Difference on public health administration and public health managementNeelam suwal
Public health management focuses on optimal allocation of health resources and services to improve population health outcomes. It manages health programs and patient care using health outcomes measures. Public health administration concentrates on human resources, finances, communications, and policy implementation. It formulates policy and objectives and carries out legislative functions, making decisions influenced by internal factors. Public health management applies to for-profit health organizations, while public health administration governs service-related organizations like government health agencies. Management requires technical skills, overseeing overall facility operations. Administration demands administrative qualities, managing staff and human resources within departments. Management is performed by middle and lower levels, while administration is done at the top organizational level.
This document provides an overview of public health surveillance. It defines surveillance as the ongoing collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to inform public health programs and actions. The document outlines the historical origins of surveillance dating back to ancient Greece. It describes various types of surveillance including community-level surveillance, routine reporting systems, active and passive surveillance, sentinel surveillance, and surveys. It also discusses the integrated disease surveillance program in India and how it aims to strengthen surveillance systems at the state and district levels.
The International Health Regulations originated in 1851 to promote international cooperation and limit interference with trade during disease outbreaks. The IHR have been revised multiple times to address new public health challenges, including the 2005 revision to strengthen surveillance and response systems for infectious diseases and public health emergencies. The IHR (2005) require countries to develop core surveillance and response capacities and obligate information sharing during public health events of international concern in order to rapidly detect and respond to global health threats.
This document discusses measures of disease occurrence, specifically prevalence and incidence rate. Prevalence is defined as the number of animals with the disease of interest at one point in time divided by the total population at risk. Incidence rate measures the average speed at which the disease is spreading by dividing the total new cases during a time period by the average number of animals at risk multiplied by the time period. While related, prevalence and incidence rate can differ based on the duration of the disease - a short but highly incident disease will have low prevalence, while a long but less incident disease can have high prevalence.
The document discusses the International Health Regulations (IHR), which were established in 2005 to help the international community prevent and respond to public health risks and emergencies. It outlines the IHR's purpose of preventing disease spread while avoiding unnecessary interference with trade and travel. It also describes how the IHR determine Public Health Emergencies of International Concern, the role of the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network in outbreak responses, and core capacity requirements for member states related to surveillance, notification, and response.
A nested case control study examines the relationship between risk factors and outcomes by sampling cases and controls from within a larger cohort study. For example, a study identified 150 women who developed breast cancer during follow-up of a cohort of over 57,000 females and matched them to 150 women from the cohort who did not develop cancer. Serum samples collected at the start of the cohort study were then used to compare organochloride levels between the cancer and control groups in a more efficient manner than testing all cohort members. Key advantages include efficiency, flexibility, and reduced bias, though power is decreased due to the smaller sample size.
This document summarizes a presentation on case-control studies. It defines epidemiology and different types of studies. It then discusses the key aspects of case-control studies including:
- They proceed backwards from the effect (disease) to the potential cause (exposure).
- Cases and controls are selected and their exposure status is determined. Exposure rates, relative risk, and odds ratios can then be estimated.
- Important steps include properly defining cases and controls, selecting controls, matching, measuring exposure, and analyzing for bias. Case-control studies are useful for investigating rare diseases and establishing causal relationships.
Difference on public health administration and public health managementNeelam suwal
Public health management focuses on optimal allocation of health resources and services to improve population health outcomes. It manages health programs and patient care using health outcomes measures. Public health administration concentrates on human resources, finances, communications, and policy implementation. It formulates policy and objectives and carries out legislative functions, making decisions influenced by internal factors. Public health management applies to for-profit health organizations, while public health administration governs service-related organizations like government health agencies. Management requires technical skills, overseeing overall facility operations. Administration demands administrative qualities, managing staff and human resources within departments. Management is performed by middle and lower levels, while administration is done at the top organizational level.
This document provides an overview of public health surveillance. It defines surveillance as the ongoing collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to inform public health programs and actions. The document outlines the historical origins of surveillance dating back to ancient Greece. It describes various types of surveillance including community-level surveillance, routine reporting systems, active and passive surveillance, sentinel surveillance, and surveys. It also discusses the integrated disease surveillance program in India and how it aims to strengthen surveillance systems at the state and district levels.
The International Health Regulations originated in 1851 to promote international cooperation and limit interference with trade during disease outbreaks. The IHR have been revised multiple times to address new public health challenges, including the 2005 revision to strengthen surveillance and response systems for infectious diseases and public health emergencies. The IHR (2005) require countries to develop core surveillance and response capacities and obligate information sharing during public health events of international concern in order to rapidly detect and respond to global health threats.
This document discusses measures of disease occurrence, specifically prevalence and incidence rate. Prevalence is defined as the number of animals with the disease of interest at one point in time divided by the total population at risk. Incidence rate measures the average speed at which the disease is spreading by dividing the total new cases during a time period by the average number of animals at risk multiplied by the time period. While related, prevalence and incidence rate can differ based on the duration of the disease - a short but highly incident disease will have low prevalence, while a long but less incident disease can have high prevalence.
The document discusses the International Health Regulations (IHR), which were established in 2005 to help the international community prevent and respond to public health risks and emergencies. It outlines the IHR's purpose of preventing disease spread while avoiding unnecessary interference with trade and travel. It also describes how the IHR determine Public Health Emergencies of International Concern, the role of the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network in outbreak responses, and core capacity requirements for member states related to surveillance, notification, and response.
A nested case control study examines the relationship between risk factors and outcomes by sampling cases and controls from within a larger cohort study. For example, a study identified 150 women who developed breast cancer during follow-up of a cohort of over 57,000 females and matched them to 150 women from the cohort who did not develop cancer. Serum samples collected at the start of the cohort study were then used to compare organochloride levels between the cancer and control groups in a more efficient manner than testing all cohort members. Key advantages include efficiency, flexibility, and reduced bias, though power is decreased due to the smaller sample size.
This document summarizes a presentation on case-control studies. It defines epidemiology and different types of studies. It then discusses the key aspects of case-control studies including:
- They proceed backwards from the effect (disease) to the potential cause (exposure).
- Cases and controls are selected and their exposure status is determined. Exposure rates, relative risk, and odds ratios can then be estimated.
- Important steps include properly defining cases and controls, selecting controls, matching, measuring exposure, and analyzing for bias. Case-control studies are useful for investigating rare diseases and establishing causal relationships.
This document discusses hospital outbreak investigations. It defines endemic and epidemic infections in hospitals. Common source and propagated epidemics are described. Steps in investigating outbreaks in hospitals and communities are provided, including forming an investigation team, developing a case definition, conducting epidemiological and laboratory analyses. The goals of outbreak investigations are outlined. Methods for confirming and controlling outbreaks are discussed.
Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched by Hon’ble Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare in November 2004 for a period upto March 2010. The project was restructured and extended up to March 2012. The project continues in the 12th Plan with domestic budget as Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme under NHM for all States with Budgetary allocation of 640 Cr.
A Central Surveillance Unit (CSU) at Delhi, State Surveillance Units (SSU) at all State/UT head quarters and District Surveillance Units (DSU) at all Districts in the country have been established.
Objectives:
To strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory based IT enabled disease surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends and to detect and respond to outbreaks in early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Team (RRTs)
Programme Components:
Integration and decentralization of surveillance activities through establishment of surveillance units at Centre, State and District level.
Human Resource Development – Training of State Surveillance Officers, District Surveillance Officers, Rapid Response Team and other Medical and Paramedical staff on principles of disease surveillance.
Use of Information Communication Technology for collection, collation, compilation, analysis and dissemination of data.
Strengthening of public health laboratories.
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to control health problems. The basic measurements used in epidemiology include rates, ratios, and proportions to describe the occurrence of mortality, morbidity, disability, and other disease attributes in populations. Rates express the frequency of events over time, proportions express the relationship between parts and the whole, and ratios compare two rates or quantities. These measurements are essential tools for epidemiologists to investigate disease causation, describe population health status, and evaluate interventions.
This document discusses various methods for measuring disease frequency and occurrence in populations, including rates, ratios, proportions, prevalence, and incidence. It provides examples of how to calculate rates of prevalence and incidence. Prevalence is a measure of existing cases at a point in time, while incidence describes new cases occurring over time. Both are important for epidemiological research, disease surveillance, and health planning.
This document provides an overview of epidemic investigation. It begins with definitions of key terms like epidemic, outbreak, endemic, and pandemic. It describes the objectives of epidemic investigation as defining the scope and identifying the causative agent. The steps in an investigation are outlined as verifying diagnoses, defining the population at risk, analyzing data, formulating hypotheses, and writing a report. Recent outbreaks around the world are briefly discussed.
This document provides an evaluation of a health program. It discusses the purpose and types of program evaluation, including formative vs summative and internal vs external evaluations. Key aspects of programs that can be evaluated are outlined, such as accessibility, equity, quality, effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability. A variety of tools for evaluation are mentioned, including surveys, case studies, and root cause analysis. The document also provides an example of evaluating India's National Program for the Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke.
This document discusses nested case-control studies, case-cohort studies, and case-crossover studies. It provides examples and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each study design. Nested case-control studies select controls from within a prospective cohort study. Case-cohort studies select a random subcohort of controls from the entire cohort. Case-crossover studies use individuals as their own controls by comparing exposure during case periods to control periods.
This document summarizes a study that used Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) to monitor coverage and quality of a targeted condom social marketing program in India. LQAS was used to assess geographical coverage and quality of coverage of condoms in target areas across four Indian states. Results showed a significant increase in condom availability between 2005-2008 through pharmacies and non-traditional outlets. LQAS proved to be a valuable tool for routine monitoring of geographical coverage and quality of condom delivery, allowing decision-makers to be regularly informed on progress towards targets using a small sample size and simple methods.
One-Health encompasses the interconnection between human, animal, plant, and environmental health. It recognizes that the health of each component is dependent on the others. The emergence of concepts like antimicrobial resistance and zoonotic diseases demonstrate this interdependence. Universities around the world, including over two dozen globally, offer courses in One Health at the undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral levels. These courses aim to assess public health threats by researching disease transmission among living things and their environments. The goal is to provide a foundation for understanding diseases in the context of sustainable systems and global health. Tools used include surveillance, epidemiology, and analysis of large electronic health datasets. However, One Health is still poorly implemented and understood in
This document discusses various measures used to quantify disease frequency in epidemiology. It describes measures of morbidity including incidence, prevalence, and disability rates. Incidence measures new cases over time while prevalence measures total current cases. Disability rates quantify limitations in activities. Measures of mortality are also presented, such as crude death rate, case fatality rate, and standardized mortality ratio. Standardization adjusts for differences in population characteristics to allow valid comparisons. Overall, the document provides an overview of key epidemiological metrics for quantifying disease burden and guiding public health efforts.
This document discusses case-control study design and calculating odds ratios. It provides examples of 3 case-control studies examining suspected risk factors for cervical cancer, lung cancer, and esophageal cancer. For each study, it constructs a 2x2 contingency table and calculates the odds ratio to assess the strength of association between the disease and suspected risk factor. Odds ratios greater than 1 indicate the exposure increases disease risk.
Analysis and interpretation of surveillance dataAbino David
This document discusses analyzing and interpreting surveillance data. It outlines key steps in the process including counting cases, dividing by population to calculate rates, and comparing rates over time, place, and person. Common reports generated from surveillance data are described such as timeliness, descriptive analyses, trend analyses, and comparisons between reporting units. Interpretation of results involves looking for missing or invalid data, considering disease profiles and rates, and taking action based on the information. Technical committees regularly review analyses to guide public health responses. The goal is to transform raw surveillance data into useful information that can inform program implementation and action.
This document contains a SWOT analysis for NVBDCP (National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme) in Gadchiroli, India. It identifies strengths like existing healthcare infrastructure with PHCs, SDHs, and hospitals operating 24/7 along with over 1,400 ASHA workers. Weaknesses include jungles and water bodies that breed mosquitos, inaccessibility, and poor socioeconomic conditions. Opportunities listed are support from national government and presence of ASHA workers. Threats include slow execution, lack of supervision/monitoring in rainy seasons, self-medication, and vacancies in healthcare staff. Actions proposed are strengthening facilities, improving communication, ensuring access to education/water, and
This document discusses surveillance in healthcare. It defines surveillance as the ongoing collection and analysis of health-related data for public health purposes. The document outlines different types of surveillance including passive, active, and sentinel surveillance. Passive surveillance relies on voluntary reporting while active surveillance stimulates more regular reporting. Sentinel surveillance monitors specific sites. The advantages and disadvantages of each type are provided. The document also discusses important qualities of an effective surveillance system such as simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, sensitivity, predictive value, representativeness, and timeliness.
Data
Information
Intelligence
Health information system
Sources of data
Census
Registration of vital events
Sample registration system
Notification of diseases
Hospital records
Disease registers
Record linkage
Epidemiological surveillance
Other health service records
Environmental health data
Health manpower statistics
Population surveys
Other routine statics related to health
Non – quantifiable information
Health management information system
Central Bureau of health Ingelligence
National health profile
WHO Reports
Global Health Observatory
World bank
Health stats
1) The document discusses surveillance in public health and describes its key components and purposes. Surveillance involves the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to provide information for action.
2) An effective surveillance system is simple, flexible, timely, and produces high-quality data. It addresses an important public health problem and accomplishes its objectives of understanding disease trends, detecting outbreaks, and evaluating control measures.
3) The document outlines how to establish a surveillance system, including selecting priority diseases, defining standard case definitions, and developing regular reporting and data dissemination processes. Both passive and active surveillance methods are described.
Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence and distribution in populations. It derives from Greek words meaning "upon people." Key concepts in epidemiology include disease frequency (prevalence and incidence), distribution (who, where, when disease occurs), and determinants (causes and spread). The epidemiological triad of host, agent, and environment, along with their interactions in a disease cycle, help explain how diseases manifest and spread. Understanding epidemiology allows public health efforts to better control health problems.
This exhaustive and vibrant PowerPoint has around 90 slides and explains in detail all the must know concepts of Management in Healthcare. These slides have enough information to use it for 3 hour seminar (2 sessions) on Modern Management Techniques and its application in Healthcare. The session can be further extended if the concepts are explained with appropriate examples.
The document discusses disease elimination and eradication, and levels of prevention for infectious diseases. It defines eradication as permanently reducing the worldwide prevalence of a disease to zero, with smallpox being the only example. Elimination is reducing prevalence in an area or globally to zero or negligible levels, with polio and measles as examples of eliminated infections. The document also covers objectives to discuss these concepts, three levels of prevention and their application to infectious diseases, and national disease control programs.
This document discusses vital statistics and registration of vital events in India. It defines vital statistics as data relating to human mortality, morbidity, and demography. Vital events include births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and migrations. The registration process for these events differs between rural and urban areas and by state, but generally involves reporting events to local government offices. Registering vital events has important uses like analyzing demographic trends, establishing legal records, and helping plan health services.
The document discusses different types of sampling methods used in surveys including simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic random sampling, cluster sampling, quota sampling, and convenience sampling. It provides examples of each method and explains how to identify the sampling method used in given scenarios. Key steps in conducting statistical investigations using surveys are also outlined.
This document discusses hospital outbreak investigations. It defines endemic and epidemic infections in hospitals. Common source and propagated epidemics are described. Steps in investigating outbreaks in hospitals and communities are provided, including forming an investigation team, developing a case definition, conducting epidemiological and laboratory analyses. The goals of outbreak investigations are outlined. Methods for confirming and controlling outbreaks are discussed.
Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched by Hon’ble Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare in November 2004 for a period upto March 2010. The project was restructured and extended up to March 2012. The project continues in the 12th Plan with domestic budget as Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme under NHM for all States with Budgetary allocation of 640 Cr.
A Central Surveillance Unit (CSU) at Delhi, State Surveillance Units (SSU) at all State/UT head quarters and District Surveillance Units (DSU) at all Districts in the country have been established.
Objectives:
To strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory based IT enabled disease surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends and to detect and respond to outbreaks in early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Team (RRTs)
Programme Components:
Integration and decentralization of surveillance activities through establishment of surveillance units at Centre, State and District level.
Human Resource Development – Training of State Surveillance Officers, District Surveillance Officers, Rapid Response Team and other Medical and Paramedical staff on principles of disease surveillance.
Use of Information Communication Technology for collection, collation, compilation, analysis and dissemination of data.
Strengthening of public health laboratories.
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to control health problems. The basic measurements used in epidemiology include rates, ratios, and proportions to describe the occurrence of mortality, morbidity, disability, and other disease attributes in populations. Rates express the frequency of events over time, proportions express the relationship between parts and the whole, and ratios compare two rates or quantities. These measurements are essential tools for epidemiologists to investigate disease causation, describe population health status, and evaluate interventions.
This document discusses various methods for measuring disease frequency and occurrence in populations, including rates, ratios, proportions, prevalence, and incidence. It provides examples of how to calculate rates of prevalence and incidence. Prevalence is a measure of existing cases at a point in time, while incidence describes new cases occurring over time. Both are important for epidemiological research, disease surveillance, and health planning.
This document provides an overview of epidemic investigation. It begins with definitions of key terms like epidemic, outbreak, endemic, and pandemic. It describes the objectives of epidemic investigation as defining the scope and identifying the causative agent. The steps in an investigation are outlined as verifying diagnoses, defining the population at risk, analyzing data, formulating hypotheses, and writing a report. Recent outbreaks around the world are briefly discussed.
This document provides an evaluation of a health program. It discusses the purpose and types of program evaluation, including formative vs summative and internal vs external evaluations. Key aspects of programs that can be evaluated are outlined, such as accessibility, equity, quality, effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability. A variety of tools for evaluation are mentioned, including surveys, case studies, and root cause analysis. The document also provides an example of evaluating India's National Program for the Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke.
This document discusses nested case-control studies, case-cohort studies, and case-crossover studies. It provides examples and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each study design. Nested case-control studies select controls from within a prospective cohort study. Case-cohort studies select a random subcohort of controls from the entire cohort. Case-crossover studies use individuals as their own controls by comparing exposure during case periods to control periods.
This document summarizes a study that used Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) to monitor coverage and quality of a targeted condom social marketing program in India. LQAS was used to assess geographical coverage and quality of coverage of condoms in target areas across four Indian states. Results showed a significant increase in condom availability between 2005-2008 through pharmacies and non-traditional outlets. LQAS proved to be a valuable tool for routine monitoring of geographical coverage and quality of condom delivery, allowing decision-makers to be regularly informed on progress towards targets using a small sample size and simple methods.
One-Health encompasses the interconnection between human, animal, plant, and environmental health. It recognizes that the health of each component is dependent on the others. The emergence of concepts like antimicrobial resistance and zoonotic diseases demonstrate this interdependence. Universities around the world, including over two dozen globally, offer courses in One Health at the undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral levels. These courses aim to assess public health threats by researching disease transmission among living things and their environments. The goal is to provide a foundation for understanding diseases in the context of sustainable systems and global health. Tools used include surveillance, epidemiology, and analysis of large electronic health datasets. However, One Health is still poorly implemented and understood in
This document discusses various measures used to quantify disease frequency in epidemiology. It describes measures of morbidity including incidence, prevalence, and disability rates. Incidence measures new cases over time while prevalence measures total current cases. Disability rates quantify limitations in activities. Measures of mortality are also presented, such as crude death rate, case fatality rate, and standardized mortality ratio. Standardization adjusts for differences in population characteristics to allow valid comparisons. Overall, the document provides an overview of key epidemiological metrics for quantifying disease burden and guiding public health efforts.
This document discusses case-control study design and calculating odds ratios. It provides examples of 3 case-control studies examining suspected risk factors for cervical cancer, lung cancer, and esophageal cancer. For each study, it constructs a 2x2 contingency table and calculates the odds ratio to assess the strength of association between the disease and suspected risk factor. Odds ratios greater than 1 indicate the exposure increases disease risk.
Analysis and interpretation of surveillance dataAbino David
This document discusses analyzing and interpreting surveillance data. It outlines key steps in the process including counting cases, dividing by population to calculate rates, and comparing rates over time, place, and person. Common reports generated from surveillance data are described such as timeliness, descriptive analyses, trend analyses, and comparisons between reporting units. Interpretation of results involves looking for missing or invalid data, considering disease profiles and rates, and taking action based on the information. Technical committees regularly review analyses to guide public health responses. The goal is to transform raw surveillance data into useful information that can inform program implementation and action.
This document contains a SWOT analysis for NVBDCP (National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme) in Gadchiroli, India. It identifies strengths like existing healthcare infrastructure with PHCs, SDHs, and hospitals operating 24/7 along with over 1,400 ASHA workers. Weaknesses include jungles and water bodies that breed mosquitos, inaccessibility, and poor socioeconomic conditions. Opportunities listed are support from national government and presence of ASHA workers. Threats include slow execution, lack of supervision/monitoring in rainy seasons, self-medication, and vacancies in healthcare staff. Actions proposed are strengthening facilities, improving communication, ensuring access to education/water, and
This document discusses surveillance in healthcare. It defines surveillance as the ongoing collection and analysis of health-related data for public health purposes. The document outlines different types of surveillance including passive, active, and sentinel surveillance. Passive surveillance relies on voluntary reporting while active surveillance stimulates more regular reporting. Sentinel surveillance monitors specific sites. The advantages and disadvantages of each type are provided. The document also discusses important qualities of an effective surveillance system such as simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, sensitivity, predictive value, representativeness, and timeliness.
Data
Information
Intelligence
Health information system
Sources of data
Census
Registration of vital events
Sample registration system
Notification of diseases
Hospital records
Disease registers
Record linkage
Epidemiological surveillance
Other health service records
Environmental health data
Health manpower statistics
Population surveys
Other routine statics related to health
Non – quantifiable information
Health management information system
Central Bureau of health Ingelligence
National health profile
WHO Reports
Global Health Observatory
World bank
Health stats
1) The document discusses surveillance in public health and describes its key components and purposes. Surveillance involves the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to provide information for action.
2) An effective surveillance system is simple, flexible, timely, and produces high-quality data. It addresses an important public health problem and accomplishes its objectives of understanding disease trends, detecting outbreaks, and evaluating control measures.
3) The document outlines how to establish a surveillance system, including selecting priority diseases, defining standard case definitions, and developing regular reporting and data dissemination processes. Both passive and active surveillance methods are described.
Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence and distribution in populations. It derives from Greek words meaning "upon people." Key concepts in epidemiology include disease frequency (prevalence and incidence), distribution (who, where, when disease occurs), and determinants (causes and spread). The epidemiological triad of host, agent, and environment, along with their interactions in a disease cycle, help explain how diseases manifest and spread. Understanding epidemiology allows public health efforts to better control health problems.
This exhaustive and vibrant PowerPoint has around 90 slides and explains in detail all the must know concepts of Management in Healthcare. These slides have enough information to use it for 3 hour seminar (2 sessions) on Modern Management Techniques and its application in Healthcare. The session can be further extended if the concepts are explained with appropriate examples.
The document discusses disease elimination and eradication, and levels of prevention for infectious diseases. It defines eradication as permanently reducing the worldwide prevalence of a disease to zero, with smallpox being the only example. Elimination is reducing prevalence in an area or globally to zero or negligible levels, with polio and measles as examples of eliminated infections. The document also covers objectives to discuss these concepts, three levels of prevention and their application to infectious diseases, and national disease control programs.
This document discusses vital statistics and registration of vital events in India. It defines vital statistics as data relating to human mortality, morbidity, and demography. Vital events include births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and migrations. The registration process for these events differs between rural and urban areas and by state, but generally involves reporting events to local government offices. Registering vital events has important uses like analyzing demographic trends, establishing legal records, and helping plan health services.
The document discusses different types of sampling methods used in surveys including simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic random sampling, cluster sampling, quota sampling, and convenience sampling. It provides examples of each method and explains how to identify the sampling method used in given scenarios. Key steps in conducting statistical investigations using surveys are also outlined.
The document summarizes the status of civil registration systems, sample registration systems, and annual health surveys in India for monitoring vital statistics and health indicators. It discusses that a complete civil registration system can provide reliable fertility and mortality statistics on a real-time basis for evidence-based planning. While registration levels in India have improved, many births and deaths remain unregistered. Sample registration systems and annual health surveys have helped provide estimates but a complete civil registration system is still needed. The annual health survey in particular provides district-level data on 161 health indicators across eight states to help identify high priority districts.
This document discusses different sampling methods for collecting data from a population. A census collects data from the entire population but can be inaccurate, expensive, or impossible for large populations. Common sampling methods include simple random sampling, cluster sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling, and multi-stage sampling. Each method has advantages and disadvantages related to representation, equal chance of selection, and practicality. Potential sources of bias include undercoverage, nonresponse, and response biases that can occur depending on the sampling design and data collection process.
The document summarizes key details about India's census, including that India's population as of 2006 was 1.18 billion people, with a birth rate of 23.8 per 1000 people and death rate of 7.6 per 1000. The census is conducted every 10 years under the Ministry of Home Affairs to collect demographic, economic, and social data on all persons in India. It involves collecting information from households across India through trained enumerators and supervisors.
The document discusses the modern definition and key aspects of conducting a census. It notes that a census involves collecting, compiling, evaluating, analyzing and publishing demographic, economic and social data for an entire population within a country or region. It highlights some important features of censuses including individual enumeration, universality within a defined territory, simultaneity, and defined periodicity. The document also outlines some common uses of census data and the roles and responsibilities of different government agencies involved in conducting a census in India.
The document provides an overview of Census 2011 in India. Some key points:
1) Census 2011 was the 15th national census conducted in India in two phases - house listing and population enumeration. It covered over 640 districts and 7,742 towns across the country.
2) The census found India's population to be over 1.2 billion, an increase of over 181 million from the previous census in 2001.
3) Literacy rates increased from 64.83% in 2001 to 74.04% in 2011, an increase of 9.21 percentage points.
4) States like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Bihar had the highest populations, while the sex ratio improved nationally and
The document summarizes key findings from India's 2011 census. Some highlights include:
- India's population reached 1.21 billion, a 17.64% growth rate since 2001.
- Kerala had the highest literacy rate at 93.91% while Bihar had the lowest at 63.82%.
- The overall sex ratio improved to 940 females per 1000 males, though the child sex ratio declined to 914 from 927.
- Population density increased to 382 people per square kilometer from 325 in 2001.
The World Health Organization STEPwise Approach to Noncommunicable Disease Ri...Sumaiya Akter Snigdha
The World Health Organization STEPwise Approach to Noncommunicable Disease Risk-Factor Surveillance provides a standardized method for collecting and analyzing risk factor surveillance data across countries. It uses repeated cross-sectional household surveys with standardized questions and protocols to monitor risk factors like blood pressure, blood glucose, and tobacco use. While it helps build capacity for risk factor surveillance, challenges include lack of priority and resources for ongoing surveillance in many countries.
As countries continue to invest and make strides toward achieving the SDGs and universal health coverage, strong routine health information systems (RHIS) are fundamental to the effort. Well-functioning RHIS provide a wealth of data on a country’s health system, including service delivery, availability of a trained workforce, and reach of interventions, that can be harnessed to identify gaps and support evidence-based decision making. Yet, while many low-to-middle income (LMIC) countries have established a national RHIS structure, there are existing challenges related to the availability, analysis, and use of the data that have yet to be addressed.
The document discusses health surveillance and informatics. It defines surveillance as the systematic collection and analysis of health data for decision making. The purposes of surveillance include monitoring disease trends, evaluating programs, and informing policy. Health informatics involves the management and analysis of health information and can include fields like nursing informatics, clinical informatics, and public health informatics. Sources of health data include censuses, vital statistics, disease notification systems, health surveys, and hospital records.
Health informatics tools like geographic information systems can help public health organizations analyze spatially-referenced data and make informed decisions. During the bubonic plague, sharing information about the disease's geographic spread may have helped physicians discover risk factors and respond more effectively. Today, public health relies heavily on information systems to support decision-making, operations, planning, and more. However, effective leadership is also needed to strategically manage data and informatics in a way that benefits stakeholders.
Lecture at EPISEA 2010 conference gaps in stragegic information on MARPs 24…Dr Ajith Karawita
This document discusses gaps in strategic information on most-at-risk populations (MARPs) in Sri Lanka. There is a lack of population size estimates and mapping of MARPs at the district level. Data on MARPs is also inadequate for HIV surveillance and estimates. It is difficult to obtain probability samples for surveillance and studies of MARPs due to their mobile nature. There is also insufficient expertise for MARP studies given Sri Lanka's low-level HIV epidemic status.
Collecting Health Data in Africa - Peter Hessels - KITopenforchange
This document discusses collecting health data in Africa and lessons that can be learned. It covers existing health datasets like the Demographic Health Survey and District Health Information System. The Health Metrics Network works with 83 countries to strengthen their national health information systems. Lessons include the importance of reliable data, addressing privacy and consent issues when collecting data, ensuring data quality and can be analyzed and visualized, and the value of standardizing data and indicators through collaboration.
This document summarizes family planning policies, programs, and activities in Sudan. It outlines the objectives of family planning in Sudan, which are primarily to improve maternal health by providing child spacing, and secondarily to control population growth. It discusses key actors like the Sudan Family Planning Association and UN agencies. It also describes common family planning interventions in Sudan like capacity building for healthcare providers, community awareness campaigns, and ensuring availability of family planning commodities. Barriers to effective family planning programs in Sudan include challenges with integrating services and developing strong referral systems.
Biological and Behavioral Surveillance ToolkitEmanuelMwamba
This document provides guidance on conducting integrated biological and behavioral surveillance (BBSS) of key populations to understand local HIV epidemics. It discusses the importance of surveillance among high-risk groups like men who have sex with men, sex workers, and people who inject drugs, as their behaviors can propagate infection at higher rates than the general population. The document outlines special considerations for BBSS, including defining populations, sampling techniques, data collection, biological testing, and community engagement. It then provides an 8-step process for planning and implementing a BBSS, with tools and templates to support public health administrators in gathering meaningful data to design effective HIV programs.
Comprehensive Field Practice (CFP) : District Health Service Management Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
The document summarizes the activities and learnings of a group of public health students during their 30-day field placement in Surkhet District, Nepal. The group conducted various assessments of the district's health management system including a secondary data review, critical analysis using SWOT, an epidemiological study on major health issues, and a mini action project on plastic waste reduction. Key findings included gaps in safe motherhood services, increasing HIV trends, and issues with logistics management and data reporting. The placement helped the students gain important academic and management skills applicable to their public health careers.
Understanding the Dynamics of Successful Health System Strengthening Interven...HFG Project
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2. INTRODUCTION
To study a population there is a need for collection of information through various
sources of data.
Collection of information about population is based on either
1) Census
2) Surveys
Demographic Surveillance Systems (DSS) began in the 1960s as a means of
tracking longitudinal demographic changes to populations in developing countries.
3. DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEILLANCE
SYSTEM
Demographic surveillance is the process of defining risk and corresponding dynamics in rates of
birth, deaths, and migration in a population over time.
Demographic Surveillance systems are often
set up around specific intervention studies and later convert into
standing DSS sites that can form a platform for further studies.
The term DSS has recently been changed to HDSS with ‘h’ standing for ‘health’ .
The first DSS was established in 1963 MATLAB in Bangladesh.
4. DSS (cont)
Members of a geographically defined community are tracked over time.
The population size of a DSS site depends on the particular research focus of the
site and cost and capacity.
DSS sites collect data on births, deaths, causes of death, and migration which
provide an important resource for evaluating health care interventions within the
site.
5. DSS : METHODOLOGY
An initial baseline census is taken in the community, after which all marriages, pregnancies, births,
deaths, and migration dynamics are tracked over time.
Deaths that occur to residents within the DSS boundaries are reported by a key informant, and Verbal
autopsy interviewers visit households where a death has occurred to administer the verbal autopsy
questionnaire.
6. INDEPTH
International Network of Field Sites with Continuous
Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health in Develo
ping Countries or INDEPTH was
established in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in 1998 .
INDEPTH focuses to foster the
established HDSS, promote the creation of new sites, coordinate ac
tivities, support uniform field procedures, allow
comparative analyses, share know-
how, and stimulate collaboration with international research instituti
ons.
INDEPTH covers 45 member health research centres in 20
countries in Africa, Asia and Oceania
7. INDEPTH:AIM AND ITS OBJECTIVES
INDEPTH aims to harness the collective potential of the world's community-based longitudinal
demographic surveillance initiatives in low- and middle-income countries to provide a better
understanding of health and social issues and to encourage the application of this understanding to
alleviate major health and social problems.
Strategic Objectives
To strengthen the capacity of INDEPTH member centres to conduct longitudinal health and
demographic studies.
To stimulate, co-ordinate and conduct cutting-edge multicentre health and demographic research.
To facilitate the translation of INDEPTH findings to maximise impact on policy and practice
10. MATLAB (Bangladesh)
Matlab started since 1966.
Mission is to develop and disseminate solutions to
health and population problems facing the world
Population characteristics :
Population density.
Religion (90% Muslims)
Education / literacy rate (69% illiterate)
Housing, drinking water (tube well 95%)
Sanitation (open latrine)
Occupation (agriculture, fishing)
Transport (foot/ rickshaw/ boats)
Immunisation coverage (high)
11. Objectives
Provide small area registration system suitable for
assessment of effectiveness, safety, acceptability of
MCH and family planning intervention.
Research related to diarrhoeal diseases, measurement
and determinants of fertility and mortality.
Develop demographic field site for training of programme
planners, researchers and implementers.
People involved
Dias (weekly household visit)
Health assistant (visited household every 6 week)
Female CHW were hired for family planning among
treatment and comparison group.
Supervisors
12. Monitoring system covers all household and data is
collected only from households.
Birth, death, migration recorded since 1966.
Health data now covers:
Reproductive status
Contraception
Tetanus
Children under five( immunisation, diarrhoea and
respiratory infections).
Field procedures
Initial census and regular update rounds.
Continuous surveys
Supervision and quality control
Data management.
13. ADVANTAGES HDSS
High quality data
Using DSS is a good way to supplement information from other sources such as
mortality rates from a national census or sporadic information from a civil
registration system.
DSS site data is that researchers can study the effects of interventions and monitor
and evaluate the effects of health care programs over time.
Other types of demographic information can also be collected such as fertility
rates, population growth, and demographic characteristics of the population.
14. LIMITATIONS OF HDSS
DSS data is that it is not nationally representative.
DSS is not so cost effective.
DSS require the use of field personnel to collect data
as well as analysts to code and validate data for
what may be a relatively large geographic area.
15. REFERENCES
Health and demographic surveillance systems: a step towards full civil registration
and vital statistics system in subSahara
The Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) in Nouna, Burkina Fas
o, 1993–2007
INDEPTH Monograph: Volume 1 Part C
http://www.indepth-network.org/