This document provides a summary of various dental instruments used in different areas of dentistry. It begins with an introduction to dental instruments and their purposes. It then describes examination instruments like mirrors, probes and retractors. Restorative instruments discussed include handpieces, burs and anesthetic syringes/needles. Extraction and surgical instruments such as elevators, forceps and bone files are outlined. The document also briefly summarizes orthodontic instruments, endodontic instruments like files and rotary instruments, and provides references. In under 3 sentences, this document categorizes and describes the main dental instruments used in different areas of practice.

1. Federal state budget educational establishment of higher education.
<<Penza state university>>
Medical institute
Department of Stomatology
COURSE PAPER IN
PRECLINICAL
<< DENTAL INSTRUMENTS >>
STUDENT: ЭЛРОХ АХМЕД ХОСАМ. GROUP:16ЛС1А
ПЕНЗА-2017

2. Contents1-Introduction
2-Examination
instruments
3-Restorative
instruments
4-Extraction/surgical
instruments
5-Orthodontic
instruments
6-Endodontic
instruments

3. 1-Introduction:
Dental instruments
are tools that dental professionals use to
provide dental treatment. They include
tools to examine, manipulate, treat, restore
and remove teeth and
surrounding oral structures.
Standard instruments are the instruments
used to examine, restore and extract teeth
and manipulate tissues.

4. 2-Examination instruments
1- Dental Mirror
Function:
To provide indirect vision To
retract lips, cheeks, and
tongue To reflect light into the
mouth
Characteristics:
Accurate image from flat
surface mirrors, image
magnified with concave
mirrors.

5. 2-Dental Probes
1-Dental explorer
(sickle probe)
Function:
To Examine teeth for decay
(caries), calculus, furcation, or
canals and other anomalies
Characteristics:
Pointed tips: sharp, thin and
flexible.

6. 2-Dental Probes
2-Periodontal probe
the periodontal probe is necessary to maintain accuracy.
The tip of the instrument is placed with light pressure of
10-20 grams into the gingival sulcus, which is an area of
potential space between a tooth and the surrounding
tissue. It is important to keep the periodontal probe parallel
to the contours of the root of the tooth and to insert the
probe down to the base of the pocket. This results in
obscuring a section of the periodontal probe's tip. The first
marking visible above the pocket indicates the
measurement of the pocket depth. It has been found that
the average, healthy pocket depth is around 3 mm with no
bleeding upon probing. Depths greater than 3 mm can be
associated with "attachment loss" of the tooth to the
surrounding alveolar bone, which is a characteristic found
in periodontitis. Pocket depths greater than 3 mm can also
be a sign of gingival hyperplasia.
The periodontal probe can also be used to measure other
dental instruments, tooth preparations during restorative
procedures

7. 3-Retractors
Cheek retractor
to retract Cheek
Tongue retractor
to retract Tongue
Lip retractor
to retract Lip

8. 1-Dental handpieces

9. 1-high-speed dental
handpiece
To be used with a bur to cut a
cavity/crown prep
Characteristics: Runs on air
pressure, up to 400,000
rpm’s, sprays water, friction
grip

10. 2-Low Speed Handpiece
To remove decay, polish,
open pulpal access, endo,
refine prep Runs on air, up
to 40,000 rpm’s, latch and
friction grip

11. 3-Straight handpiece
Runs at maximum
40,000 rpm; use
outside oral cavity
unless used with
attachments

12. 4-air motor
Runs at maximum
40,000 rpm; use
outside oral cavity to
attachment with
high&low speed
handpieces

13. 2-Burs
A dental burr is a type of burr (cutter)
used in a handpiece. The burrs are
usually made of tungsten carbide
metal or diamond. The three parts to
a burr are the head, the neck, and
the shank
The heads of some burrs (such as
tungsten carbide burrs) contain the
blades[citation needed] which
remove material

14. 2-Burs
Diamond burs
For low and high –speed
handpieces
carbide burs
For low and high –speed
handpieces
Metal burs
For Straight handpiece

15. Anesthetic Syringe
Function:
To administer local
anesthetic
Characteristics:
Aspirating and self
aspirating syringe.
Aspirating syringes have
a barb that inserts in the
carpule

16. Anesthetic Needle
Function:
To inject anesthetic
into soft tissue
Characteristics:
Varies in Gauge and
Length Typically short for
maxillary Typically long
for mandibular

17. 4-Extraction/surgical instruments
1-Straight Elevators
Function:
To loosen tooth from
periodontal ligaments before
extraction. To separate and
lift tooth from socket.
Characteristics:
Single ended. Variety of
sizes.

18. 2-Root-Tip Picks
Function:
To lift and remove small root
tips in difficult areas
Characteristics:
Pointed at working end .
Straight or right-and-left
pairs.

19. 3-Root Elevators/ Cryer's
Function:
To loosen root. To separate
and lift tooth from socket. To
use on posterior teeth
Characteristics:
Single ended. Can be right
or left. Variety of sizes.

20. 4-Root-Tip Elevators
Function:
To lift and remove
fragments of root
Characteristics:
Single ended. Rounded or
pointed. Straight or right-
and-left pairs

21. 5-Bone File
Function:
To remove or smooth edges of
alveolar bone
Characteristics:
Used in push-pull motion;
straight- cut or cross-cut cutting
end; variety of sizes, angles, and
shapes.

22. 6-Maxillary Universal
Function:
To extract maxillary central,
laterals, cuspids, premolars, and
roots
Characteristics:
Has straight handles or one
curved handle

23. 7-Maxillary Right Forceps
Function:
To extract trifurcated
maxillary right first or
second molars
Characteristics:
Has right-split beak to
engage lingual root

24. 8-Maxillary Left Forceps
Function:
To extract trifurcated
maxillary left first or second
molars
Characteristics:
Has left-split beak to engage
lingual root

25. 9-Mandibular Universal Forceps
Function:
To extract mandibular central,
laterals, cuspids, premolars, and
roots
Characteristics:
Has straight handles or one
curved handle

26. 10-Universal Mandibular Forceps
Function:
To extract mandibular first
and second molars
Characteristics:
Referred to as “Cow horn”
forceps; straight handles or
one curved handle

27. Scalpel Handle with Blades
Function:
To Hold blade in place,
cut tissue with blade, trim
interproximal restoration
Characteristics:
Blades are disposable
after each use. Handle can
be autoclaved or
disposable.

28. Tissue Forceps
Function:
To hold tissue during
surgical procedures
Characteristics:
Has serrated or rat
tooth tips

29. 5-Orthodontic instruments
1-Orthodontic
bracket
insert on the
teeth Using to
insert the
Orthodontic
wire

30. 2-Orthodontic wire
insert in
Orthodontic
bracket
using to modify the
shape of the teeth

31. 3-Orthodontic elastic
use to insert the
Orthodontic wire
into Orthodontic
bracket

32. 6-Endodontic instruments
1-barbed broach:
The barbed broach is an extirpating, NOT an
enlarging, instrument. The barbed broach is formed
from a tapered round shaft by lifting up portions of
metal of the shaft almost at a right angle to the shaft.
These elevated barbs will engage the pulp tissue and
remove it from the canal. In its use, the largest size
broach which will fit freely - loosely - in the canal is
selected.
A broach must not engage the canal walls as it is
advanced, or the pressure on the barbs will flatten
them against the shaft; as the instrument is
withdrawn, the barbs will then embed themselves in
the walls, making it difficult or impossible to remove
the broach. Because the barbs are "nicked" out of
the shaft this is an extremely fragile instrument, and
will break easily if misused. It must fit loosely.
The barbed broach must always be fitted loosely in
the canal. The barbs of a tightly fitted broach will
engage the dentinal walls on the withdrawal stroke,

33. 2-files
These instruments were originally made from a square or
triangular blank, machine twisted to form a tight spiral. The
angle of the blades or flutes is consequently near a right-
angle to the shank, so that either a reaming or a filing action
may be used. The K&H-type file has been subject to
continuous development. The K-flex file is made from a
rhomboid or diamond shaped blank. The acute angle of this
shape provides the instrument with two sharp blades and the
narrower diameter allows greater flexibility in the shaft than a
conventional K-file. The manufacturers claim that more debris
is collected between the blades and therefore removed from
the canal than with a standard K-file. The Flex-o-file employs
a more flexible type of steel. It does not fracture easily and is
so flexible that it is possible to tie a knot in the shank of the
smaller sizes.
The latest developments in file design have seen a move
away from the ISO standard 2% taper to files with increasing
tapers of up to 12%, made in a nickel-titanium alloy. Although
most of these new developments are used with an electric
motor, hand files of greater taper are available

34. DENTAL ROTARY
USE TO IMPROVE THE
OPERATION OF ROOT
CANAL TREATMENT TO
HAVE HIGH LEVEL OF
CLEAR ROOT CANAL
FROM PULP

35. References
1. KIM HC, KWAK SW, CHEUNG GS, KO DH, CHUNG SM, LEE W. CYCLIC FATIGUE AND TORSIONAL RESISTANCE
OF TWO NEW NICKEL-TITANIUM INSTRUMENTS USED IN RECIPROCATION MOTION: RECIPROC VERSUS
WAVEONE. J ENDOD. 2012;38:541–4. 2. AVERBACH RE, KLEIER DJ. CLINICAL UPDATE ON ROOT CANAL
DISINFECTION. COMPEND CONTIN EDUC DENT. 2006;27:286–9. 3. MARTINS RC, SEIJO MO, FERREIRA EF, PAIVA
SM, RIBEIRO SOBRINHO AP. DENTAL STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS ABOUT THE ENDODONTIC TREATMENTS
PERFORMED USING NITI ROTARY INSTRUMENTS AND HAND STAINLESS STEEL FILES. BRAZ DENT
J. 2012;23:729–36. 4. BÜRKLEIN S, SCHÄFER E. CRITICAL EVALUATION OF ROOT CANAL TRANSPORTATION BY
INSTRUMENTATION. ENDOD TOPICS. 2013;29:110–245. ALENCAR AH, DUMMER PM, OLIVEIRA HC, PÉCORA JD,
ESTRELA C. PROCEDURAL ERRORS DURING ROOT CANAL PREPARATION USING ROTARY NITI INSTRUMENTS
DETECTED BY PERIAPICAL RADIOGRAPHY AND CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY. BRAZ DENT
J. 2010;21:543–9. 6. THOMPSON SA. AN OVERVIEW OF NICKEL–TITANIUM ALLOYS USED IN DENTISTRY. INT
ENDOD J. 2000;33:297–3107. VIEIRA EP, FRANÇA EC, MARTINS RC, BUONO VT, BAHIA MG. INFLUENCE OF
MULTIPLE CLINICAL USE ON FATIGUE RESISTANCE OF PROTAPER ROTARY NICKEL-TITANIUM
INSTRUMENTS. INT ENDOD J. 2008;41:163–72. 8. SATTAPAN B, PALAMARA JEA, MESSER HH. TORQUE DURING
CANAL INSTRUMENTATION USING ROTARY NICKEL-TITANIUM FILES. J ENDOD. 2000;26:156–60. 9. LI UM, LEE BS,
SHIH CT, LAN WH, LIN CP. CYCLIC FADIGUE OF ENDODONTIC NICKEL TITANIUM ROTATORY INSTRUMENTS:
STATIC AND DYNAMIC TESTS. J ENDOD. 2002;28:448–51. 10. PRUETT J, CLEMENT D, CARNES DJ. CYCLIC
FATIGUE TESTING OF NICKELTITANIUM ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENTS. J ENDOD. 1997;23:77–85. 11. BAHIA MG,
BUONO VT. DECREASE IN FATIGUE RESISTANCE OF NICKEL-TITANIUM ROTARY INSTRUMENTS AFTER CLINICAL
USE IN CURVED ROOT CANALS. ORAL SURG ORAL MED ORAL PATHOL ORAL RADIOL ENDOD. 2005;100:249–55

36. THE END