Dengue Vector Surveillance provides fundamental information for application of an appropriate vector control intervention. Vector surveillance and control are strongly interlinked, and vector surveillance loses its worth without utilization of information for appropriate vector control. In Pakistan dengue is endemic in all parts of the country. First epidemic of the disease was reported in 1994 from karachi, thereafter, regular outbreaks are being observed after every 3-5 years.
This document discusses vector control research needs for neglected tropical diseases. It identifies several challenges with current vector control efforts, including lack of resources, delays in implementation, and lack of routine surveillance. It also discusses knowledge gaps around dengue virus transmission and the impact of vector interventions. Key research areas are identified such as measuring entomological risk, assessing the epidemiological impact of control, and monitoring insecticide resistance. The document emphasizes the need for integrated vector management approaches and evaluating current tools and strategies to better understand their disease impact.
This document discusses dengue prevention and control. It notes that dengue occurs widely in tropical areas and is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Prevention and control requires integrated vector management including larval source reduction through environmental modification, chemical and biological control of immature mosquitoes, and personal protection measures. Disease surveillance and prompt diagnosis/treatment of cases is also important. No vaccine or antiviral currently exists for dengue, so prevention through reducing human-vector contact is key to control.
An overview of Dengue Information Management System by Punjab Informatioon Te...Ayaz Khan
A Dengue Tracking system by Punjab Information technology Board developed in 2011 during the dengue epidemic in Pakistan which claimed thousands of lives.
APHA Presentation: Using Predictive Analytics for West Nile Disease PreventionRaed Mansour
Presentation at the 2015 American Public Health Association Annual Meeting in Chicago.
Since 2004, the City of Chicago has had a comprehensive surveillance and control program to address West Nile virus (WNV). Environmental surveillance has included: the collection of mosquitoes from traps located throughout the city; the identification and sorting of mosquitoes collected from these traps; and the testing of specific species of mosquitoes for WNV. Environmental control measures have included targeted adulticiding efforts.
This project will identify factors associated with the presence of West Nile virus (WNV) in mosquitoes and determine the effectiveness of mosquito control measures. Information gained will help the City of Chicago better target its surveillance, prevention and control efforts
An open competition to determine the best model is being planned by Kaggle who will be hosting the competition in partnership with Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and CDPH. CDPH will provide data and technical support. There will be 8 years of public health data incorporated into the model that will be tested and potentially incorporated into business practice.
Full Abstract: https://apha.confex.com/apha/143am/webprogram/Paper335111.html
The Role of Information Communication Technology & Geoinformatics in Vector C...ANUMBA JOSEPH UCHE
Driving forces behind a growing interest in Integrated Vector Management include the need to overcome challenges experienced with conventional single-intervention approaches to vector control as well as recent opportunities for promoting multi-sectoral approaches to human health.
In any vector based disease, the most important process in controlling it is monitoring the vector population (Surveillance). This surveillance is important to prioritize the area for treatment and vector control measures.
By providing the tools (ICT & Geoinformatics) to better understand surveillance results, Integrated Vector Management Officers across Nigeria can optimize their own surveillance programs.
Extension personnel can use the system for educating the public and potentially save human lives.
Hence, the integration of ICT & Geoinformatics in vector surveillance ought to be a fundamental skill for modern Integrated Vector Management officers across the Globe
This document outlines the key activities and strategies for combating dengue during the transmission season and Anti-Dengue Month in July. It discusses improving surveillance of dengue cases and vector mosquitoes, sensitizing communities and stakeholders to prevent vector breeding, and ensuring all response activities are geared up. This includes case detection and management, entomological monitoring, social mobilization, and coordination between public and private sectors. It also provides guidance on developing action plans at the national, state and district levels to conduct activities like training, awareness campaigns, and vector control measures.
Integrating GIS and Remote Sensing Technology In Contact Tracing Of Ebola Vir...ANUMBA JOSEPH UCHE
Contact tracing, is an essential step in breaking the chain of disease transmission and ending an outbreak. There is need to explore digital tools and skills which will enhance the collection and management of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory information for every case. This data is crucial for developing outbreak counter measures. In the context of ebola virus disease (EVD), developing a Geographical Information System (GIS) and remote sensing platform for contacting tracing and monitoring of cases will aid field workers visualize outbreak spread between people as well as provide automated tools that speed contact tracing and spatial data analysis. With a disease as often fatal as Ebola, quickly identifying and following up with those who may have been exposed is key to saving lives and containing the outbreak .
This paper gives a preliminary non-technical insight on how GIS and remote sensing can be integrated into existing methodologies to mitigate the challenges in contact tracing and monitoring of Ebola virus diseases cases in any given geographical location. Invariably, this can also be used to design appropriate tools for monitoring outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola, Marburg, Rift Valley, Lassa, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fevers.
This document discusses vector control research needs for neglected tropical diseases. It identifies several challenges with current vector control efforts, including lack of resources, delays in implementation, and lack of routine surveillance. It also discusses knowledge gaps around dengue virus transmission and the impact of vector interventions. Key research areas are identified such as measuring entomological risk, assessing the epidemiological impact of control, and monitoring insecticide resistance. The document emphasizes the need for integrated vector management approaches and evaluating current tools and strategies to better understand their disease impact.
This document discusses dengue prevention and control. It notes that dengue occurs widely in tropical areas and is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Prevention and control requires integrated vector management including larval source reduction through environmental modification, chemical and biological control of immature mosquitoes, and personal protection measures. Disease surveillance and prompt diagnosis/treatment of cases is also important. No vaccine or antiviral currently exists for dengue, so prevention through reducing human-vector contact is key to control.
An overview of Dengue Information Management System by Punjab Informatioon Te...Ayaz Khan
A Dengue Tracking system by Punjab Information technology Board developed in 2011 during the dengue epidemic in Pakistan which claimed thousands of lives.
APHA Presentation: Using Predictive Analytics for West Nile Disease PreventionRaed Mansour
Presentation at the 2015 American Public Health Association Annual Meeting in Chicago.
Since 2004, the City of Chicago has had a comprehensive surveillance and control program to address West Nile virus (WNV). Environmental surveillance has included: the collection of mosquitoes from traps located throughout the city; the identification and sorting of mosquitoes collected from these traps; and the testing of specific species of mosquitoes for WNV. Environmental control measures have included targeted adulticiding efforts.
This project will identify factors associated with the presence of West Nile virus (WNV) in mosquitoes and determine the effectiveness of mosquito control measures. Information gained will help the City of Chicago better target its surveillance, prevention and control efforts
An open competition to determine the best model is being planned by Kaggle who will be hosting the competition in partnership with Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and CDPH. CDPH will provide data and technical support. There will be 8 years of public health data incorporated into the model that will be tested and potentially incorporated into business practice.
Full Abstract: https://apha.confex.com/apha/143am/webprogram/Paper335111.html
The Role of Information Communication Technology & Geoinformatics in Vector C...ANUMBA JOSEPH UCHE
Driving forces behind a growing interest in Integrated Vector Management include the need to overcome challenges experienced with conventional single-intervention approaches to vector control as well as recent opportunities for promoting multi-sectoral approaches to human health.
In any vector based disease, the most important process in controlling it is monitoring the vector population (Surveillance). This surveillance is important to prioritize the area for treatment and vector control measures.
By providing the tools (ICT & Geoinformatics) to better understand surveillance results, Integrated Vector Management Officers across Nigeria can optimize their own surveillance programs.
Extension personnel can use the system for educating the public and potentially save human lives.
Hence, the integration of ICT & Geoinformatics in vector surveillance ought to be a fundamental skill for modern Integrated Vector Management officers across the Globe
This document outlines the key activities and strategies for combating dengue during the transmission season and Anti-Dengue Month in July. It discusses improving surveillance of dengue cases and vector mosquitoes, sensitizing communities and stakeholders to prevent vector breeding, and ensuring all response activities are geared up. This includes case detection and management, entomological monitoring, social mobilization, and coordination between public and private sectors. It also provides guidance on developing action plans at the national, state and district levels to conduct activities like training, awareness campaigns, and vector control measures.
Integrating GIS and Remote Sensing Technology In Contact Tracing Of Ebola Vir...ANUMBA JOSEPH UCHE
Contact tracing, is an essential step in breaking the chain of disease transmission and ending an outbreak. There is need to explore digital tools and skills which will enhance the collection and management of epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory information for every case. This data is crucial for developing outbreak counter measures. In the context of ebola virus disease (EVD), developing a Geographical Information System (GIS) and remote sensing platform for contacting tracing and monitoring of cases will aid field workers visualize outbreak spread between people as well as provide automated tools that speed contact tracing and spatial data analysis. With a disease as often fatal as Ebola, quickly identifying and following up with those who may have been exposed is key to saving lives and containing the outbreak .
This paper gives a preliminary non-technical insight on how GIS and remote sensing can be integrated into existing methodologies to mitigate the challenges in contact tracing and monitoring of Ebola virus diseases cases in any given geographical location. Invariably, this can also be used to design appropriate tools for monitoring outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola, Marburg, Rift Valley, Lassa, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fevers.
Real-time Surveillance and Response for Malaria EliminationRTI International
Coconut Surveillance is a proven, ground-breaking mobile application designed by malaria epidemiologists and program managers. In Zanzibar it is helping to prevent the resurgence of the disease. Can it be useful in other malaria elimination contexts?
IRIDA: A Federated Bioinformatics Platform Enabling Richer Genomic Epidemiolo...William Hsiao
Introducing BCCDC and Public Health Microbiology (PHM)
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Sequence Technology Advancement -> revolution of PHM
Genomic Epidemiology
Amount of Sequence Data Produced
Need to Process the data – Introduction to IRIDA
Need of Metadata and Ontology
Software to improve data sharing
How research microbiology and PHM can joint effort
Computer models and software are used to forecast pest attacks and identify pests based on weather data, pest population data, and crop information. Weather-based models use degree-days and temperature thresholds to predict pest development. Simulation models use mathematical descriptions of pest biology. Remote sensing, GPS, and GIS integrate spatial data to map pest distributions. Examples provided include models for locusts, corn borers, rice pests, and apple/potato pest software. Accurate forecasts allow timely pest management decisions like spraying or varietal selection.
Surveillance involves the continuous monitoring of disease trends in a population to achieve several main objectives: (1) provide information on changing health status, (2) provide feedback to modify health policies and systems, and (3) provide timely warnings of public health issues. There are two main types of surveillance - active surveillance involves regular outreach to collect data, while passive surveillance uses data generated without contact by the monitoring agency, such as reports of certain diseases. Communicable disease surveillance monitors the frequency, distribution, and risk factors of infectious diseases that can spread between humans or from animals/environments to humans. The goals are to estimate disease burden, detect outbreaks, evaluate control programs, and facilitate planning.
El 12 de mayo de 2017 celebramos en la Fundación Ramó Areces una jornada con IS Global y Unitaid sobre enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, como la malaria, entre otras.
IT plays an important role in environment and human health by enabling large databases to store and analyze critical information, remote sensing to monitor the earth's changes over time, and GIS to study spatial relationships. IT also improves health care through biometric identification, telemedicine to provide remote care, and eHealth applications to disseminate health information and provide online services. Overall, IT has tremendous potential to analyze data, monitor changes, and improve our understanding of the environment and ways to protect human well-being.
Dengue control programme kma 7 oct. copydrjagannath
This document discusses Dengue control programmes in India. It begins with an overview of Dengue as the most common arthropod-borne viral disease affecting urban and peri-urban areas. It then provides details on Dengue virus and clinical syndromes. The majority of the document outlines India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme strategies, which include early case detection and treatment, integrated vector management through environmental modification and chemical/biological control, and behavior change communication. Statistics on reported Dengue cases in Maharashtra from 2018 are also presented.
Infectious Diseases Surveillance: Lessons Learned, Lessons to Learn .
PROF BECKIE NNENNA TAGBO (JP) MBBS, FCAI, FWACP (Paed), PhD, Vaccinology (Univ. Ghana & Cape Town), Advanced Vaccinology (Univ. Geneva), Epid Glob Health (Univ. Washington), Leadership & Mgt in Health (Univ. Washington), Glob Health Res (Univ. Washington)
✓ Director, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria.
✓ Professor of Paediatrics & Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria
✓ Chief Consultant Paediatrician, Department of Paediatrics/ Institute of Child Health, University of Nigeria teaching Hospital
• Chair of the WHO African Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (AACVS).
• Member, WHO (Global headquarters) Geneva, Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) sub-committee on nOPV2 (novel oral polio vaccine type 2) Safety.
• Pioneered WHO AFRO / FED GOVT Rotavirus surveillance/ research for the first time in Nigeria in 2010 and thus headed the team that placed Nigeria on the World Health Organization Global map of rotavirus reporting countries of the world to WHO Global Headquarters at Geneva in 2010.
• Led the team that trained/established/mentored WHO AFRO Fed Govt/WHO AFRO rotavirus surveillance/research sites at UNTH Enugu(2010), UITH Ilorin(2013), ATBUTH Bauchi, ABUTH Zaria(both in Sept 2017).
• She has been involved in other new vaccines surveillance activities and has generated tremendous molecular/epidemiological data that has informed policy actions nationally and internationally.
• Site Coordinator for WHO AFRO intussusception and Paediatric Bacterial meningitis Sentinel Surveillance in Nigeria
• Principal investigator for several studies in infectious diseases
• Member, African Centre for Disease Control (CDC) Expert Committee for the development of the Pan-African Antimicrobial Standard Treatment Guidelines for Common Infections and Syndromes in Paediatric Patients.
• Fellow & Life member, West African College of Physicians (FWACP), in the Faculty of Paediatrics.
• Head, Paediatric Association of Nigeria Advisory Committee on Immunization from 2010 - 2022
• Member of many National working groups
• Member; National Ministerial Blueprint Committee on Routine Immunization.(As Immunization Field Expert)
• Member of 5 Working Groups of the GAIA/Brighton Collaboration
• Has vast experience in surveillance, research, policy meetings/consultation/special assignments, public health, vaccine clinical trial, immunization programme implementation /immunization training Consultant/Field Expert, advocacy, advisory committees,
• She is the Chief Editor of the 16-author Paediatric textbook titled “A Quick Glance at Paediatrics”
• Published many papers in both local and international high impact factor medical journals
• Journal Peer Reviewer for many journals
• Editorial Board Member for many journals
Awards
•Physician of the Year Award 2022 (Public sector)
Dengue is a major public health concern spread by Aedes mosquitoes. It can be self-limiting but dangerous in severe forms. Control activities include surveillance of cases and mosquito larvae, case management through diagnosis and treatment, vector control through environmental management and chemicals, outbreak response, capacity building, and community education. Key prevention methods are source reduction of mosquito breeding sites, larviciding, fogging, and personal protection measures. An integrated approach addresses all aspects of prevention, including inter-sectoral coordination and community participation.
Vector surveillance involves the ongoing collection, analysis, and dissemination of mosquito data to inform appropriate public health actions. The key objectives are to monitor mosquito populations and breeding sites to determine infection risk levels and recommend prevention/control measures. Common surveillance methods include adult mosquito collection, pupal surveys, larval surveys, and ovitrapping. Larval surveys inspect water containers to calculate larval indices like House Index, Container Index, and Breteau Index. Analysis of findings considers vector characteristics, community factors, and prioritizes areas for intervention and monitoring based on mosquito density levels. The information benefits various stakeholders for public health decision-making and research.
It is a presentation about detecting fungal infections in humans. It done using image processing. The procedure is highlighted with respect to all the previous papers out there.
This document summarizes a metagenomics and zoonotic pathogen discovery platform. It developed highly multiplexed sequencing techniques that reduced costs. Using samples from wildlife, livestock, humans and vectors, it identified several viruses in East Africa, including Rift Valley Fever virus, and developed diagnostic tools. Over 250 pathogen sequences were submitted to gene banks. The platform aims to enhance disease surveillance and control in Africa through early detection, which can reduce animal losses and improve food security, health and incomes. Future work includes expanded surveillance, utilizing developed diagnostic tools, and new collaborations.
This document discusses dengue fever, which is spread by Aedes mosquitoes. It affects over 2.5 billion people globally and transmission is increasing due to factors like urbanization and travel. Effective surveillance and control requires laboratory diagnosis, information sharing, capacity building, vector surveillance, case management according to standard guidelines, and community engagement through activities like dengue awareness days. Control methods include source reduction, biological and chemical larviciding, and personal protection measures. Improving dengue prevention and control in Punjab, Pakistan requires strengthening the surveillance system, revising case definitions, improving outpatient care, expanding training, building inter-sectoral collaboration, and developing laws to address risk factors.
The document outlines India's long term and mid term plans for the prevention and control of dengue. The long term plan from 2007-2010 focused on early case reporting and management, integrated vector management, and supporting interventions like capacity building and behavior change communication. The mid term plan from 2011-2013 revisited these strategies and emphasized disease and vector surveillance, case management, laboratory diagnosis, and vector control. It also discussed dengue vaccination research and challenges, and reasons for the reemergence of dengue like urbanization, inadequate environmental management, and climate change.
This document provides an introduction and overview of artificial intelligence applications in plant disease detection. It discusses how machine learning and deep learning are being used to identify plant diseases through image recognition. Examples of algorithms commonly used include convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and support vector machines. The scope of AI in agriculture is also summarized, including how IoT sensor data, drone images, and automation can be used for tasks like crop monitoring, irrigation, and recommending optimal agricultural practices. Machine learning is also being applied to disease predictions and molecular-level interactions between plants and pathogens.
This document discusses key concepts of infection control, including definitions of infection and colonization. It notes that healthcare-associated infections are a major problem, with higher rates in developing countries. Factors influencing infection risk include microbial agents, patient susceptibility, and environmental factors. The document outlines standard and transmission-based precautions to prevent infection spread. It emphasizes hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and cleaning and disinfection as core infection control measures.
Role of IT in environment & Human HealthTanvi Potluri
IT plays an important role in environment and human health by enabling the collection, storage, analysis and sharing of large amounts of data. It allows for monitoring of environmental changes via satellite data and facilitates databases of factors like pollution, biodiversity and climate. In healthcare, IT supports databases of medical records, genetic information and disease statistics, aids in global disease mapping, and enables telemedicine and remote patient monitoring. Biometrics, bioinformatics and biological equipment also increasingly incorporate IT and algorithms.
About this webinar: This talk will introduce what cancer rehabilitation is, where it fits into the cancer trajectory, and who can benefit from it. In addition, the current landscape of cancer rehabilitation in Canada will be discussed and the need for advocacy to increase access to this essential component of cancer care.
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Real-time Surveillance and Response for Malaria EliminationRTI International
Coconut Surveillance is a proven, ground-breaking mobile application designed by malaria epidemiologists and program managers. In Zanzibar it is helping to prevent the resurgence of the disease. Can it be useful in other malaria elimination contexts?
IRIDA: A Federated Bioinformatics Platform Enabling Richer Genomic Epidemiolo...William Hsiao
Introducing BCCDC and Public Health Microbiology (PHM)
Current State of PHM
Sequence Technology Advancement -> revolution of PHM
Genomic Epidemiology
Amount of Sequence Data Produced
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Need of Metadata and Ontology
Software to improve data sharing
How research microbiology and PHM can joint effort
Computer models and software are used to forecast pest attacks and identify pests based on weather data, pest population data, and crop information. Weather-based models use degree-days and temperature thresholds to predict pest development. Simulation models use mathematical descriptions of pest biology. Remote sensing, GPS, and GIS integrate spatial data to map pest distributions. Examples provided include models for locusts, corn borers, rice pests, and apple/potato pest software. Accurate forecasts allow timely pest management decisions like spraying or varietal selection.
Surveillance involves the continuous monitoring of disease trends in a population to achieve several main objectives: (1) provide information on changing health status, (2) provide feedback to modify health policies and systems, and (3) provide timely warnings of public health issues. There are two main types of surveillance - active surveillance involves regular outreach to collect data, while passive surveillance uses data generated without contact by the monitoring agency, such as reports of certain diseases. Communicable disease surveillance monitors the frequency, distribution, and risk factors of infectious diseases that can spread between humans or from animals/environments to humans. The goals are to estimate disease burden, detect outbreaks, evaluate control programs, and facilitate planning.
El 12 de mayo de 2017 celebramos en la Fundación Ramó Areces una jornada con IS Global y Unitaid sobre enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, como la malaria, entre otras.
IT plays an important role in environment and human health by enabling large databases to store and analyze critical information, remote sensing to monitor the earth's changes over time, and GIS to study spatial relationships. IT also improves health care through biometric identification, telemedicine to provide remote care, and eHealth applications to disseminate health information and provide online services. Overall, IT has tremendous potential to analyze data, monitor changes, and improve our understanding of the environment and ways to protect human well-being.
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This document discusses Dengue control programmes in India. It begins with an overview of Dengue as the most common arthropod-borne viral disease affecting urban and peri-urban areas. It then provides details on Dengue virus and clinical syndromes. The majority of the document outlines India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme strategies, which include early case detection and treatment, integrated vector management through environmental modification and chemical/biological control, and behavior change communication. Statistics on reported Dengue cases in Maharashtra from 2018 are also presented.
Infectious Diseases Surveillance: Lessons Learned, Lessons to Learn .
PROF BECKIE NNENNA TAGBO (JP) MBBS, FCAI, FWACP (Paed), PhD, Vaccinology (Univ. Ghana & Cape Town), Advanced Vaccinology (Univ. Geneva), Epid Glob Health (Univ. Washington), Leadership & Mgt in Health (Univ. Washington), Glob Health Res (Univ. Washington)
✓ Director, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria.
✓ Professor of Paediatrics & Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria
✓ Chief Consultant Paediatrician, Department of Paediatrics/ Institute of Child Health, University of Nigeria teaching Hospital
• Chair of the WHO African Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (AACVS).
• Member, WHO (Global headquarters) Geneva, Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) sub-committee on nOPV2 (novel oral polio vaccine type 2) Safety.
• Pioneered WHO AFRO / FED GOVT Rotavirus surveillance/ research for the first time in Nigeria in 2010 and thus headed the team that placed Nigeria on the World Health Organization Global map of rotavirus reporting countries of the world to WHO Global Headquarters at Geneva in 2010.
• Led the team that trained/established/mentored WHO AFRO Fed Govt/WHO AFRO rotavirus surveillance/research sites at UNTH Enugu(2010), UITH Ilorin(2013), ATBUTH Bauchi, ABUTH Zaria(both in Sept 2017).
• She has been involved in other new vaccines surveillance activities and has generated tremendous molecular/epidemiological data that has informed policy actions nationally and internationally.
• Site Coordinator for WHO AFRO intussusception and Paediatric Bacterial meningitis Sentinel Surveillance in Nigeria
• Principal investigator for several studies in infectious diseases
• Member, African Centre for Disease Control (CDC) Expert Committee for the development of the Pan-African Antimicrobial Standard Treatment Guidelines for Common Infections and Syndromes in Paediatric Patients.
• Fellow & Life member, West African College of Physicians (FWACP), in the Faculty of Paediatrics.
• Head, Paediatric Association of Nigeria Advisory Committee on Immunization from 2010 - 2022
• Member of many National working groups
• Member; National Ministerial Blueprint Committee on Routine Immunization.(As Immunization Field Expert)
• Member of 5 Working Groups of the GAIA/Brighton Collaboration
• Has vast experience in surveillance, research, policy meetings/consultation/special assignments, public health, vaccine clinical trial, immunization programme implementation /immunization training Consultant/Field Expert, advocacy, advisory committees,
• She is the Chief Editor of the 16-author Paediatric textbook titled “A Quick Glance at Paediatrics”
• Published many papers in both local and international high impact factor medical journals
• Journal Peer Reviewer for many journals
• Editorial Board Member for many journals
Awards
•Physician of the Year Award 2022 (Public sector)
Dengue is a major public health concern spread by Aedes mosquitoes. It can be self-limiting but dangerous in severe forms. Control activities include surveillance of cases and mosquito larvae, case management through diagnosis and treatment, vector control through environmental management and chemicals, outbreak response, capacity building, and community education. Key prevention methods are source reduction of mosquito breeding sites, larviciding, fogging, and personal protection measures. An integrated approach addresses all aspects of prevention, including inter-sectoral coordination and community participation.
Vector surveillance involves the ongoing collection, analysis, and dissemination of mosquito data to inform appropriate public health actions. The key objectives are to monitor mosquito populations and breeding sites to determine infection risk levels and recommend prevention/control measures. Common surveillance methods include adult mosquito collection, pupal surveys, larval surveys, and ovitrapping. Larval surveys inspect water containers to calculate larval indices like House Index, Container Index, and Breteau Index. Analysis of findings considers vector characteristics, community factors, and prioritizes areas for intervention and monitoring based on mosquito density levels. The information benefits various stakeholders for public health decision-making and research.
It is a presentation about detecting fungal infections in humans. It done using image processing. The procedure is highlighted with respect to all the previous papers out there.
This document summarizes a metagenomics and zoonotic pathogen discovery platform. It developed highly multiplexed sequencing techniques that reduced costs. Using samples from wildlife, livestock, humans and vectors, it identified several viruses in East Africa, including Rift Valley Fever virus, and developed diagnostic tools. Over 250 pathogen sequences were submitted to gene banks. The platform aims to enhance disease surveillance and control in Africa through early detection, which can reduce animal losses and improve food security, health and incomes. Future work includes expanded surveillance, utilizing developed diagnostic tools, and new collaborations.
This document discusses dengue fever, which is spread by Aedes mosquitoes. It affects over 2.5 billion people globally and transmission is increasing due to factors like urbanization and travel. Effective surveillance and control requires laboratory diagnosis, information sharing, capacity building, vector surveillance, case management according to standard guidelines, and community engagement through activities like dengue awareness days. Control methods include source reduction, biological and chemical larviciding, and personal protection measures. Improving dengue prevention and control in Punjab, Pakistan requires strengthening the surveillance system, revising case definitions, improving outpatient care, expanding training, building inter-sectoral collaboration, and developing laws to address risk factors.
The document outlines India's long term and mid term plans for the prevention and control of dengue. The long term plan from 2007-2010 focused on early case reporting and management, integrated vector management, and supporting interventions like capacity building and behavior change communication. The mid term plan from 2011-2013 revisited these strategies and emphasized disease and vector surveillance, case management, laboratory diagnosis, and vector control. It also discussed dengue vaccination research and challenges, and reasons for the reemergence of dengue like urbanization, inadequate environmental management, and climate change.
This document provides an introduction and overview of artificial intelligence applications in plant disease detection. It discusses how machine learning and deep learning are being used to identify plant diseases through image recognition. Examples of algorithms commonly used include convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and support vector machines. The scope of AI in agriculture is also summarized, including how IoT sensor data, drone images, and automation can be used for tasks like crop monitoring, irrigation, and recommending optimal agricultural practices. Machine learning is also being applied to disease predictions and molecular-level interactions between plants and pathogens.
This document discusses key concepts of infection control, including definitions of infection and colonization. It notes that healthcare-associated infections are a major problem, with higher rates in developing countries. Factors influencing infection risk include microbial agents, patient susceptibility, and environmental factors. The document outlines standard and transmission-based precautions to prevent infection spread. It emphasizes hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and cleaning and disinfection as core infection control measures.
Role of IT in environment & Human HealthTanvi Potluri
IT plays an important role in environment and human health by enabling the collection, storage, analysis and sharing of large amounts of data. It allows for monitoring of environmental changes via satellite data and facilitates databases of factors like pollution, biodiversity and climate. In healthcare, IT supports databases of medical records, genetic information and disease statistics, aids in global disease mapping, and enables telemedicine and remote patient monitoring. Biometrics, bioinformatics and biological equipment also increasingly incorporate IT and algorithms.
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1. Muhammad Asif Mahmood
Sr. Entomologist,
Institute of Public Health
Lahore
Dengue Vector Surveillance & Control
In Context of Punjab Province
2. Activities Comparison between 2019 and 2020
KEY FACTS
• Vector Born Viral Disease: 4 serotypes of Dengue virus
• Aedes aegypti & Ae. albopictus are known vectors
• 2.5 Billion people (about half of worlds population) is at risk of
dengue
• 1.8 Billion Resides in Asian pacific region
• Outbreaks usually occur every 3-5 years
• Pregnant woman, children and elderly people are at high risk of
complicated Dengue (DHF/DSS)
• No specific treatment for dengue, but early detection and
access to proper medical care lowers fatality rates below 1%.
• Dengue prevention and control HIGHLY depends on effective
vector management.
4. District Wise Comparison of Dengue Cases 1st Jan to 29th Dec, 2021
Activities Comparison between 2019 and 2020
5. Institutional Arrangements : Monitoring & Decision Making
Committee Chaired By
Central Emergency Response Committee (CERC) CM
Cabinet Committee on Dengue (CCD) by Minister P&SHCD
Provincial Implementation Committee (PIC) Chief Secretary
Technical Advisory Committee (TAC)
Chair: Secretary SHCMED
Co-Chair: Secretary P&SHD
Dengue Experts Advisory Group (DEAG) Chairman DEAG
District Emergency Response Committee (DERC) DCO
Town/ Tehsil Emergency
Response Committee (TERC)
Assistant Commissioner
6. CD & EPC Program Activities 2021-22
Name of the Activity 2021 2022
Vector
Surveillance
No. Of Positive Containers Detected from houses 204,697 172
No. Of Positive Containers Detected from outdoor spots 14,350 44
Awareness
No. of community Awareness Session 194,221 1780
No. of Print Media ( Newspaper) advertisement 4,890 241
Monitoring
Central Emergency Response Committee Meetings 2 0
Cabinet Committee Meetings 17 1
District Emergency Response Committee Meetings 2,454 186
Tehsil/ Town Emergency Response Committee Meetings 8,781 654
8. Vector Surveillance: District to Union Council
• CEO Health
• DOH (PS)
• DPC
• Entomologist
• CDCO
DCO • DDOH
• Entomol
ogist
• Inspector
ENV
• CDCS
• Surveillance
Teams
District Level Tehsil/ Town Level
9. Vector Surveillance
• Vector surveillance is systematic monitoring of the seasonality
and abundance of vector populations for application of vector
control measures
It also provides information about
• species composition
• vector behavior
• Vectorial capacity and competence
• susceptibility to insecticides.
10. Functions of Vector Surveillance
Direct links b/w vector surveillance and vector control is of
utmost important, otherwise, it loses its function
• Identification of hotspots, Stratification of the area and
application of appropriated vector control intervention
• Monitoring of efficacy of vector control interventions
11. Indoor Vector Surveillance
• The routine vector (larval) surveillance and control activity
continued round the year.
• Indoor Teams ensure proper surveillance of the houses
including the roof top and other breading spots for the
presence of larva or adult dengue mosquito along with
complete preventive activity (mechanical, chemical or
biological control and health education).
• Every activity is entered on specified forms and also
uploaded directly through mobile application.
12. Outdoor Vector Surveillance
• All premises/areas except family residences such as offices, schools, hotels, factories
and under construction buildings, marriage Halls, hospitals, religious places etc are
classified as outdoor hotspots.
Inter Sectoral Collaboration
• Every department need to notify its dengue focal person
• Every department is responsible for house keeping activities to avoid mosquito
breeding in their premises.
• All outdoor Hot-spots be registered on PITB Dashboard
• Outdoor surveillance teams of DDHO Office will also cross checking outdoor
surveillance activities on regular basis.
13.
14.
15. Surveillance at Immature stages (Larvae & Pupae)
• Dipping
• Pipetting
• Netting
• Whirl Pool etc.
• Ovitrap surveillance.
The selection of appropriate methods depends on
surveillance objectives, levels of infestation, and
availability of resources.
16. Larval surveys (LS)
• LS are more practical in case of Aedes.
• Sampling unit is the house or premise, which is
systematically searched for water-storage containers.
• Containers are examined for the presence of larvae or
pupae.
• The collection of specimens for laboratory examination
is necessary to confirm the species present.
17. Stratification / color coding
For the purpose of effective vector surveillance and control, all areas/UCs
are divided into three color coded clusters.
• Red: The areas in radius of 200 meters around confirm case will be
labeled as Red and house to house surveillance will be conducted
within 7 days.
• Yellow: The area positive for Dengue larva but no confirmed case will
be labeled as Yellow and surveillance will be conducted within 15 days.
• Green: The area with no Dengue larva or confirmed case will be
labeled as Green and surveillance will be conducted in 30 days.
• If no vector found in two consecutive rounds, the red area will be
converted into Yellow and yellow to green.
18. Daily Team Meeting
• UC Incharge ensure daily meeting at the end of day’s work to
• analyze the data of every cluster calculating BI/HI/CI locally to generate local
response and thus maintain record of every such activity in a file maintained for
every team.
• For any unusual matter, inform DDHO for support.
• Record of insecticide consumption will be maintained at the CEO(DHA)/ DDHO / UC
Supervisor
• Reports of chemicals used will be uploaded on the Dashboard on daily basis
23. Spray sheet collection
Equipments :White cotton sheets (sizes 2m x 1m, 2m x 2m and 2m x
3m); hand sprayers; pyrethrin solution; kerosene; small Petri dishes;
paper cups; hand lens; forceps; a container (or preferably a picnic box)
for transporting mosquitoes; cotton wool; filter paper; a torch.
M.Asif Entomologist
24. Alert Generation
• The data uploaded on the PITB Dashboard is used to calculate
various indices like
• Breateau, House & Container Index for alert generation and
preventive action.
• Alerts regarding vector indices are generated by the “Alert
Generation Team” notified by TWG.
• Breateau Index value of 3 or above is considered BI alert
25. Smart Trap for Mosquito Surveillance
Smart Trap:
A rough definition could be a trap containing some sort of
electronic device with magical software that collects and
evaluates data and then transfers this data to a place where it
can be easily accessed with another “smart” device.
U N-U
26. BG COUNTER
BG Counter: fixed on top of BG-Sentinel Trap
• An electronic device with software
• Differentiate mosquitoes from other insects
• Counts mosquitoes
• Transmits the results wirelessly to a cloud server
• Data received can be used to develop
• Mosquito activity pattern
• Adult density indices
• Population dynamics
• Prediction models
• Historical analyses of infested areas
• Biogents AG, Germany U N-U
27. John Hopkins University’s company VecTech
Smart System developed by
John Hopkins University spinoff company VecTech
• High resolution camera – installed within specific type of trap
• Mosquitoes caught by sticky paper
• Camera lens photographs trap’s mosquitoes
• Images are transmitted to remotely located lab
• These images are analyzed by staff members
• Images are so detailed that easily can identify Aedes aegypti
• Trap could be used for 4 weeks before its papers filled by mosquito catch
U N-U
28. Microsoft’s Jackson Trap
Smart System developed by
• Microsoft's broader Project Premonition
• Aim -- learning how to spot early signs of outbreaks.
• Named as Jackson’s Trap after Ethan Jackson, lead Entomologist
at Microsoft
• The trap consists of 64 "smart cells," compartments outfitted with an
infrared light beam
• When an insect crosses the beam, its shadow changes the light intensity
in a way that forms almost a fingerprint for that species
• Trap is programmed for the desired species—e.g. Aedes aegypti
• When one flies into a cell, its door snaps closed
• In pilot testing -- more than 90 % accuracy
• On each mosquito’s captured, sensors record the time, temperature,
humidity and other factors
• Show what environmental conditions have different species buzzing
• The information is to be used to schedule pesticide spraying
U N-U
29. Benefits of using Smart Gadgets
• More efficient
• No need of man power – less risk to get diseases
• Mosquito maps are prepared by location, gender and species
• Early identification of mosquito species
• No chance of human error
• More accurate data received
• Quick decision to take action like spraying
• Data can be recorded at lab / office
U N-U
31. Activities Comparison between 2019 and 2020
Integrated Vector Management (IVM)
• IVM is defined as a 'rational decision-making process for the optimal use
of resources for vector control’.
• IVM recommends application of evidence based vector control
interventions in best possible combination to improve
• Efficacy
• cost effectiveness
• ecological soundness
• sustainability.
33. Vector Control Methods
• Environment Management
• Source Reduction
• Personal Protection: Repellants/Screening/LLINs/Cloths
• Biological Control : Use of larvi-vorous fish, Bti, release of Wobachia
infected males, GM
• Chemical Control
• Use of chemical pesticides for vector control
34. Environmental Manipulation
• Draining water supply installations
• Covering domestic water-storage containers
• Cleaning flowerpots/vases
• Managing discarded receptacles
• Managing glass bottles and cans : Reuse, recycle or bury in landfills.
• Tire management
• Filling up of cavities / tree holes or bamboo holes
• Regular Street cleaning
35. Personal protection
• Protective clothing
Sufficiently thick or loosely fitting cloths. long sleeves and trousers
• Mats, coils and aerosols
Mosquito coils and aerosols. Electric vaporizer mats and liquid
vaporizers are more effective.
• Repellents
Natural: Citronella oil, lemon grass oil, rose bary and neem oil etc.
Chemical: DEET (N, N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide), Picardin
36. Insecticide Treated Nets and other Materials
• Mosquito nets Protects infants and
night workers who sleep during day
• LLIN- three years of recommended
efficacy under field conditions
• Insecticide treated nets and curtains
reduce mosquito longevity on contact.
37. Biological Control
In 2019 researchers reported having nearly eradicated A.
albopictus on two islands in Guangzhou, China. Populations of the
species dropped by 94 percent between 2016 and 2019 following
the introduction into the wild of female mosquitoes that had been
sterilized by radiation in a laboratory and males that had been
infected with a strain of the bacterium Wolbachia pipientis, which
impeded the males’ ability to reproduce and
38. Chemical Control
Application of insecticides for
vector control
• Chemical Larviciding
• Residual Spray (IRS/PRS)
• Space Spray
39. Safe use of Chemical Insecticides
• Pesticides are toxic to both pests and humans.
However, they need not be hazardous to humans and
non-target animal species if suitable precautions
are taken.
• Causes of adverse effects of insecticides
• Ingestion: intentionally or accidentally
• Direct Contact with the skin for a long time
• Inhaled during spraying or mixing
• Special precautions must be taken during transport,
storage and handling.
• Regular cleaning and repair of spray equipment
• proper training of spray-men.
40. Larvicides used in Punjab, Pakistan
• Temephos 1 % Granules
• 1 g / 10 L of water container
• 1-2 g/ 0.1m3
• Temephos 50% EC :
• Mix 16ml in 10 L water (in spray pump)
• Uniformly spray 400 m2 area
• 2ml/ 1000L container
41. Indoor Residual Spray
• Application of
– residual insecticides at the interior surfaces (walls, ceiling and other structures)
– Where vector mosquitoes known to rest
– IRS interrupts the cycle before the female mosquito can further transmit the
infection by killing or reducing the longevity of the vectors.
42. Insecticides in Use & Dose
Alphacypermethrin 10% SC
A. Indoor Residual Spray (IRS)
• Properly Mix 75 ml chemical /10L water in spray
tank
• Spray 3-4 rooms (250m2 Area)
B. Peri-focal Residual Spray (PRS)
• Internal & External walls of all containers (dry /
wet)
• All walls/ objects within 60 cm of container
43. Space/Fogging Spray
• Recommended During Emergencies only
• Indoor space spray
• by hand carry machine
• Outdoor space spray
• by vehicle mounted machine
45. Wind Speed
• 3.5–15 km/hour
• Wind speed can be measured using a
handheld anemometer.
• Apply early morning or afternoon
46. Monitoring insecticide resistance
• All disease vector control programs highly
depends upon use insecticides
• Regular monitoring of insecticide
susceptibility/ resistance is vital to make
decisions about selection of an insecticide
for vector control and/or shift to
alternatives
• District Administration should establish
entomological labs and facilitate
entomologists to carry out bio-assay tests
on regular basis.
48. Activities Comparison between 2019 and 2020
Identification of Dengue Vectors
• Aedes: > 950 species (order Diptera)
• A. aegypti Primary vector
• A. albopictus Secondary vector
• Narrow black bodied insects
• Light and dark scales on the abdomen and thorax
• Alternating light and dark bands on the legs.
• Single white median scale on the scutum (Ae.albopictus)
• Two central lines of white scale and lyre shaped pattern
of scales on sides
49. Difference between Eggs
Aedes – Ovi-position
• Eggs are cigar/ rice grain shaped
• Eggs are laid Singly in a pile, on moist substrates
above water surface
• 30–150 eggs / batch
• Hatching in 1-2days when dipped in water
• All eggs do not hatch at a time
• Need drying and wetting
• Resistant to dryness 6-12 months
50. Difference between Larvae
Aedes Larvae
• Siphon tube short, thick and dark colored.
• One tuft of hairs at siphon tube
Culex
• Siphon tube long, thin and light colored
• More than One tuft of hairs at siphon tube
Anopheles
• Parallel to water surface
• Siphon tube absent
• Make angle with
water surface
51. Difference between Pupae
Pupae does not feed
• Breathing trumpet present on head
• Adult structures are formed in the pupal case
Aedes & Culex
• Breathing trumpet long with narrow opening
Anopheles
• Breathing trumpet short with wide opening
53. Activities Comparison between 2019 and 2020
Vector Biology and Bionomics
• Food: Plant juices & flower nectars. (Females need blood meal for development of eggs). Males do
not bite. Larvae feed on micro-organisms.
• Breeding sites: Preferably container breeder, inside or around the premises (houses, offices etc)
• Biting habits : Diurnal, Anthropophagic. Equally endo-phagic & Exo-phagic
• Bites multiple people during each feeding period.
• Resting Behaviour: after blood meal: indoor under furniture, curtains, cabinets etc
after emergence on the container walls and nearby surfaces.
• Flight range : short 50-100 meters
• Longevity : female mosquito is 2 to 3 weeks. The male lives 1 to 7 days.
• Optimum Temperature: 27+2oc , Humidity: 70 + 5
• Max die below 10 degrees and above 44 degrees Celsius.