As a responsible law enforcement officer, my duty is to uphold the law, even if it means taking action against a close friend. Some key considerations in this case:
- Naveen has openly confessed to accepting bribes in the course of his official duties, which is illegal. Personal relationships cannot override legal and ethical obligations.
- While Naveen may not have intended to confess wrongdoing to a police officer, his actions have undermined the integrity of his position and harmed public trust in institutions. This cannot be ignored.
- However, as his friend I would give Naveen an opportunity to resign his position voluntarily and avoid a criminal investigation, while making clear that accepting bribes cannot be tolerated or condoned
This document discusses different philosophical perspectives on teleology and functions in biology. It begins by explaining Aristotle's concept of four causes, including the final cause. It then examines various views on where goals and purposes come from, including traditional and modern perspectives. The document analyzes different accounts of biological functions, including homeostatic, etiological, propensity, and relational accounts. It discusses problems with each view and debates around what constitutes the "normal" function. The overall summary is that functions can be understood in multiple valid ways for explanatory purposes in biology.
Rachels proposes a minimum conception of morality that focuses on impartial consideration of individuals' interests and making decisions guided by reason rather than feelings. He analyzes three medical ethics cases - Baby Theresa, conjoined twins Jodie and Mary, and Tracy Latimer who had cerebral palsy. For each case, he outlines various moral arguments and principles that could apply, such as whether it is wrong to use people as means, kill one to save others, or discriminate against the handicapped. Throughout, he emphasizes the importance of impartiality, examining implications carefully, and accepting only principles that can be justified by reasons.
1. A human act is an act that proceeds from deliberate free will and is proper to man as a rational being.
2. For an act to be considered human, it must be knowing, free, and voluntary. The agent must deliberately choose to perform the act with understanding of what they are doing.
3. Human acts can be classified based on their adequate cause (whether found in the will alone or perfected by other faculties) and their relation to reason (good, evil, or indifferent).
This document discusses how Christians approach moral decision making. It explains that Christians believe morality comes from God, and see their conscience as God's voice guiding them to do good. The Bible and teachings of the Church provide important guidance for moral issues, but some Christians also believe in situation ethics, where decisions are made based on the specific situation to achieve the greatest love and good. Overall, Christians draw on multiple sources like conscience, Bible, and situation context to determine the morally right choice in a way that honors God.
This document discusses human acts and moral responsibility. It defines key terms related to human acts such as elicited acts, commanded acts, internal acts, external acts, and mixed acts. It also discusses principles of moral responsibility, including how ignorance, concupiscence, fear, violence, habit, and the principle of double effect can impact the voluntariness and imputability of human acts.
The document discusses several theories on the norm of morality, including hedonism, utilitarianism, communism, moral rationalism, moral evolutionism, moral positivism, and moral sensism. It also discusses specific determinants of morality like the end of the action, the end of the agent, and the circumstances. Finally, it covers situation ethics and how circumstances can aggravate, mitigate, justify, or exempt acts like murder.
Kant's deontological moral philosophy is based on the categorical imperative and the idea that morality depends on duty and the good will rather than consequences. The categorical imperative has three formulations: first, act only according to maxims that could become universal laws; second, act to treat humanity as an end in itself, never as a mere means; and third, act as a member of a kingdom of ends where all rational beings give universal laws. Islamic philosophers criticize Kant for making human rationality the sole source of morality and for proposing subjective moral principles rather than objective divine commands. For Islam, intention includes knowledge, will, and obedience to God's commands, and intention combined with action determines moral worth.
This document discusses different philosophical perspectives on teleology and functions in biology. It begins by explaining Aristotle's concept of four causes, including the final cause. It then examines various views on where goals and purposes come from, including traditional and modern perspectives. The document analyzes different accounts of biological functions, including homeostatic, etiological, propensity, and relational accounts. It discusses problems with each view and debates around what constitutes the "normal" function. The overall summary is that functions can be understood in multiple valid ways for explanatory purposes in biology.
Rachels proposes a minimum conception of morality that focuses on impartial consideration of individuals' interests and making decisions guided by reason rather than feelings. He analyzes three medical ethics cases - Baby Theresa, conjoined twins Jodie and Mary, and Tracy Latimer who had cerebral palsy. For each case, he outlines various moral arguments and principles that could apply, such as whether it is wrong to use people as means, kill one to save others, or discriminate against the handicapped. Throughout, he emphasizes the importance of impartiality, examining implications carefully, and accepting only principles that can be justified by reasons.
1. A human act is an act that proceeds from deliberate free will and is proper to man as a rational being.
2. For an act to be considered human, it must be knowing, free, and voluntary. The agent must deliberately choose to perform the act with understanding of what they are doing.
3. Human acts can be classified based on their adequate cause (whether found in the will alone or perfected by other faculties) and their relation to reason (good, evil, or indifferent).
This document discusses how Christians approach moral decision making. It explains that Christians believe morality comes from God, and see their conscience as God's voice guiding them to do good. The Bible and teachings of the Church provide important guidance for moral issues, but some Christians also believe in situation ethics, where decisions are made based on the specific situation to achieve the greatest love and good. Overall, Christians draw on multiple sources like conscience, Bible, and situation context to determine the morally right choice in a way that honors God.
This document discusses human acts and moral responsibility. It defines key terms related to human acts such as elicited acts, commanded acts, internal acts, external acts, and mixed acts. It also discusses principles of moral responsibility, including how ignorance, concupiscence, fear, violence, habit, and the principle of double effect can impact the voluntariness and imputability of human acts.
The document discusses several theories on the norm of morality, including hedonism, utilitarianism, communism, moral rationalism, moral evolutionism, moral positivism, and moral sensism. It also discusses specific determinants of morality like the end of the action, the end of the agent, and the circumstances. Finally, it covers situation ethics and how circumstances can aggravate, mitigate, justify, or exempt acts like murder.
Kant's deontological moral philosophy is based on the categorical imperative and the idea that morality depends on duty and the good will rather than consequences. The categorical imperative has three formulations: first, act only according to maxims that could become universal laws; second, act to treat humanity as an end in itself, never as a mere means; and third, act as a member of a kingdom of ends where all rational beings give universal laws. Islamic philosophers criticize Kant for making human rationality the sole source of morality and for proposing subjective moral principles rather than objective divine commands. For Islam, intention includes knowledge, will, and obedience to God's commands, and intention combined with action determines moral worth.
Aquinas' natural law theory holds that humans have an innate ability to reason which allows them to discern moral truths and understand their purpose as given by God. According to Aquinas, natural law establishes absolute moral rules called primary precepts related to worshipping God, orderly society, reproduction, learning, and defending life. Secondary precepts provide more specific guidance that allows for flexibility in extreme cases. Virtues like prudence, justice, fortitude and temperance help fulfill human nature and avoid sin. Interior acts involve good actions with good motives, while exterior acts have good actions but wrong motives.
The document discusses different types of law according to St. Thomas Aquinas. It defines law as a decree or ordinance of reason directed towards the common good and promulgated by competent authority. It then explains eternal law as God's plan for the universe, natural law as discernible through human reason, and divine and human positive laws which are enacted to preserve order and direct society for the common good in accordance with or in addition to eternal and natural law.
Chapter 1 Conscience Determines What's Right (Hubbard Winslow) From Introduction to Ethical Studies An Open Source Reader by Lee Archie & John G. Archie
191000008 - Fernando
Kant believed that morality is determined by acting in accordance with reason and the categorical imperative. The categorical imperative divides maxims into those based on desire and those based only on reason, with only the latter representing objectively necessary actions. Rights theory holds that for a society to function properly, the notion of individual rights must exist. These rights can be both positive and negative, and exist independently of legal codes based solely on one's humanity. Moral rights differ from legal rights in that they exist prior to and regardless of legal definitions.
Kant's categorical imperative holds that people should act based on a sense of duty rather than for rewards or consequences. The categorical imperative is to act solely from duty, whereas the hypothetical imperative involves acting to receive a reward. According to Kant, the categorical imperative is the only proper way to act. He gives the example of helping an elderly woman cross the street purely out of duty rather than for personal reward or feeling good. Kant believed people should strive for the highest good or "summum bonum," which involves achieving happiness through virtue, though this can only be attained after death.
The document discusses different types of laws including eternal law, natural law, moral law, and human law. Eternal law refers to God's plan for governing the universe. Natural law involves moral insights knowable through human reason. Moral law governs human conduct and is revealed through scripture. Human law contains regulations created by legitimate authorities to direct society towards the common good. The document provides details on the characteristics and purposes of these different kinds of laws.
Immanuel Kant was an 18th century German philosopher who developed the categorical imperative as a way to determine morality. The categorical imperative states that moral rules must be universal and that people should never be treated merely as a means to an end. Kant believed that human nature is fundamentally good and that we have a duty to act according to moral rules derived from pure reason alone. He argued that morality depends on intention rather than outcomes and that we have universal duties that apply regardless of inclination.
This document summarizes four philosophy journal entries by Camille Taylor discussing topics from class including:
- What defines being human and what defines justice
- Arguments about justice and the good life presented by characters in Plato's Republic
- How the city provides order, safety, and context for citizens to pursue their potential
- Comparisons between work, leisure, luxury and the development of skills and the city
Key topics discussed include logos as a uniquely human trait, Thrasymachus' view of justice, and the notion that dogs are more philosophical than humans in their ability to distinguish friends from foes.
Kant's deontological ethical theory judges morality based on duties and intentions rather than outcomes. For Kant, a moral action is one performed out of a sense of duty as dictated by rationality through categorical imperatives - universal moral principles that should be applied to all similar situations. The categorical imperative comes in three forms: universalizability, respect for persons, and respect for rationality. Kant believed humans have intrinsic worth due to their rational nature, and should never be used merely as a means to an end. Kant's theory has been criticized for not adequately addressing complex situations and for dismissing the role of emotions in morality. It has also been argued that Kant does not sufficiently consider the consequences of actions.
Kant's moral theory of deontology holds that morality is a matter of duty rather than consequences. Actions are judged based on their adherence to moral rules, not their outcomes. The core of Kant's view is the Categorical Imperative - the moral rule that one should only act in a way that can be universally applied without contradiction. For example, it would contradict the rule to pick flowers in the park if everyone did so, leaving none left. Kant also formulated that one should treat humanity as an end in itself, never merely as a means. While deontology avoids some issues with utilitarianism, it is criticized for disregarding outcomes and potentially conflicting with intuitions in some cases.
Nicomachean ethics by aristotle summaryAvone Lumanao
1) Aristotle begins his Nicomachean Ethics by hypothesizing that all people aim for the highest good or happiness. He aims to test this hypothesis by examining human action and determining what constitutes the highest good.
2) Aristotle analyzes different conceptions of the good life, such as a life of pleasure or honor. He determines that virtue must be the highest good since it alone is good in itself.
3) Aristotle defines virtue as a mean between deficiencies and excesses of emotions and actions. He provides a chart of intellectual and moral virtues. Developing virtue requires habituating good actions and avoiding deficiency and excess.
Kant's moral philosophy is based on the categorical imperative - the principle that moral rules must be universal and treat humanity as an end in itself. He argues morality is determined by practical reason, not consequences. There are three formulations of the categorical imperative: 1) Act only on maxims you can universalize, 2) Treat humanity as an end never a means, 3) Act autonomously through the moral law. For Kant, education should promote absolute moral principles because rationality gives humans intrinsic worth. However, critics argue his theory lacks guidance on resolving conflicts between duties and real-world moral dilemmas.
This document contains summaries of discussions from Camille Taylor's PHIL110 class on various topics:
1. The three parts of the soul - Reason, Desire, and Spirit - and how they relate to decision making and poetry/philosophy. It also discusses the internal and external aspects of Reason.
2. Critiques of the three-part soul theory, including how it applies to individuals. It also critiques the "noble lie" concept.
3. Comments finding the three-part soul theory interesting but disagreeing with its universal application to individuals.
4. An explanation of Plato's Divided Line and Allegory of the Cave, representing stages of understanding and how society
- Deontology is a moral theory that evaluates actions based on duties and obligations, rather than the consequences of the actions. It focuses on the intentions or motivations of the actor.
- The main proponent of deontology is Immanuel Kant, who argued that morality is a rational concept based on principles that can be applied universally. He formulated the "Categorical Imperative" which states that moral rules must be universally applicable to all people.
- For Kant, the only truly good will is one that acts from duty based on principles of reason, not based on desires, feelings, or consequences. He believed rational beings have an absolute obligation to follow the moral law.
Kant analyzed how knowledge is possible and posited that the mind imposes an underlying structure on sensations and perceptions. He claimed that experience is shaped by innate categories of the mind like space, time, and causality. While we can only know the phenomenal realm of perceptions, Kant argued there is an objective noumenal realm. His moral philosophy was based on the categorical imperative to act only according to universalizable maxims and to treat humanity as an end in itself rather than merely as a means.
The document discusses principles from The Master Key System by Charles Haanel. It covers several key ideas: [1] Thinking big thoughts is one method of organizing victory and accomplishing goals like a Master Mind. [2] Whatever is consciously held in the mind will impress the subconscious and shape one's experiences through the law of attraction. [3] Understanding spiritual laws allows one to change conditions and experiences through changed mental attitudes and conscious thoughts.
Virtue ethics focuses on developing good character and moral virtues rather than rules or consequences. This essay discusses virtue ethics and how developing the virtue of patience is important for overcoming obstacles in life. The author has chosen to work on being more patient, as it is a virtue that can help deal with challenges of the present day, such as peer pressure. According to Aristotle, every virtue has a vice of excess or deficit, and patience falls in between the extremes of indifference and irritability. The author's dog helps remind them to remain patient in the mornings.
Kant was an influential 18th century philosopher who developed deontological ethics. He believed morality should be based on universal principles of reason and duty rather than subjective feelings or consequences. For Kant, the supreme moral principle was the categorical imperative - we should only act in a way that could become a universal law applying to all people. This and treating people as ends in themselves, not means, form the basis of Kant's deontological ethical philosophy.
CHAPTER 4 DEONTOLOGY (Duty and Agency AND Autonomy and Universalizalibility)....ChristianneVentura
Deontology is a moral theory that evaluates actions based on duties and obligations. It is most closely associated with Immanuel Kant, who believed that humans have a rational will and the ability to act according to rational principles they determine for themselves. For Kant, the only truly good actions are those done out of duty, in accordance with his categorical imperative which holds that moral rules must be universalizable and not bring about logical contradictions if applied universally.
Equality and justice are related but distinct concepts. Equality refers to treating all people the same, while justice considers fairness and individual circumstances and outcomes. True justice cannot be achieved through equality alone. Different cultures understand justice in varying ways based on their shared history and beliefs. Key debates around justice include whether it stems from divine commands, natural law, human design, or a balance of consequences. Theories of justice also consider how to distribute goods fairly in a society.
Realism holds that reality exists independently of human minds and perceptions. It asserts that objects have intrinsic natures that are not dependent on beliefs, perceptions, or interpretations. According to realism, reality behaves in predictable and repeatable patterns regardless of human sensory experiences. The key principle of realism is independence - that reality exists on its own and is not contingent on the human mind. Realism favors an education system focused on teaching objective facts and truth through a standardized curriculum emphasizing sciences and the liberal arts.
The document discusses the power of thought and the universal law of attraction. Some key points:
1) Thought is a creative force - by focusing our thoughts we can create our desired outcomes and attract what we think about.
2) Applying the law of attraction requires knowledge of our power, courage to act, and faith in our abilities.
3) Concentration and understanding of natural laws allows us to consciously realize our ability to adjust our thoughts and achieve success by cooperating with omnipotent forces.
Aquinas' natural law theory holds that humans have an innate ability to reason which allows them to discern moral truths and understand their purpose as given by God. According to Aquinas, natural law establishes absolute moral rules called primary precepts related to worshipping God, orderly society, reproduction, learning, and defending life. Secondary precepts provide more specific guidance that allows for flexibility in extreme cases. Virtues like prudence, justice, fortitude and temperance help fulfill human nature and avoid sin. Interior acts involve good actions with good motives, while exterior acts have good actions but wrong motives.
The document discusses different types of law according to St. Thomas Aquinas. It defines law as a decree or ordinance of reason directed towards the common good and promulgated by competent authority. It then explains eternal law as God's plan for the universe, natural law as discernible through human reason, and divine and human positive laws which are enacted to preserve order and direct society for the common good in accordance with or in addition to eternal and natural law.
Chapter 1 Conscience Determines What's Right (Hubbard Winslow) From Introduction to Ethical Studies An Open Source Reader by Lee Archie & John G. Archie
191000008 - Fernando
Kant believed that morality is determined by acting in accordance with reason and the categorical imperative. The categorical imperative divides maxims into those based on desire and those based only on reason, with only the latter representing objectively necessary actions. Rights theory holds that for a society to function properly, the notion of individual rights must exist. These rights can be both positive and negative, and exist independently of legal codes based solely on one's humanity. Moral rights differ from legal rights in that they exist prior to and regardless of legal definitions.
Kant's categorical imperative holds that people should act based on a sense of duty rather than for rewards or consequences. The categorical imperative is to act solely from duty, whereas the hypothetical imperative involves acting to receive a reward. According to Kant, the categorical imperative is the only proper way to act. He gives the example of helping an elderly woman cross the street purely out of duty rather than for personal reward or feeling good. Kant believed people should strive for the highest good or "summum bonum," which involves achieving happiness through virtue, though this can only be attained after death.
The document discusses different types of laws including eternal law, natural law, moral law, and human law. Eternal law refers to God's plan for governing the universe. Natural law involves moral insights knowable through human reason. Moral law governs human conduct and is revealed through scripture. Human law contains regulations created by legitimate authorities to direct society towards the common good. The document provides details on the characteristics and purposes of these different kinds of laws.
Immanuel Kant was an 18th century German philosopher who developed the categorical imperative as a way to determine morality. The categorical imperative states that moral rules must be universal and that people should never be treated merely as a means to an end. Kant believed that human nature is fundamentally good and that we have a duty to act according to moral rules derived from pure reason alone. He argued that morality depends on intention rather than outcomes and that we have universal duties that apply regardless of inclination.
This document summarizes four philosophy journal entries by Camille Taylor discussing topics from class including:
- What defines being human and what defines justice
- Arguments about justice and the good life presented by characters in Plato's Republic
- How the city provides order, safety, and context for citizens to pursue their potential
- Comparisons between work, leisure, luxury and the development of skills and the city
Key topics discussed include logos as a uniquely human trait, Thrasymachus' view of justice, and the notion that dogs are more philosophical than humans in their ability to distinguish friends from foes.
Kant's deontological ethical theory judges morality based on duties and intentions rather than outcomes. For Kant, a moral action is one performed out of a sense of duty as dictated by rationality through categorical imperatives - universal moral principles that should be applied to all similar situations. The categorical imperative comes in three forms: universalizability, respect for persons, and respect for rationality. Kant believed humans have intrinsic worth due to their rational nature, and should never be used merely as a means to an end. Kant's theory has been criticized for not adequately addressing complex situations and for dismissing the role of emotions in morality. It has also been argued that Kant does not sufficiently consider the consequences of actions.
Kant's moral theory of deontology holds that morality is a matter of duty rather than consequences. Actions are judged based on their adherence to moral rules, not their outcomes. The core of Kant's view is the Categorical Imperative - the moral rule that one should only act in a way that can be universally applied without contradiction. For example, it would contradict the rule to pick flowers in the park if everyone did so, leaving none left. Kant also formulated that one should treat humanity as an end in itself, never merely as a means. While deontology avoids some issues with utilitarianism, it is criticized for disregarding outcomes and potentially conflicting with intuitions in some cases.
Nicomachean ethics by aristotle summaryAvone Lumanao
1) Aristotle begins his Nicomachean Ethics by hypothesizing that all people aim for the highest good or happiness. He aims to test this hypothesis by examining human action and determining what constitutes the highest good.
2) Aristotle analyzes different conceptions of the good life, such as a life of pleasure or honor. He determines that virtue must be the highest good since it alone is good in itself.
3) Aristotle defines virtue as a mean between deficiencies and excesses of emotions and actions. He provides a chart of intellectual and moral virtues. Developing virtue requires habituating good actions and avoiding deficiency and excess.
Kant's moral philosophy is based on the categorical imperative - the principle that moral rules must be universal and treat humanity as an end in itself. He argues morality is determined by practical reason, not consequences. There are three formulations of the categorical imperative: 1) Act only on maxims you can universalize, 2) Treat humanity as an end never a means, 3) Act autonomously through the moral law. For Kant, education should promote absolute moral principles because rationality gives humans intrinsic worth. However, critics argue his theory lacks guidance on resolving conflicts between duties and real-world moral dilemmas.
This document contains summaries of discussions from Camille Taylor's PHIL110 class on various topics:
1. The three parts of the soul - Reason, Desire, and Spirit - and how they relate to decision making and poetry/philosophy. It also discusses the internal and external aspects of Reason.
2. Critiques of the three-part soul theory, including how it applies to individuals. It also critiques the "noble lie" concept.
3. Comments finding the three-part soul theory interesting but disagreeing with its universal application to individuals.
4. An explanation of Plato's Divided Line and Allegory of the Cave, representing stages of understanding and how society
- Deontology is a moral theory that evaluates actions based on duties and obligations, rather than the consequences of the actions. It focuses on the intentions or motivations of the actor.
- The main proponent of deontology is Immanuel Kant, who argued that morality is a rational concept based on principles that can be applied universally. He formulated the "Categorical Imperative" which states that moral rules must be universally applicable to all people.
- For Kant, the only truly good will is one that acts from duty based on principles of reason, not based on desires, feelings, or consequences. He believed rational beings have an absolute obligation to follow the moral law.
Kant analyzed how knowledge is possible and posited that the mind imposes an underlying structure on sensations and perceptions. He claimed that experience is shaped by innate categories of the mind like space, time, and causality. While we can only know the phenomenal realm of perceptions, Kant argued there is an objective noumenal realm. His moral philosophy was based on the categorical imperative to act only according to universalizable maxims and to treat humanity as an end in itself rather than merely as a means.
The document discusses principles from The Master Key System by Charles Haanel. It covers several key ideas: [1] Thinking big thoughts is one method of organizing victory and accomplishing goals like a Master Mind. [2] Whatever is consciously held in the mind will impress the subconscious and shape one's experiences through the law of attraction. [3] Understanding spiritual laws allows one to change conditions and experiences through changed mental attitudes and conscious thoughts.
Virtue ethics focuses on developing good character and moral virtues rather than rules or consequences. This essay discusses virtue ethics and how developing the virtue of patience is important for overcoming obstacles in life. The author has chosen to work on being more patient, as it is a virtue that can help deal with challenges of the present day, such as peer pressure. According to Aristotle, every virtue has a vice of excess or deficit, and patience falls in between the extremes of indifference and irritability. The author's dog helps remind them to remain patient in the mornings.
Kant was an influential 18th century philosopher who developed deontological ethics. He believed morality should be based on universal principles of reason and duty rather than subjective feelings or consequences. For Kant, the supreme moral principle was the categorical imperative - we should only act in a way that could become a universal law applying to all people. This and treating people as ends in themselves, not means, form the basis of Kant's deontological ethical philosophy.
CHAPTER 4 DEONTOLOGY (Duty and Agency AND Autonomy and Universalizalibility)....ChristianneVentura
Deontology is a moral theory that evaluates actions based on duties and obligations. It is most closely associated with Immanuel Kant, who believed that humans have a rational will and the ability to act according to rational principles they determine for themselves. For Kant, the only truly good actions are those done out of duty, in accordance with his categorical imperative which holds that moral rules must be universalizable and not bring about logical contradictions if applied universally.
Equality and justice are related but distinct concepts. Equality refers to treating all people the same, while justice considers fairness and individual circumstances and outcomes. True justice cannot be achieved through equality alone. Different cultures understand justice in varying ways based on their shared history and beliefs. Key debates around justice include whether it stems from divine commands, natural law, human design, or a balance of consequences. Theories of justice also consider how to distribute goods fairly in a society.
Realism holds that reality exists independently of human minds and perceptions. It asserts that objects have intrinsic natures that are not dependent on beliefs, perceptions, or interpretations. According to realism, reality behaves in predictable and repeatable patterns regardless of human sensory experiences. The key principle of realism is independence - that reality exists on its own and is not contingent on the human mind. Realism favors an education system focused on teaching objective facts and truth through a standardized curriculum emphasizing sciences and the liberal arts.
The document discusses the power of thought and the universal law of attraction. Some key points:
1) Thought is a creative force - by focusing our thoughts we can create our desired outcomes and attract what we think about.
2) Applying the law of attraction requires knowledge of our power, courage to act, and faith in our abilities.
3) Concentration and understanding of natural laws allows us to consciously realize our ability to adjust our thoughts and achieve success by cooperating with omnipotent forces.
Kant's deontological ethics argues that morality is derived from duty rather than consequences. For Kant, the only intrinsically good thing is having a good will that does one's duty. He proposes the categorical imperative - only act based on principles that could become universal laws. This means treating people as ends in themselves, never merely as means. Kant believes rational beings have intrinsic worth and morality requires upholding absolute moral rules and duties regardless of outcomes.
Kant's moral philosophy, known as deontology, was influenced by thinkers like Newton, Hume, and Rousseau. Kant wanted to establish a rational basis for ethics similar to Newton's laws, to avoid moral relativism. Rousseau influenced Kant's view that autonomy is essential for morality. For Kant, morality applies to all rational beings and is based on duty rather than self-interest. Kant resolved the tension between duty and autonomy by arguing that moral duty arises from our own rational will, not external imposition, allowing for both obligation and freedom.
The document is the agenda for a grade 12 parent assembly at Justice Cecilia Muñoz Palma Senior High School. The agenda includes discussing school requirements for graduation, the calendar of activities for the remainder of the school year, options for graduation pictures, an open forum, and closing remarks from the grade 12 level chairman.
This document discusses the relationship between individuals and society. It begins by outlining learning objectives about understanding how individual human beings are shaped by their social context and comparing different forms of societies. It then defines what a society is, explaining that humans are social beings who form relationships and bonds. The document discusses different types of early societies like hunting and gathering societies, pastoral societies, and horticultural societies. It also explains that individuals and societies have a dynamic relationship where they influence each other and individuals take on social roles. The document touches on philosophical views of social cooperation and the concept of the common good.
The document is a song about God as the potter who shapes humans from clay into the image of Jesus. The lyrics refer to God as "Abba Father" and describe how He molds and fashions people. The song asks God to shape people into the image of His son, Jesus.
This document discusses different philosophers' perspectives on why there is a need to philosophize. Plato traced it to man's "sense of wonder" about experiences. Descartes traced it to doubt, as a means to question established ideas. Jaspers saw it as a response to challenging experiences that confront one's frameworks. Finally, philosophizing arises from a love of wisdom and truth, an insatiable curiosity to question and discuss ideas, as exemplified by Socrates. The document suggests we all have a capacity and need to reflect on our experiences through philosophizing.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy by discussing its origins and some notable ancient Greek philosophers. It begins by defining philosophy as the love of wisdom and explains how the ancient Greeks pioneered various fields of knowledge through philosophical inquiry. Several pre-Socratic philosophers are mentioned, including Pythagoras, Heraclitus, and Democritus, followed by Diogenes of Sinope and Epicurus. The major philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are then discussed briefly for their significant contributions to ethics, metaphysics, and logic respectively. The document concludes by outlining activities for students to further engage with the concepts.
The document provides an overview of Christianity, including its core teachings, origins, major branches (Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism), and important dates. The core teaching is that a loving God sent his son Jesus to redeem humanity from eternal damnation. Christianity was established in the 1st century CE based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. It spread from Judaism and those who follow Jesus are called Christians. The three main branches developed over time. Important early ecumenical Christian councils included Nicea in 325 AD, which established the Nicene Creed, and Constantinople in 381 AD.
This document discusses the importance of protocol within the Knights of Columbus and provides guidelines for various ceremonies and meetings. It begins by defining protocol as the rules of diplomatic etiquette and social behavior. It then provides direction on proper conduct for council and assembly meetings, including seating arrangements, dress code, and addressing officers. Guidelines are also given for communicating with dignitaries, welcoming guests, and introducing speakers. The document concludes by emphasizing the grand knight's responsibility to apply common courtesy in any unique situations.
The document discusses the equality and personhood of men and women based on Genesis accounts of creation. It argues that both men and women are created in God's image and are therefore equal persons. While man was created first, woman was created as man's companion because it was not good for man to be alone. The document also discusses the philosophies of Karol Wojtyla and Martin Buber regarding intersubjectivity and their views that human persons can only find fulfillment and meaning through relations with others in community.
This document discusses spiritual first aid and coping with crisis. It notes that spiritual crisis can be described as grieving or profoundly questioning meaning in life, where a community reaches a turning point and significantly alters their worldview. It lists common signs of spiritual distress like feelings of anger, hopelessness, depression or anxiety. It provides tips for helping others in crisis, such as recognizing signs of distress, accepting change, finding good listeners, helping others, and seeking support.
This document discusses the differences between leadership and management. It defines leadership as developing a vision to motivate others towards a common goal, while defining management as organizing resources to efficiently reach goals. It also discusses different leadership styles such as autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire. The document outlines theories of leadership including trait, behavioral, contingency, transformational, and transactional theories. It notes that effective leadership depends on factors like the type of business, importance of change, and organizational culture.
This document discusses the concept of freedom of the human person from several perspectives. It defines freedom and explains that freedom is an intrinsic part of human nature. Freedom has its roots in self-determination, the exercise of intellect, and free will. There are different kinds of freedom, including physical, psychological, and moral freedom. True freedom requires both voluntariness in choice and responsibility for the consequences of one's actions. The document also examines the views of Aristotle, Aquinas, Sartre, and Hobbes regarding human freedom.
The document provides information about the Eucharistic Revival, which seeks to renew the Catholic Church by inspiring a deeper devotion to Christ's real presence in the Eucharist. It explains that the Eucharist is the source of healing and hope for both the Church and the world. The revival aims to show Catholics the truth of the real presence and encourage them to encounter Jesus in the Eucharist, so that they may be healed, converted, and sent forth on mission. It is intended not as a program but as a movement inviting the faithful to a living relationship with Christ in the Eucharist.
This document discusses different communication aids and strategies using technology. It focuses on preparing effective multimedia presentations, creating Pecha Kucha presentations within 20 seconds per slide, and blogging. The document provides guidelines for developing multimedia presentations, such as knowing the purpose and audience, gathering information from various sources while citing them properly, organizing content logically, and ensuring technical quality. It also offers tips for creating Pecha Kucha presentations and effective blog posts. The overall aim is to learn how to use different technological tools to improve communication.
This document discusses the complementarity of men and women from philosophical perspectives. It explores Martin Buber's concepts of "I and Thou" and Karol Wojtyla's theory of participation to argue that men and women are equal persons capable of intersubjective relationships. While they have differences in sexuality and social behaviors, with women often responding in a more integrated manner and caring for needs while men pursue goals, these differences allow them to fulfill themselves through relating to and sharing with others for the common good. The document advocates achieving gender equality and empowering women as outlined in the UN's Sustainable Development Goals.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
2. Duty or obligation?
During the flag ceremony of that Monday morning, January
24, 2017, the mayor of Baguio City awarded a certificate
from the City Government that commended Reggie
Cabututan for his “extraordinary show of honesty in the
performance of his duty or practice of profession.”
Reggie is a taxi driver who, just three days before the
awarding, drove his passenger, an Australian named Trent
Shields, to his workplace.
The foreigner, having little sleep and was ill the previous
day, left his suitcase inside the taxi cab after he reached his
destination. The suitcase contained a laptop, passport, and
an expensive pair of headphones, which Trent claimed
amounted to around 260,000pesos.
3. Case Analysis:
Consider closely the moment when Reggie
found that Trent had left a suitcase in his
taxi cab:
– If he were to return the suitcase, there was
no promise of an award from the City
Government of Baguio and no promise of a
reward from the owner. What if he took the
suitcase and sold its contents?
4. Life as a taxi driver in the Philippines is
not easy.
A little extra cash would go a long way to
put food in the table and to pay tuition
fees for his children.
Yet, Reggie returned the suitcase without
the promise of a reward. Why?
5. However, the point is that there was no
promise of a reward.
– A reward, in the first place, is not an
entitlement.
– It is freely given as an unrequired gift for
one’s service or effort.
Otherwise, it would be a payment, not a
reward, if someone demanded it.
6. For now, let us suppose his main reason
was simply because it was right to return
lost property to the rightful owner, no
matter how tempting.
– It is to keep it for oneself.
– Is it possible that Reggie’s reason for
returning the luggage was not because of any
reward whether psychic or physical?
– “it is simply the right thing to do, “ Reggie
might have told himself.
7. What if Reggie did not return the suitcase,
destroyed the lock, then took and sold its
valuable contents?
What is wrong about keeping and benefiting from
the valuables that someone misplaced?
– “It is his fault; he was mindless and careless,” Reggie
could have thought. As the saying goes: Finders
keepers, losers, weepers.
– On one hand, Reggie could have mused: “He will learn
to be more mindful of his things from now on.
“Yet, Reggie returned the suitcase without the
promise of reward.
8. To hold a moral conviction means
believing that it is one’s duty to do the
right thing.
What is duty?
Why does one choose to follow her duty even
if doing otherwise may bring her more
benefits?
9. DEONTOLOGY
Deontological theories think of right and wrong
as a matter of conforming your behavior to a set
of moral rules, to your “duties”.
For example, I may say that what is right is
what God commands me to do, whatever the
consequences. Such theories are classified
together as non consequentialist theories, or as
deontological theories of obligation.
This rather awkward name derives from the
Greek term deon, meaning ‘duty’.
10. DUTY AND AGENCY
The moral theory that evaluates actions
that are done because of duty is called
deontology.
Deontology comes from the Greek word
“deon”, which means ‘being necessary”
Hence, deontology refers to the study of
duty and obligation.
11. The main proponent of deontology is
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804).
He was a German Enlightenment
philosopher who wrote one of the most
important works on moral philosophy,
Groundwork towards a human
beings, have the faculty called rational
will, which is the capacity to act according
to principles that we determine for
ourselves.
12. To consider the rational will is to point out the
difference between animals and persons.
On one hand, animals are sentient organisms.
Sentience, meaning an organism has the ability to
perceive and navigate its external environment.
Insofar as dogs and Carabaos are sentient
organisms, we do not see them bumping into
trees and walls unless their senses are weak.
– Animals constantly interact with their surroundings.
This is also true to us humans; we are also
sentient.
Thus, both animals and persons interact in and
with the world, reacting to external stimuli and
internal impulses to survive and thrive.
13. On the other hand, people are also
rational.
– Rationality consists of the mental faculty to
construct ideas and thoughts that are beyond
our immediate surroundings.
– This is the capacity for mental abstraction,
which arises from the operations of the
faculty of reason.
Thus, we have the ability to stop and think
about what we are doing.
14. We can remove ourselves mentally from
the immediacy of our actions and how
such actions affect the world.
We can imagine a different and better
world.
We can imagine a different and better
world, and create mental images of how
we interact with other people in that
world.
15. Case Analogy:
In the same way, an architect “first” construct her blue print of a
house in her mind. When the draft of that construction is drawn,
she can then give instructions to masons and carpenters on how
to build the actual house, which becomes the “second”
construction.
This happens often in our lives such as when a young girl puts
on her nice dress and makeup, when a student writes the
outline for an English essay, or when a painter makes initial
sketches on a canvass.
The first construction consists in how we imagine things can be,
then we implement that in the second construction.
Through the capacity for imagination and reflection, we conceive
of how we could affect, possibly even change, the world we live
in.
16. In contrast, we humans have reason,
which intervenes between impulse and
act.
We have the ability to stop and think
about what we are doing to evaluate our
actions according to principles.
Simply states, we are not only reacting to
our surroundings and internal impulses,
but are also conceiving of ways to act
according to certain rational principles.
17. Right now, as you struggle to stay awake and
understand the words on this page, your rational will is
victorious over your bodily impulses as long as you stay
awake.
– This demonstrates the triumph of your rational will over your
base impulse to just go to sleep.
– This triumph clarifies the meaning of rational will, the capacity of
a person to be the cause of her actions based on reasons and
not merely to mindlessly react to the environment and base
impulses.
In philosophical discussions about human freedom, this
capacity is called agency, which is the ability of a person
to act based on her intentions and mental states
18. Hence, to act according to a duty is a
specifically human experience.
Animals, if it is true that they do not
possess the faculty of rational will, cannot
conceive of having duties.
This is the starting point of deontology.
We may claim that as long as we have
rationality, there will always be the
tension between our base impulses and
our rational will.
19. Let us go back to Reggie. The moment he
discovered that Trent had left his suitcase
in the taxi cab, Reggie reacted according
to his rational will -- to return the suitcase.
He determined that it was his duty to
return it inasmuch as his rational will had
conceived such a duty.
20. AUTONOMY
Kant claims that the property of the rational will
is autonomy (Ak 4:440), which is the opposite of
heteronomy.
– These three Greek word are instructive: autos,
heteros, and nomos, which mean “self,” “other,” and
“law,” respectively. Hence, when we combine autos
and nomos, we get autonomy; heteros and nomos to
heteronomy.
Crudely stated, autonomy means self-law
and heteronomy means other law.
21. “The will is thus not only subject to the
law, but it is also subject to the law in
such a way that it gives the law to itself
(self-legislating), and primarily just in this
way that the will can be considered the
author of the under which it is subject.’
22. When we think of someone being “subject to the law,”
we usually think of an imposing authority figure that
uses his power to control the subject into complying with
his will.
Imagine a policeman who apprehends a suspected
criminal by forcing him on the ground and putting
handcuffs on his wrists.
– Incidentally, “subject” comes from Latin words sub (under) and
jacere (to throw). When combined, the two words refer to that
which is thrown or brought under something.
The will must comply with the law, which is the authority
figure.
23. Surprisingly though, the will must give the law
to itself. Therefore, the will is at the same time,
the authority figure giving the law to itself.
– How can the rational will be subordinate to that which
is simultaneously its own authority figure? Isn’t that
contradictory to be subject to the law and yet also be
the authority figure for itself?
Thus, Kant describes autonomy as the will that
is subject to a principle or law.
24. The choice that can be determined by pure
reason is called free choice.
– That which is determinable only by inclination
(sensible impulse stimulus) would be animal choice
(arbitrium brutum).
Human choice, in contrast, is a choice that may
indeed be affected but not determined by
impulses, and is therefore in itself (without an
acquired skill of reason) not pure, but can
nevertheless be determined to do actions from
pure will.
25. Thus, there is a difference between what
determines a choice or decision, whether it is
caused by sensible impulse or by pure reason.
On one hand, sensible impulses are usually
bodily and emotional.
Bodily instincts and desires, such as the urge to
eat, drink, sleep, or have sexual intercourse,
comprise the set of the human compulsions for
survival and the propagation of the species.
Emotions and sentiments also make up what
Kant considers sensible impulses.
26. The Good Will
For Kant, the highest good, that which alone is
intrinsically valuable, is a moral good, not a
nonmoral good as it was with utilitarians.
Kant says that the only thing that is good in
itself is what he calls a good will.
The term ‘will’ is used by Kant to refer to our
choices. To say that a person has a good will is
to say that he or she makes good choices.
27. To make a good choice in moral matters is both
to do what is right and to do so with the correct
motive.
To choose to perform a morally acceptable
action because it might make you look good, for
example, is to act from the wrong motive.
The only correct motive for moral action is duty.
One should do what is right simply because it is
his or her duty to do so, simply because it is
right.
28. Acting From Duty
If having a good will, or being a morally good
person, is the highest good, then it is important
to know what this means.
Kant says that someone who acts with a good
will is someone who does the right thing for the
right reason. By the right “reason” he means the
right motive.
To do the right thing is to follow acceptable
moral rules. So to be a morally good person, a
person of good moral character, you must follow
correct moral rules and you must do so with the
correct motive.
29. A good moral person is someone who follows
correct moral rules for only one reason—respect
for the moral law itself. This respect amounts to
what Kant calls acting from duty.
Someone who acts with a good will does what is
right because it is his or her duty to do so and
for no other reason. I will have a good will only
if my actions are motivated by my duty to do
what is right, and by duty alone
30. CASE STUDY
You are having lunch with your close friend Naveen. You both are friends since
childhood and your families are also close to each other, it’s like one family.
Naveen recently got appointed as Assistant Director in Social Welfare Department.
During conversation, Naveen tells you that he is enjoying his work because it’s
giving him an opportunity to help the poor. He also says that he is not asking
anyone for bribes but people themselves pay him money because they are happy
with his speedy service. He says that he initially did not receive any money but
when more and more people insisted, he started taking bribes. He also says that
just before he arrived for lunch he was given a good amount of money by a happy
beneficiary in his office.
You are a Deputy Superintendent of Police and you are on duty. Naveen knows
this, but he is sharing his experiences as he does with any one of his family
members. He did not, even for a moment, think that you were a cop on duty.
As a responsible officer who is on duty, and who’s duty is to enforce law, what will
you do to your friend?