A Dengue Tracking system by Punjab Information technology Board developed in 2011 during the dengue epidemic in Pakistan which claimed thousands of lives.
Coauthors: Ms Christa Maria Joel and Ms Meera Ann John
Supervisors: Dr Saurabh Kumar
Department of Community Medicine
Father Muller Medical College
3rd Year MBBS
Coauthors: Ms Christa Maria Joel and Ms Meera Ann John
Supervisors: Dr Saurabh Kumar
Department of Community Medicine
Father Muller Medical College
3rd Year MBBS
Harnessing mHealth to Monitor Different Epidemics within One Country: Experie...MEASURE Evaluation
Presented by Yazoume Ye on behalf of Jean-Marie N'Gbich, MEASURE Evaluation/ICF International, as part of a symposium organized by MEASURE Evaluation and MEASURE DHS at the 6th MIM Pan-African Malaria Conference.
Integrating GIS and Remote Sensing Technology In Contact Tracing Of Ebola Vir...ANUMBA JOSEPH UCHE
Contact tracing, is an essential step in breaking the chain of disease transmission and ending an outbreak. There is need to explore digital tools and skills which will enhance the collection and management of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory information for every case. This data is crucial for developing outbreak counter measures. In the context of ebola virus disease (EVD), developing a Geographical Information System (GIS) and remote sensing platform for contacting tracing and monitoring of cases will aid field workers visualize outbreak spread between people as well as provide automated tools that speed contact tracing and spatial data analysis. With a disease as often fatal as Ebola, quickly identifying and following up with those who may have been exposed is key to saving lives and containing the outbreak .
This paper gives a preliminary non-technical insight on how GIS and remote sensing can be integrated into existing methodologies to mitigate the challenges in contact tracing and monitoring of Ebola virus diseases cases in any given geographical location. Invariably, this can also be used to design appropriate tools for monitoring outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola, Marburg, Rift Valley, Lassa, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fevers.
Japan has made numerous achievements in health most notably the world’s highest life-expectancy in the past two decades, since its founding Universal Health Insurance System in 1961. However, ageing population with low-fertility rates, stagnating economy, increasing burden of NCDs and growing use of expensive technologies pose the critical challenges in service delivery and financial stability in health. Japan HiT reports current health system reforms undertaken and also recent discussion on paradigm shift to the new system as proposed in Japan Vision: Health Care 2035.
Abstract. The Ministry of Health and Social Services in Namibia under the division of epidemiology uses a manual
paper-based approach to capture disease surveillance data through 5 levels of reporting which include the community level, the health facility level, the district level, and the national level. As a result, this method of communicating
and exchanging disease surveillance information is cost and time consuming, which delay disease surveillance information from reaching the head office on time.
The Republic of Korea reported its first COVID-19 case on the 20th of January 2020. Since then, the country has reported 34,201 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 526 deaths. The Republic of Korea’s COVID-19 response is characterized by its swift and broad 3Ts (test – trace – treat) strategy. Measures taken by the country demonstrate a collaborative effort between ministries, across levels of governance, with a focus on the implementation of essential public health measures to prevent and manage COVID-19 cases in the country. Systematic public health measures such as maintaining physical distance, with limited restrictions on mobility, strong health communication, rigorous implementation of isolation and quarantine measures, as well as monitoring and surveillance were key to containing the outbreak in the country.
The report presents the various policies and steps that were put in place from the beginning of the outbreak to control COVID-19 transmission in the country.
These slides present details from the more comprehensive COVID-19 HSRM on the Republic of Korea
Harnessing mHealth to Monitor Different Epidemics within One Country: Experie...MEASURE Evaluation
Presented by Yazoume Ye on behalf of Jean-Marie N'Gbich, MEASURE Evaluation/ICF International, as part of a symposium organized by MEASURE Evaluation and MEASURE DHS at the 6th MIM Pan-African Malaria Conference.
Integrating GIS and Remote Sensing Technology In Contact Tracing Of Ebola Vir...ANUMBA JOSEPH UCHE
Contact tracing, is an essential step in breaking the chain of disease transmission and ending an outbreak. There is need to explore digital tools and skills which will enhance the collection and management of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory information for every case. This data is crucial for developing outbreak counter measures. In the context of ebola virus disease (EVD), developing a Geographical Information System (GIS) and remote sensing platform for contacting tracing and monitoring of cases will aid field workers visualize outbreak spread between people as well as provide automated tools that speed contact tracing and spatial data analysis. With a disease as often fatal as Ebola, quickly identifying and following up with those who may have been exposed is key to saving lives and containing the outbreak .
This paper gives a preliminary non-technical insight on how GIS and remote sensing can be integrated into existing methodologies to mitigate the challenges in contact tracing and monitoring of Ebola virus diseases cases in any given geographical location. Invariably, this can also be used to design appropriate tools for monitoring outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola, Marburg, Rift Valley, Lassa, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fevers.
Japan has made numerous achievements in health most notably the world’s highest life-expectancy in the past two decades, since its founding Universal Health Insurance System in 1961. However, ageing population with low-fertility rates, stagnating economy, increasing burden of NCDs and growing use of expensive technologies pose the critical challenges in service delivery and financial stability in health. Japan HiT reports current health system reforms undertaken and also recent discussion on paradigm shift to the new system as proposed in Japan Vision: Health Care 2035.
Abstract. The Ministry of Health and Social Services in Namibia under the division of epidemiology uses a manual
paper-based approach to capture disease surveillance data through 5 levels of reporting which include the community level, the health facility level, the district level, and the national level. As a result, this method of communicating
and exchanging disease surveillance information is cost and time consuming, which delay disease surveillance information from reaching the head office on time.
The Republic of Korea reported its first COVID-19 case on the 20th of January 2020. Since then, the country has reported 34,201 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 526 deaths. The Republic of Korea’s COVID-19 response is characterized by its swift and broad 3Ts (test – trace – treat) strategy. Measures taken by the country demonstrate a collaborative effort between ministries, across levels of governance, with a focus on the implementation of essential public health measures to prevent and manage COVID-19 cases in the country. Systematic public health measures such as maintaining physical distance, with limited restrictions on mobility, strong health communication, rigorous implementation of isolation and quarantine measures, as well as monitoring and surveillance were key to containing the outbreak in the country.
The report presents the various policies and steps that were put in place from the beginning of the outbreak to control COVID-19 transmission in the country.
These slides present details from the more comprehensive COVID-19 HSRM on the Republic of Korea
Dengue is a severe life threatening, vector borne disease. It infects a big number of people every year. it is disease of urban or peri-urban areas. Aedes aegypti is the principal mosquito responsible for most of the disease outbreaks in world. Aedes albopictus is another common species reported as secondary vector in many parts of the world. It is well known as Asian tiger mosquito having white strips on entire body. Aedes aegypti is also vector of the yellow fever, chikungunya and zika virus disease.
In the absence of any frequently available potent vaccine, application of effective vector control interventions is the best solution. Evidence decision making is key to vector control operation that is based on carefully collected data obtained through comprehensive vector surveillance.
Dengue Vector Surveillance provides fundamental information for application of an appropriate vector control intervention. Vector surveillance and control are strongly interlinked, and vector surveillance loses its worth without utilization of information for appropriate vector control. In Pakistan dengue is endemic in all parts of the country. First epidemic of the disease was reported in 1994 from karachi, thereafter, regular outbreaks are being observed after every 3-5 years.
Describes Indian Council of Medical Research, ICMR Institutes, importance of IT in health care, Health Information System and Mobile based Surveillance Quest using IT. For more information visit: http://www.transformhealth-it.org/
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
An overview of Dengue Information Management System by Punjab Informatioon Technology Board, Pakistan
1.
2. • Health care systems depended more on IT centric initiatives to gather information. Non availability of
organized historical data of a disease limits the capability of government for early preparedness and
emergency response.
• Same happened in the case of dengue spread in Pakistan where the basic health infrastructure was not
ready to address the issue.
• However the government utilised ICT in health care using emerging Cellular and web technologies
involving smart phones and geo tagging in order to overcome the epidemic of Dengue.
• This practice was initiated within In Lahore, Pakistan’s second-most populous city. There were 21,292
confirmed dengue patients in 2011. At least 350 of them died.
3. • Dengue, also called break bone fever is an acute self-limiting mosquito borne transmissible viral
infection mainly in the tropics.
• Dengue is transmitted by the bite of a female mosquito Aedes. Aegypti and A. albopictus.
• Symptoms develop in 3-14 days like fever, head ache, muscle and joint pains and in severe cases it
develops life threatening Dengue High Fever, which exhibits severe bleeding. There is no medication
and vaccine available.
• Thus dengue control is dependent on effective vector control and community awareness.
4. • The first suspected dengue-like epidemics emerged in French West Indies in the year 1635 and common
by 1800s. The first mosquito eradication effort was in 1901 in Cuba. Dengue was first reported in
Pakistan in 1994.
• A Dengue map is like this:
5. By 2010, around 3.97 billion people are at risk in 128 countries, or more than 40 percent of the world’s
population
6. • Accurate risk analysis and allocation of resources for dengue control depends on disease surveillance.
• Formal Dengue surveillance in usually done by capturing case counts. It has many advantages such as
precise counts of case numbers with a good geographic localization.
• However they have some limitations, including lags or total failure to report cases because of limited
resources in developing countries.
• It is expensive, requires trained personnel, infrastructure and equipment and can lose data at any point
of interaction.
• One such example of a failure of a surveillance systems is dengue transmission in the Texas-Mexico
border due to marked economic disadvantage difference on both sides.
7. • Informal surveillance systems have been developed to address these drawbacks.
• They are based on unofficial reports of disease, from clinicians or web based health related news media, to report on
disease outbreaks.
• Such systems have proven reliable and got recognized in the 2005 revision of the International Health Regulations as
important sources of epidemic intelligence.
• The rapid and accelerating growth of the Internet has improved the usefulness and sensitivity of these systems.
8. Use Of Emerging Cellular Web Technology in Health Care
• In the year 2012 in Pakistan, the provincial Punjab government initiated a monitoring mechanism in response to
thousands of cases being reported.
• It was devised to log all field activities related to prevention/eradication of the disease and is still operational and
entomologists and field officers report activities on regular basis.
• It uses a data driven early outbreak detection and surveillance system serving as a policy engine for the health
department.
• It is a joint collaborating by researchers at New York University (NYU), Lahore University of Management Sciences
(LUMS) and Punjab Information Technology Board (PITB).
9. Dengue Management Information System
This system coordinates the colossal Dengue prevention activities by the Govt. of Punjab.
It provides a central dashboard for all stakeholders to view and dispose of complaints on real-time basis coming in from
the Helpline and Hospitals e-CRS (Electronic Complaint Routing System).
It is an efficient Vector Surveillance System for track/report of field activities. It includes
• Dengue Activity Tracking System
• Geo-Tagged e-Blood Line and Blood / Donor inventory system
• Punjab Health Line
• Disease Surveillance System
10. DENGUE ACTIVITY TRACKING SYSTEM
• 1854 in London, Doctor John Snow changed epidemiology forever by mapping the cholera outbreak.
• He discovered that the source of contamination was in the water from a pump on Broad Street, not from ‘bad air' as
previously believed. He also pioneered the field of data journalism and data visualizations, now a staple for public
health organizations.
11. • A similar mechanism was used by the authorities when they used the mapping technology. They used
100 dollar android based smartphones with a revolutionary android app to help them put up a better
fight against the mosquitoes.
12. • It uses 1500 android smartphones, logged 38718 preventive activities by the Health department over a
period of 5 months and accurately tracked both Aedes larvae clusters and confirmed patients.
• Workers took “before and after” geo-tagged photographs while performing the designated tasks and
uploaded them onto the app.
• The resulting data were then analysed to create a visualisation showing where and when dengue was
infecting people. It was then possible to predict where dengue-infected mosquitoes would buzz up
next, to start fogging and larvae-hunts.
• The use of smartphones also had more subtle effects. Knowing they were being monitored and tracked
in public, municipal workers also applied themselves more assiduously to their tasks. Anyone looking at
the online map could see if the work being done in a particular area was adequate—and complain if it
was not.
13. • All this seems to have worked. Last year Lahore suffered just 255 dengue cases, and no deaths.
• Because of the tracking system and the efforts of government employees on the ground, we could look
at a map and tell if certain areas were going to develop into an epidemic.
• Fig shows dengue activity tracking on day to day to monthly scale basis for 1 year at a time.
14. Workers drop tilapia fish into a small pond at a neighborhood park, as an inspector enters the activity into the
Clean Lahore app. The fish eat the larvae of mosquitoes that spread dengue fever. Gambusia affinis and Poecilia
reticulate.
15.
16.
17. Geo Tagged e-Blood Line and Blood /Donor Inventory System
• E-Blood line connects the right donor with needful patient at the right time to deal with dengue
epidemic in order to cope with blood shortage.
• Since Dengue fever results in loss of blood platelets and white blood cells, therefore in severe
conditions, patients need fresh blood otherwise this can lead to fatalities
• A distinct feature is that, patient’s family cannot contact donors directly. Call Centre Agents (CCAs)
contact the active donors from that particular area and direct the willing donors to the blood bank
which raised the blood requisition.
• Government data and statistics describes more than 600,000 blood donations per year in Pakistan
by this system.
18. Punjab Health Line- Call Centre
• DMIS takes logs and records from health line call centre as well.
• Government formulated e-health line (toll free Health Line: 080099000) to take immediate measures.
• This Call Centre was established in a record time of 48 hours for counselling the citizens 24/7 and was
manned by 150 doctors taking calls on a toll free helpline.
19. The services being provided are:
• Patient counselling
• Briefing on preventive measures to the citizens
• Advise on treatment protocol to health practitioners
• Logging of Fumigation Service requests
• Solid Waste Disposal and sanitation requests
• Complaints (Over charging by laboratories, Private hospitals, Govt. hospitals, etc.)
• Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) as part of health education
• The information received at the Call Centre was further used to bring all stakeholders of anti-dengue
campaign on a single platform and send to DIMS (Dengue Information Management System).
20. Disease Surveillance System
• Procedure to start with, Teaching Hospitals, City Headquarters (THQs) and District Headquarters
(DHQs) are manned with dedicated data entry operators, who are responsible to report cases in
predefined templates.
• The data entry interface is exposed to Government Hospitals via secured usernames and
passwords.
• Health Officers and District In charges, report disease cases via SMS.
• DSS uses Early Aberration Reporting System (EARS) as used by Centre of Disease Control and
Prevention in USA .
• The system connects all stakeholders to respond to any alarming situation in a coordinated
manner to ensure emergency response.
21. The project features of DSS are:
• Case detection, case registration, case confirmation and case supervision
• Data Analysis and Interpretation
• Representation on G Maps
• Timely escalation indicators
• District/Tehsil and UC wise disease widespread trends
• Dispersion of disease over time, space or space and time
• Time periodic disease surveillance for early detection of disease outbreaks.
22. The project is live in four hospitals at the moment where results are getting compiled for finalization of
implementation strategy throughout Punjab with more than 25 departments involved and 550+ users
reporting.
23. Strengths of the System
• Data reporting on the go
• Real time submission to the centralized server
• Consolidated dashboard to view departmental activities
• analysis to identify intersecting areas with breeding hotspots and patients reported
• Built in early disease detection/warning system with geographical illustrations
24. • Early detection of activities and disease with the help of geographically mapping of data. Thus, helps in prevention
and enhance disease management capabilities.
• Centralized dashboard through which management and efficiency of departments are controlled.
• Provide platform for reporting the disease by any healthcare organizations and practitioners.
• It involves both top-down and bottom-up elements. For instance, involves the provincial government activities as
well as by various community to improve the delivery of public services.
• Aware the public and indulge them in the project.
• Growth of specialized indigenous technology and providers as well as.
• Admission of a central database.
25. Weaknesses
• It is expensive to implement.
• Need trained personnel with larger involvement of manpower.
• Required strong leadership and management to implement the system.
• Lack of standardization.( Problems of quality assurance and quality control and lack of regional sharing
of experiences and skills)
• It requires trained personnel.
• Decisions about financing are about political and inevitably, inadequate or insufficient human and
financial resources were commonly identified as weakness throughout the system.
• Difficult to manage.
• Potential risks of loss of data and irregular entomological surveillance.
26. Recommendations
• Epidemiological and Entomological monitoring need further refinement and strengthening. (Monitoring, assessment
and evaluation of dengue should be accorded).
• Invest in the technology.
• Plan for project operations and maintenance at a project outset.
• Streamline data collection should be there
• Effective communication system should be focused
• Check the data if it matches with the Google trends to provide a conformity status.
27. • Each week, millions of users around the world search for health information online, and Google has found a close
relationship between how many people search for dengue-related topics and how many people actually have
dengue symptoms using official dengue estimates.
• Google was able to build a model that offers near real-time estimates of dengue activity based on the popularity of
dengue-related search terms.
28.
29. • Aileen Y Chang, M. E. P. (2009). Combining Google Earth and GIS mapping technologies in a dengue surveillance system for developing
countries. International Journal of Health Geographics, 8(49). doi: doi:10.1186/1476-072X-8-49
• Farra, J. (2007). Editorial: Towards a global dengue research agenda. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 12(695-699). doi: DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01838.x
• Hales, S. (2002). Potential effect of population and climate changes on global distribution of dengue fever: an empirical model. The Lancet,
360(9336), 830-834. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09964-6
• Samir Bhatt, W. G. (2013). The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature International, 496, 504-507.
• Su MD, C. N. (1994). Framework for application of geographic information system to the monitoring of dengue vectors. Gaoxiong yi xue ke
xue za zhi = The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 94-101.
• Farra, J. (2007). Editorial: Towards a global dengue research agenda. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 12(695-699). doi: DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01838.x
• . from http://punjab-idss.org/
• http://www.technologyreview.com/news/506276/pakistan-uses-smartphone-data-to-head-off-dengue-outbreak/
• http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21578520-technology-and-government-how-clever-use-mobile-phones-
helping-improve
• http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2013/09/16/223051694/how-smartphones-became-vital-tool-against-dengue-in-pakistan
• http://lums.edu.pk/news-detail/lums-...gy-review-1049
• http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/bulletin/androids-help-prevent-dengue-outbreaks-in-pakistan/
• http://www.fiercemobilehealthcare.com/story/smartphone-monitoring-system-helps-pakistan-control-dengue-outbreaks/2012-11-05
• http://dengue.pchrd.dost.gov.ph/
• http://www.who.int/topics/dengue/en/
• http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/dengue-diagnosis.pdf?ua=1
• http://health.punjab.gov.pk/?q=system/files/SoPs%20for%20Prevention%20and%20Control%20of%20Dengue.pdf