation while also reducing strain on the electricity grid during high demand times. Features of the smart grid like dynamic pricing, energy monitoring, and demand response are described along with the benefits of improved grid reliability and renewable energy integration.
Similar to Design a smart control strategy to implement an intelligent (20)
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
2. 2 International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
Standby power is electricity used by appliances and
equipment while they are switched off or not perform their
primary functions. In 2007, International Energy Agency
(IEA) pointed out that advanced country families did not
pull the plug and wasted standby power, accounting for about
5% to 10% of the total electricity consumption. The standby
power for every family was nearly 30 kWH monthly and
resulted in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissionof 16 kg.Moreover,
the standby power was responsible for roughly 1% of global
carbon dioxide emissions.This is a serious threat for energy
crisis and greenhouse effect. The utilization of renewable
energy resources [6] and the development of efficient energy
management [7, 8] are the key solutions to these problems.
Power outlets or power sockets are probably the most
commonly used electrical devices in modern home envi-ronments.
Unlike conventional power outlets, smart power
outlets could measure and monitor consumption electricity
and control ON/OFF states of the electrical appliances. The
smart power outlets have recently emerged as a newparadigm
for home energymanagement that can autonomously control
electrical appliances and especially provide safety electricity
environment. The needs of finding a smart and intelligent
power outlet are increasing concern [9].
Currently, consumption electricity is a rather complex
issue for the end-user. The values of consumption electricity
are hidden from the user. One is never aware which device
contributes to it to which amount. Consequently, the visu-alization
of power consumption data of electrical appliances
for enhancing energy-awareness is becoming increasingly
important.
In recent years, the design of efficient energy man-agement
system for homes or buildings is an active field
of research. With the advance of microelectromechanical
system and wireless communication technology have led to
great progress in radio frequency identification (RFID) [10–
13] and wireless sensor network (WSN) [5, 8, 13–15]. Among
the various applications, energy management is probably the
most important one to be addressed. Elzabadani et al. [16]
presented an intelligent way to sense new devices installed
in a smart space. As a result, it can identify and monitor
any load, but it is unable to collect power information. Song
et al. [17] constructed a ZigBee-based power outlet for smart
homes, but it did not measure power consumption. Abe et al.
[18] proposed a ZigBee-based smart power outlet network for
gathering power consumption data. However, the presented
energy management system does not provide any protection
in an emergency. Based on the ZigBee communication and
infrared remote control, Han et al. [19] proposed a system
that performed active control for reducing standby power
using sensor information.The study lacks overload detection
and protection. Huang et al. [20] constructed a ZigBee-based
monitoring system with self-protection. The work equipped
each power outlet with an energy metering IC to calculate
power parameters from the outlet. It created more complex
circuit structure and higher device costs. In addition, they just
focused on two outlets protection in a branch.
Energy management system is the integration of tech-nologies
and services through home networking for an intel-ligent
living environment. In view of the energy conservation
and energy safety trends, the paper presents a valuable
approach to this issue. The intelligent energy safety and
management system (IESMS) is proposed to lower CO2
emissions and higher electricity safety by reducing end-user
consumption electricity and preventing electrical circuit
overload. Compared to the existing related research [17–20],
there are some key features concerned with the work.
(i) Using household appliances, the user needed to be
identified and obey user-pays principle by means of
the RFID and billing module. The payment mecha-nism
may motivate user to save energy.
(ii) Using the minimum effect and first-in first-out rule,
a smart control strategy is designed to realize energy-aware
coordination of the household appliances and
to implement the IESMS. A microcontroller (MCU)
programming is developed to secure four power
outlets in an electrical loop fromoverload and ensure
home against fire.
(iii) The paper constructed a SPO module with only an
energy metering IC to measure and calculate power
consumption of each of the four power outlets by
a multiplexer. Compared with the literature [20],
expenses were reduced. Moreover, the work devel-oped
a smart control strategy to exercise control over
the four power outlets in an electrical loop.
(iv) To achieve further energy efficiency, all the power
outlets would be automatically shut down while user
was taking away the RFID card. Consequently, there
is no standby power consumption of the household
appliances.
The results of the study may be useful to researchers
attempting to develop smart homes or smart buildings. Fur-thermore,
the IESMS can be applied to the service apartment
or dormitory.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: the
system architecture and operation is explained in Section 2.
Section 3 describes the functions of RFID and billing module.
SPO module is developed and implemented in Section 4 in
detail. Section 5 proposed a smart control strategy that per-forms
overload detection and protection. Numerous exper-imental
results are presented in Section 6. Finally, Section 7
presents the conclusions for the work.
2. System Architecture and Operation
The capability of power controlling, monitoring, and energy
safety is indispensable to power management. The section
presents the architecture for realizing the IESMS based on
the user-pays principle. Figure 1 depicts the applied IESMS
for a building. The RFID and billing module, SPO module,
and ZigBee WSN transmission module were installed in
each room.The supervisor could access the electricity status
through the ZigBee WSN and by the graphic user interface
(GUI), which is performed in central energy monitoring
platform.The IESMS operation is described as follows.
3. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 3
Central energy monitoring
platform
Room N
RFID and billing Smart power outlet
module
Lobby coordinator
Floor router
Room end device
Room 2
Room 1
Room 1
Room 1
Floor 1
Floor 1
Floor 3
Floor 2
ZigBee WSN
RFID and billing Smart power outlet
module
RFID and billing Smart power outlet
module
RFID and billing Smart power outlet
module
...
...
...
RFID
RFID
RFID
RFID
Room N
Room N
FloorM
FloorM
Room N-1
FloorM-1
FloorM-2
Figure 1: Applied IESMS for a building.
First, the RFID and billing module could control user
access and control on or off the power outlets. In addition,
the module would complete the user-pays claim and shut
down power outlets automatically as user leaves the room
and takes away the RFID card. As a result the standby power
consumption of the household appliances is saving.
Second, the SPO module is the critical module of the
whole system since power measurements and overload pro-tection
are integrated within SPO. It is an autonomous low
voltage overload control that can provide power system
operation safety. The power outlet system comprises four
receptacles each with voltage/current sensing and control
action, energy metering IC for energy measurement, a 16-bit
MCU for implementing safety operation, and ZigBee WSN
module for transmitting the related data to central energy
monitoring platform. The SPO module detected the power
parameters anytime while a household appliance plug was
put in the power outlet. Once the operating current of an
electrical loop was over the set threshold, the control unit
would shut down one or more of the power outlets based on
the minimum effect and first-in first-out rule. Accordingly,
a major power outage would not happen in the designed
system.
Third, the ZigBee is a WSN standard based on the IEEE
802.15.4 and expected to have an explosive growth in remote
control and monitoring applications because of its low cost
and low power consumption.The work employed XBee-Pro
Series 2 [21] that is designed for high power and long range
transmission for the ZigBeeWSN. The work used cluster tree
network structure to connect other ZigBee devices on the
network. The ZigBee end device was installed in each SPO
module for transferring the power parameters to the central
energy monitoring platform. Furthermore, the central energy
monitoring platform has a lobby coordinator to collect all the
data fromfloor routers,which are repeaters set in the staircase
of each floor.
Finally, the central energy monitoring platform mainly
consists of ZigBee lobby coordinator and displayer to accom-plish
the remote energy monitoring. The coordinator is
the core of the whole ZigBee WSN, which is in charge
of producing web beacon, collecting all the information
generated by SPO module of each room, and coordinating
the traffic of each floor router. All the collected information
is stored in SQL (structured query language) server. The
monitoring platform used visual basic (VB) as the interface
software to provide a user-friendly environment. The GUI on
the monitoring platform would display the real-time power
parameters and power charge for each power outlet in an
electrical loop. The operation flowchart of the system is
illustrated in Figure 2.
4. 4 International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
SPO module power outage
Confirm user via RFID
Identify
verification
Yes
No
Supply power to the SPO module
Activate the using household appliances
Yes
Total current
> threshold
No
Collect power parameters from
Shut down some of the appliances
each power outlet and calculate charge
ZigBee WSN
Display the power parameters and charge
on the central energy monitoring platform
Figure 2: Operation flowchart of the IESMS.
3. RFID and Billing Module
RFID is composed of reader/writer and RFID tag. It is an
automatic wireless identification technology that uses radio
wave to transmit data and uniquely identify users individually
according to their unique identifiers recorded in each RFID
tag. The reader/writer is a device that receives signal back
fromthe tag and writes data on the tag. If a user with RFID
card enters a room, the RFID unit will recognize the user and
then AC power supplies to SPO module. By the billing unit,
the electricity bill will be deducted from the RFID card.
The work used the RFID reader/writer module Mifare
RC522 [22] connected to Arduino Uno [23] to read/write the
passive tag. The Arduino Uno is a MCU board based on the
ATmega328. The RFID card was used to control user access
and security, control power outlets ON/OFF, and implement
the user-pays principle.
Figure 3 shows the control circuit with RFID andArduino
Uno for supplying power to SPO module. The work used
solid state relay (SSR) instead of traditional relay for reducing
power consumption. The RFID and Arduino module sends
a high voltage to the 퐽-퐾 flip-flop and then the flip-flop
produces a high voltage to drive the NPN power transistor
while the user identification is confirmed. The contact of SSR
closes and the AC power source line is connected to SPO
module. The SPO module is thus ready for work. A diode
is placed across the relay coil to protect it from arcing each
time the coil is deenergized. Moreover, all the power outlets
were shut down for the identification failure.The nature way
to reduce the standby power consumption of the household
appliances achieves further energy-saving.
4. SPO Module
The SPO module with an energy metering IC is designed
to sense, measure, control, and monitor for each household
appliance and to provide a safety feature in the form of
overload protection.The SPO module was developed on the
assumption that an electrical circuit provided four power
outlets to be used in a room. Figure 4 shows the detailed
block diagrams of the SPO module indicated units and their
5. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 5
Coil
RFID
reader/writer Arduino Uno
+5V
+5V
+5V
J SET Q
KCLR Q
SSR
To
SPO
module
AC
power
source
+
−
Figure 3: Control circuit for supplying power to SPO module.
interactions.The SPO module consists of five units: the “DC
power unit,” which supplies power to all the units of the SPO
module; the “power parameters measuring unit,” sensing and
measuring power parameters in real time and then sending
them to MCU; the “MCU,” processing of the information
frompower parametersmeasuring unit and sending a control
signal to control unit; the “control unit,” controlling the power
outlet conditions ON/OFF; the “liquid crystal display (LCD)
unit,” monitoring the consumption electricity and displaying
the electricity bill. A brief description of the units is as
follows.
4.1. DC Power Unit. The power unit transfers AC 110V to
various DC powers and provides operating powers for the
entire system. It delivers low voltage power 5V to all the units
in SPO module and LCD unit and provides power 3.3V to
ZigBeeWSN room end device.
4.2. Power Parameters Measuring Unit. The unit provides
sense and measure power parameters in real time and send
out the messages to MCU for controlling and monitoring.
As shown in Figure 4, the work used voltage divider and
JCTP-80Z current transformer (CT) to sense the voltage
and current of each power outlet. The CT is an electrical
device whose output AC voltage is highly dependent on input
AC current. It is a very sensitive current-measuring device.
This fact is illustrated in the characteristic curve shown in
Figure 5 [24]. It detects the current being used. Each of
the current sensing signals is periodically sent to energy
metering IC through a multiplexer. The energy metering IC
ADE7763 [25] performs root-mean-square calculations on
the sensing voltage and current and computes the active
power consumed by each of the household appliances. All the
real-time processing information needs sending to MCU via
serial peripheral interface (SPI) bus.
4.3.MCU. Themain part of the SPOmodule is theMCUthat
is a 16-bit dsPIC30F4011 [26] and contains built-in analog-to-digital
converter (ADC), general purpose input and output
(GPIO), universal asynchronous receiver and transmitter
(UART), and SPI. The controller has extensive digital signal
processor functionality, reading all the incoming measuring
signals processed by energy metering IC, sending signals
to control unit, ZigBee WSN, and LCD unit. According
to the information about active power consumption, the
MCU calculates the electricity bill and sends the message to
Arduino Uno controller. Leaving the room, the user pays the
bill by RFID card.
4.4. ControlUnit. Theunitwas used to control the powerout-let
ON/OFF for protecting electrical circuit against overload.
Figure 6 presents the hardware circuit of the control unit. In
the beginning, the Reset button is pushed and the output 푄
is on LOW state. The AC power source line is connected to
power outlet. Under normal operation, MCU sends a low
signal to the 퐷 flip-flop, with the result that a low voltage on
푄 is fed into the NPN transistor. Both transistor and relay are
cut off, and AC power source provides electricity to power
outlet. However, depending on the control strategy, MCU
will send some high signals to chosen control units to make
the power outlets shut down instantly when the amount of
working current is over the safety threshold.
4.5. LCD Unit. To monitor the power parameters of the
household appliances, the LCDwas connected to theGPIOof
the MCU.The LCD unit employed a 4-bit data transmission
mode.
6. 6 International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
DC
power
unit
LCD unit
Voltage sensing
circuit
ZigBee WSN
room end device
To
Arduino Uno
microcontroller
SPI
MCU
GPIO
Current sensing Current sensing Current sensing Current sensing
Differential
Energy metering IC
From
MCU GPIO
From
MCU GPIO
From
MCU GPIO
From
MCU GPIO
From
MCU GPIO
To
To differential
controller unit
Binary control input
binary control input
Power parameters
measuring unit
To entire system
AC power source
controlled by
RFID unit
Control unit 1 Control unit 2 Control unit 3 Control unit 4
circuit 1 circuit 2 circuit 3 circuit 4
4-channel multiplexer
4-channel multiplexer
UART(TX)
Outlet 1 Outlet 2 Outlet 3 Outlet 4
1, 2, 3, and 4
Figure 4: Detailed block diagrams of the SPO module.
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
Ta = 25 ∘
C
100 Ohms
10Ohms
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Sensed current in Amps RMS (IO)
Output in Volts RMS (V)
Figure 5: Voltage-current characteristic curve of the JCTP-80Z.
5. Smart Control Strategy
A smart control strategy needs to be developed and pro-grammed
to become aware of any overload and to send
out some signals to control units for controlling power
outlets ON/OFF. The section presents the control algorithm
to prevent circuit overload.
+5V
+5V
From
MCU
GPIO
Reset
Outlet
D SETQ
CLR Q
AC power
source
controlled by
RFID unit
Figure 6: Control power outlet ON/OFF.
5.1. Safety Threshold Current for Overload Protection. The
MCU dsPIC30F4011 has a built-in 10-bit high-speed ADC
with four sample/hold devices and 500 ksps conversion rate.
The maximum analog voltage is 5V, then 1V analog input
can be converted to the digital value of [(210
− 1)/5 V] ×
1V = 204.6. By looking at the characteristic curve for CT
(please refer to Figure 5), an AC 9A current produces AC 1V
7. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 7
voltage with 100Ω load. For the power line in an electrical
loop was set by threshold current of 16A in this work, the
corresponding digital value was (16A/9 A) × 204.6 = 363.73.
The allowable digital value of 364 was thus chosen as the
safety margin of the total consumption current for the studied
SPO module. The safety threshold can be adjusted based on
the rating current of the electrical loop.
5.2. Working Flowchart. The focus of our research was to
propose a control strategy for the SPO module that was able
to detect the total working current of the four household
appliances with safety operation and overload protection in
an electrical loop. The flow diagram of the control strategy
in Figure 7 was used to show the sequence of the program
execution, in which 푂푖 is the transformed digital value for
the 푖th power outlet current. As mentioned earlier, the value
of the Base with acceptable margin was set 364. The pro-gramming
flow was based on the minimumeffect and first-in
first-out rule. The priority of the control strategy is that the
number of shut power outlets is a minimum and the power
outlets are shut down sequentially when overload occurs. For
example, four household appliances labeled as A, B, C, and
D are plugged in power outlets sequentially. The shutdown
order of the power outlets is as follows:A → B → C → D →
A + B → A + C → A + D → B + C → B +
D → C + D → A + B + C → A + B + D → B + C + D → A +
B + C + D.
6. Experimental Results and Validation
A prototype demo system with four power outlets was
built in an electrical loop. Figure 8 shows the SPO module
prototype for measuring, controlling, and monitoring of
power outlets in a room. As mentioned in the preceding
section, the total current consumed by household appliances
with safety margin was set 16A. The MCU controls the
power outlets ON/OFF by using the minimum effect and
first-in first-out rule. To verify the feasibility of the control
strategy and to illustrate the reliability of the proposed SPO,
numerous experiment measurements and tests were made in
the section.
The list of the selected household appliances for the
test is shown in Table 1. At first the user was needed to be
identified via RFID unit.The electrical loop with four power
outlets provided electricity for household appliances. Of the
various tests evaluated, the experiments were executed on
the assumption that the appliances were requested to plug
in the power outlets from 1 to 4 in order. Table 2 shows the
results with promising outcome. The cross “X” on the table
is a symbol of unused power outlet. From Table 2, it was
demonstrated to make sure that the proposed SPO module
worked well, with regard to both hardware (modules of RFID
and SPO) and software (execution of programs). Compared
with the existing conventional power outlet, the designed
power outlet made every home a smarter, safer and more
energy efficient environment for consumers and families.
By the ZigBee WSN transmission, Figure 9 shows the
GUI monitoring platform, in which it displays the real-time
Table 1: Household appliances to be tested in the work.
Item codes Household appliances
Operating current
(monitored by
LCD)
퐴 Electric fan 0.41A
퐵 Dehumidifier 1.89A
퐶 Electric pot 6.22A
퐷 Electric kettle 7.29 A
퐸 Hair dryer 9.29 A
퐹 Induction cooker 10.45A
results of Test 1 and the use of household appliances 퐴 +
퐵 + 퐶 + 퐷. The monitor screen includes five blocks. Block
퐴 is the selected of the floor and room. Block 퐵 displays the
total working current together with the electrical energy and
electricity payment (NT dollar-domination) for the selected
room. Block 퐶 shows the values of the voltage, current and
active power of the four working power outlets collected
from the room end device. In addition, Block 퐷 is used to
show the current real-time dynamic waveforms of the voltage
(upper with red color) and current (lower with green color)
for the four appliances. Finally, the history information for
the working voltage, working current, and active power can
be also displayed in Block퐷by keying in the date on Block 퐸.
And the dynamic waveforms of the voltage and current will
be displayed in 24-hour time span. The display results of GUI
showthe feasibility of the presented technology. Importantly,
the proposed technology is designed for smart homes or
smart buildings.
7. Conclusion
Thedesign of an intelligent electricity environment is becom-ing
more important because of the concerns for the life
and property. In the paper, an IESMS is developed for
achieving effective energy management and electricity safety
for buildings. By integrating the matured RFID and ZigBee
WSN technologies, the paper proposes a smart control
strategy and implements the IESMS. The control strategy
executed in a microprocessor is designed to realize energy-aware
coordination of the household appliances and to
implement the IESMS. The primary module in the work is
the SPOmodule.Themodule constantlymeasures the power
parameters and exercise control over the power outlets in an
electrical loop. Furthermore, it also ensures that the overload
caused no damage to the infrastructure and does not trigger
the circuit breaker. Finally, numerous experiment tests have
been conducted to validate the effectiveness and feasibility
of the proposed IESMS. The presented technology may be
applied to the service apartments. The paper is expected to
contribute the valuable results to the related researchers.
8. 8 International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks
Initialization
Base = 364
Detect currents
for all outlets Oi
Sum = ΣOi
Sum > Base i = 1 Sumi > Base Shut down
outlet Oi
i = 1 i ≦ 4 i = i + 1
j = i + 1
Sumij > Base Shut down
j ≦ 4 j = j + 1
i = 1 i ≦ 3 i = i + 1
outlets Oi and Oj
j = i + 1 k = j + 1 Shut down outlets
Oi, Oj and Ok
k = k + 1
k ≦ 4
j ≦ 3 j = j + 1
i = i + 1 i ≦ 2 Shut down
all the outlets
Yes
No Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
i = 1, 2, 3, 4
Sumi = Sum − Oi
Sumij = Sumi − Oj
Sumijk = Sumij − Ok Sumijk > Base
Figure 7: Flow diagram of the program execution for the control strategy.
9. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 9
Table 2: Experimental tests and results.
Experimental tests Household appliances Total current (A) Power outlet conditions
Demand Actuality Outlet 1 Outlet 2 Outlet 3 Outlet 4
Test 1
퐴 0.41 0.41 ON X X X
퐴 + 퐵 2.30 2.30 ON ON X X
퐴 + 퐵 + 퐶 8.52 8.52 ON ON ON X
퐴 + 퐵 + 퐶 + 퐷 15.81 15.81 ON ON ON ON
Test 2
퐸 9.29 9.29 ON X X X
퐸 + 퐷 16.58 7.29 OFF ON X X
퐸 + 퐷 + 퐶 22.80 13.51 OFF ON ON X
퐸 + 퐷 + 퐶 + 퐵 24.69 15.40 OFF ON ON ON
Test 3
퐶 6.22 6.22 ON X X X
퐶 + 퐹 16.67 10.45 OFF ON X X
퐶 + 퐹 + 퐸 25.96 15.51 ON OFF ON X
퐶 + 퐹 + 퐸 + 퐵 27.85 12.34 OFF OFF ON ON
Test 4
퐶 + 퐸 15.51 15.51 ON ON X X
퐶 + 퐸 + 퐹 25.96 15.51 ON ON OFF X
퐶 + 퐸 + 퐹 + 퐴 26.37 15.92 ON ON OFF ON
퐶 + 퐸 + 퐹 + 퐷 33.25 13.51 ON OFF OFF ON
Figure 8: SPO module prototype.
Figure 9: Test results shown on GUI monitoring platform.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.
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com/webdocs/0e8b/0900766b80e8ba21.pdf.
[24] AC current transformer, June 2014, http://us.100y.com.tw/pdf
file/46-J&D-JCTP-80,80Z.pdf.
[25] “Energy metering IC ADE7763 user manual,” http://www
.analog.com/static/imported-files/data sheets/ADE7763.pdf.
[26] dsPIC30F4011 microcontroller user manual, 2014, http://ww1
microchip.com/downloads/en/devicedoc/70135C.pdf.
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