This document provides information about various desalination technologies and their application in addressing global water scarcity issues. It discusses how desalination works using processes like reverse osmosis, multi-stage flash distillation, and multiple effect distillation. Specific examples of large desalination plants in Israel and India are also presented. While desalination is a potential solution to water issues, the document notes it requires substantial investment and has environmental impacts that need to be considered.
Prepared by:
- Esraa Hussein 14104622
- Ayman Mohamed 14105247
What is desalination?
Why desalination?
Types of desalination.
Steps of desalination.
Desalination in Saudi Arabia.
Problems.
Research and development.
Desalination, the process of removing salts from seawater.
To overcome the water scarcity different desalination processes are used over the word.Some the most common methods are described in it.
Today Desalination is a common process that's used in seaside cities and towns worldwide. There are more than 15,000 desalination plants around the world providing fresh water from salt and brackish water alike. Increased water conservation and efficiency remain the most cost effective priorities in areas of the world when there is a large potential to improve the efficiency of water use practices.
Prepared by:
- Esraa Hussein 14104622
- Ayman Mohamed 14105247
What is desalination?
Why desalination?
Types of desalination.
Steps of desalination.
Desalination in Saudi Arabia.
Problems.
Research and development.
Desalination, the process of removing salts from seawater.
To overcome the water scarcity different desalination processes are used over the word.Some the most common methods are described in it.
Today Desalination is a common process that's used in seaside cities and towns worldwide. There are more than 15,000 desalination plants around the world providing fresh water from salt and brackish water alike. Increased water conservation and efficiency remain the most cost effective priorities in areas of the world when there is a large potential to improve the efficiency of water use practices.
Desalination can be defined as any process that removes salts from water. Desalination processes may be used in municipal, industrial, or commercial applications. With improvements in technology. Today there are two main types of desalination technologies – membrane (RO) and thermal (MED, MVC and MSF) desalination.
A project topic for First years Engineering students in Chemistry and environmental studies. It is suggested to perform the stated experiment separately and let me know if you have any problems! Hope it helps!
Desalination can be defined as any process that removes salts from water. Desalination processes may be used in municipal, industrial, or commercial applications. With improvements in technology. Today there are two main types of desalination technologies – membrane (RO) and thermal (MED, MVC and MSF) desalination.
A project topic for First years Engineering students in Chemistry and environmental studies. It is suggested to perform the stated experiment separately and let me know if you have any problems! Hope it helps!
Desalination: A Solution to the Global Water Crisis
Desalination is the process of removing salt and minerals from seawater to make it drinkable. For countries facing water scarcity, desalination offers a promising solution to provide clean water access for communities.
An Abundant Source
Seawater is an abundant resource, covering about 70% of the Earth's surface. Desalination taps into this vast supply and converts it into freshwater suitable for drinking and irrigation. Some arid regions of the world, like the Middle East, already rely heavily on desalination to meet their water needs.
Improving Technologies
Desalination technologies, like reverse osmosis, are becoming more efficient and affordable. Reverse osmosis uses membranes to filter out salt and contaminants. Improvements in membrane materials and energy recovery systems have cut costs and energy usage in half over the past 20 years. Some companies are also exploring renewable energy, like solar power, to run desalination plants in an environmentally sustainable way.
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND TESTING OF SOLAR WATER FILTERAnmol Mangat
B.tech final year project on designing solar still solar water still to filter out water by distillation and further adding minerals to make the water drinkable.
List of Water Management_Saving Methods for Apartment Construction Plan in ch...Ishahomes
List of Water Management/Saving Methods for Apartment Construction Plan in chennai
1. Recharging Ground Water in Apartments
Water is essential, and it is a finite resource. Groundwater recharge is one method of water management that can help ensure an adequate water supply for future generations. Groundwater recharge occurs when water from the surface, such as rain or melted snow, seeps down into the ground and replenishes groundwater supplies. This process can happen naturally during rain, or it can be assisted through artificial means. Artificial groundwater recharge is a process whereby water is deliberately infiltrated into shallow aquifers to increase groundwater quantity. This can be done through various methods, such as injecting water into the ground or using percolation pits. The volume of water being abstracted from an aquifer over the long term mustn’t exceed the volume being recharged; otherwise, groundwater supplies will dwindle.
2. Greywater System in Apartments
Looking to save on your water bill? Consider using greywater in your home. Greywater is wastewater from non-toilet plumbing fixtures, like sinks, washing machines and showers. This type of water is generally easier to recycle than blackwater, because it contains fewer contaminants. The method and standard of treatment will depend on the size of your system. To avoid confusion with potable water, make sure all pipes and supply points in your greywater system are clearly labeled. With proper care, a greywater system can help you save up to 40% on your yearly water bill.
3. STP System/ Wastewater Recycling
Wastewater recycling is crucial for preserving our water resources. There are two main types of wastewater – greywater and blackwater. Greywater is easier to treat and recycle than blackwater, which contains harmful bacteria that can cause disease. In order to save our communities from the dangers of raw sewage, one should build wastewater treatment plants and enforce laws against its release into the environment. These treatment plants help us recycle blackwater, making it safe to use again. In recent years, it has been evident that there has been an increasing interest in wastewater reuse as a key part of water conservation efforts. If your society banded together to invest in a sewage treatment plant (STP), it could mean an end to water scarcity and the recycling of water 365 days a year. To make this happen, you would need to get consent for operation from your municipal corporation and employ qualified staff to oversee standard operating procedures. However, if you invested in an eco-friendly STP that uses anaerobic methods and requires little energy, mimicking natural processes, then you could make a huge impact without using diesel or polluting the environment.
Continue reading on https://www.ishahomes.com/blog/water-management-at-apartments-chennai/
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. MILLIONS LACK FRESH WATER AROUND THE WORLD!!
9 Million people without
water access in
developed countries.
36 Million people in
Latin America and
Caribbean.
358 Million people in
Africa.
180 Million people in
South , West and Central
Asia.
186 Million people in
Southeast, East Asia and
Oceania.
Overall about 769
Million people lacks
fresh water all over the
globe.
Source:
3.
4. RELEVANCE TO WATER CRISIS :
Human population is growing at a rate that puts stress on
our current freshwater supply.
Global water use is 9 trillion cubic meters a year and this
rate is expected to increase by approximately 60 billion
cubic meters more per year.
Desalination allows to people to have access to water that
was previously not potable.
Coastal cities can use seawater for their municipal water
supply or landlocked cities can use brackish groundwater
for the same purpose.
Desalination combined with Water recycling are both
integral components of UN’s “water crisis” solution.
5. WHAT IS THE WAY OUT?
In the light of increased water usage and
depleting natural water supplies, the world is
facing an impending water shortage.
To combat this, many countries have turned to
desalination to derive usable water from the
sea.
In this report, we have researched the current
desalination technologies available in order to
provide a comparative analysis of different
methods of solar desalination.
6. Reverse osmosis
Reverse osmosis is widely used process for water
desalination
In RO process water from a pressurized saline
solution is separated from dissolved salt by
flowing through a membrane .
as the product water passes through the
membrane remaining water become more
concentrated, so to reduce the concentration
some of brine is removed.
7. Reverse Osmosis
Water pressure increased
Most desalination plants utilize this technology
Pumped through permeable membranes
8. Sorek desalination plant
The Sorek desalination in Israel, became operational in
October 2013 with a seawater treatment capacity of
624,000m³/day, which makes it world's biggest seawater
desalination plant.
sorek was built with investment of $400 million.
Sorek will profitably sell water to the Israeli water authority
for 58 U.S. cents per cubic meter .
It is the first large desalination plant to use pressure tubes
that are 16 inches in diameter rather than eight inches.
The payoff of larger tubes is that it needs only a fourth as
much piping and other hardware, slashing costs.
Today about 50 % of israel’s water is desalinated.
9. Electrodialysis reversal
An electric current migrates dissolved salt ions,
including fluorides, nitrates and sulfates,
through an electrodialysis stack consisting of
alternating layers of cationic and anionic ion
exchange membranes.
Long membrane life (typically 20+ years for
potable water installations) for a lower cost of
ownership
Wastewater reclamation reduces waste
discharges .Easy to control salt removal and
product quality by adjusting amount of
electricity applied to membrane stack
10. SOLAR STILL
A solar still is a simple way of distilling water, using the heat of the Sun
to drive evaporation from humid soil, and ambient air to cool a
condenser film.
In a solar still, impure water is contained outside the collector, where it
is evaporated by sunlight shining through clear plastic.
In desert environments water needs can exceed 3.8 L per day for a
person at rest, while still production may average 240 mL per day…
Even with tools, digging a hole requires energy and makes a person lose
water through perspiration; this means that even several days of water
collection may not be equal to the water lost in its construction.
11. Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF)
Salt water is heated by solar energy under
extreme pressures and lead through a series of
chambers.
Upon leaving the first chamber the salt water
enters several more chambers each with a
lower pressure than the previous one allowing
even more of the pressurized salt water to
vaporize.
The water that did not vaporize leaves the
system with a higher saline concentration than
when it entered; this is discarded properly as
waste while the distilled water is put into the
municipal water supply as drinkable water.
12. Process of multi stage flash distillation:
Its temperature increases
from sea temperature to
inlet temperature of the
brine heater.
At the outlet of the brine
heater, when entering the
first cell, sea water is
overheated compared to
the temperature and
pressure of stage 1.
Thus it will immediately
"flash" ie release heat, and
thus vapour, to reach
equilibrium with stage
conditions.
The produced vapour is
condensed into fresh
water on the tubular
exchanger at the top of
the stage.
The cumulated fresh water
builds up the distillate
production which is
extracted from the coldest
stage.
Upon leaving the
evaporator, part of the
warmed water is rejected
to the sea, part is used as
the make-up for the plant.
The warmed water may be
used in winter to warm up
the cooling sea-water, thus
enabling the evaporator be
designed for a high
temperature.
13. Multiple Effect Distillation (MED)
Salt water is heated under pressure and and forced
through a chamber.
However, in this system the water vapour from the
first chamber is used to heat the water in the next
chamber.
This produces distilled water (the condensed water
vapor) and more water vapor (the cycle repeats).
14. Process of Multiple Effect Distillation plant:
The steam enters the plant and is used
to evaporate heated seawater. The
secondary vapour produced is used to
generate tertiary steam at a lower
pressure.
The primary steam condensate is
returned to the boiler of the power
station since it is of extremely high
quality that is needed for turbine steam
production.
The MED technique is based on double-
film heat transfer. Latent steam heat is
transferred at each stage by steam
condensation through the heat transfer
surfaces to the evaporated falling film of
seawater.
The process is repeated up to 16 times in
existing plants between the upper
possible temperature and the lower
possible cooling water.
A compressor is used to maintain the
gradual pressure gradient inside the
vessel by removing the accumulated non
condensable gases together with the
remaining water vapour.
The pressure gradient along the MED
effects is dictated by the saturation
pressure of the feed stream and the
saturation pressure of the condensing
steam exiting the last stage.
It is condensed by cooling with
seawater. Typical pressure gradients of
5-50 kPa across the system (less than 5
kPa/stage) are typical.
15. Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF)
Salt water is heated by solar energy under
extreme pressures and lead through a series of
chambers.
Upon leaving the first chamber the salt water
enters several more chambers each with a
lower pressure than the previous one allowing
even more of the pressurized salt water to
vaporize.
The water that did not vaporize leaves the
system with a higher saline concentration than
when it entered; this is discarded properly as
waste while the distilled water is put into the
municipal water supply as drinkable water.
16. Future option of Desalination:
Desalination needs to
be implemented in any
ocean bordering
region .
As Saudi Arabia has
demonstrated, water
can be piped inland to
landlocked cities
which means
desalination is not
limited to coastal
cities .
If technology continues to
produce new methods
and better solutions to
the issues that exist
today, there would be a
whole new water
resource for more and
more countries that are
facing water problem.
With complete reliance on
sea water, it would
undoubtedly be at least
an option for many people
struggling to survive or
maintain their standard of
living.
17. COST/ BENEFIT ANALYSIS:
The benefits of desalination are straightforward: more water. The drawback, unfortunately, is the cost.
Regardless most people would avoid paying 3-4 times more for anything if they do not have to . If a
region’s water supply is currently meeting the needs of the people in a sustainable manner, then
switching to desalination, is not an urgent issue.
If the supply is unsustainable and the rate consumption is high, then some action must be taken to
insure that future generations will have access to water.
Desalination will be appropriate if the area is then either rapidly running out of water or if the effort
it would take to make the water supply sustainable is not feasible.
18. SOLUTIONS TO THE ISSUE !!
People must know
what awaits in
future!!
• Countries will have to first do some preliminary
research to make sure that there are locations
within their borders where it is feasible to
construct a desalination plant;
Market
Demand ?
• To address these issues the
respective countries have to
develop an initiative based system
to promote the further use of
desalination.
Organise!!
Co-
operation !!
• If a country meets these qualifications they can apply for the
desalination plant. They will have to determine the most
appropriate way to organize the funds for the construction of
desalination plants on a case to case basis by cooperating with
business, banks, and other resources willing to participate.
Make Blue
Prints !!
• Additionally, drawing up the plans to
implement desalination as well as physically
making the blueprints for a plant will take
another 2-3 years.
• Finally, building the plants themselves would
take anywhere from another 3-4 years . As a
result, they may expect to see the working
effects of desalination as soon as 2023 if they
begin as early as possible.
19. Can a desalination plant be a solution for poor countries affected by
drinking water scarcity?
A desalination plant requires substantial investment towards
building and operation which could be costly and may not be
affordable to poor countries.
Sea-level rise is a major threat to freshwater resources in a number
of countries including small island nations and both developing and
developed countries. One of the options is desalination.Here also
the poor country must look for an alternate solution.
Geography of Desalination is currently used by countries that have
an extreme need for fresh water, have enough money to fund it,
and posses the amount of energy required to produce it.
The technology is expected to spread increasingly, particularly in
the United States, Libya, China, and India. Saudi Arabia is currently
the world’s number one producer of desalinated water.
22. Negatives of Solar Desalination
Dumping the wasted high temperature solution back into
the ocean makes the process more complicated.
The energy required to start up and power desalination
plants is a huge expense and is a matter of great concern for
poorer countries.
Within the energy issue, solar energy is potentially the most
cost-effective energy source, but remains largely untapped
due to public opinion.
If regions situated away from the coast or in a high altitude
try to use desalinated water, it is an even more expensive
process.
There are major environmental concerns from desalination,
is related to discharge of brine which can damage the local
ecosystem and biodiversity.
23. seawater desalination may look like an unnecessary
luxury now, but it has a promising future keeping in
mind the growing population.
we must Carefully consider both the intake of sea
water to the system and the discharge of the
concentrate from the RO membranes.
Proper design, operation and maintenance are
essential to reduce these costs further.