Degree of compounding
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Synchronous generator
Synchronous generators operate on the principle of electromagnetic induction. They have a stationary armature winding and a rotating field winding supplied by a direct current source. It is advantageous to have the field winding on the rotor and armature winding on the stator because it allows for easier insulation of the high voltage winding and direct connection to the load. The frequency of the induced voltage depends on the number of rotor poles and its rotational speed. Armature reaction is the effect of the armature magnetic field on the main rotor field, distorting or strengthening it depending on the load power factor.
Lec # 03 equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator
Lec # 03 equivalent circuit of a synchronous generatorMUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mir's Sindh Pakistan
1) The internal generated voltage (EA) in a synchronous generator is different from the output voltage (Vφ) due to armature reaction, self-inductance, and resistance of the stator coils.
2) Armature reaction, caused by the distortion of the air-gap magnetic field by the stator current, is the largest effect. It can be modeled by an inductor in series with EA.
3) The full equivalent circuit model of a 3-phase synchronous generator includes a DC power source for the rotor field, and a per-phase equivalent circuit with EA in series with resistance and inductance to represent the combined effects of armature reaction and self-inductance.DC machines PPT.pptx
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- In generator operation, relative motion between the magnetic field and armature windings induces an electromotive force (emf) based on Faraday's law of induction.
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Synchronous generator
Synchronous generators operate on the principle of electromagnetic induction. They have a stationary armature winding and a rotating field winding supplied by a direct current source. It is advantageous to have the field winding on the rotor and armature winding on the stator because it allows for easier insulation of the high voltage winding and direct connection to the load. The frequency of the induced voltage depends on the number of rotor poles and its rotational speed. Armature reaction is the effect of the armature magnetic field on the main rotor field, distorting or strengthening it depending on the load power factor.
Lec # 03 equivalent circuit of a synchronous generator
Lec # 03 equivalent circuit of a synchronous generatorMUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mir's Sindh Pakistan
1) The internal generated voltage (EA) in a synchronous generator is different from the output voltage (Vφ) due to armature reaction, self-inductance, and resistance of the stator coils.
2) Armature reaction, caused by the distortion of the air-gap magnetic field by the stator current, is the largest effect. It can be modeled by an inductor in series with EA.
3) The full equivalent circuit model of a 3-phase synchronous generator includes a DC power source for the rotor field, and a per-phase equivalent circuit with EA in series with resistance and inductance to represent the combined effects of armature reaction and self-inductance.DC machines PPT.pptx
This document provides an overview of DC machines, including their construction, principles of operation, and characteristics. It discusses DC machines functioning as generators and motors. Key points include:
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- The main components are the stator (stationary part) and rotor (rotating part).
- In generator operation, relative motion between the magnetic field and armature windings induces an electromotive force (emf) based on Faraday's law of induction.
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DC generators convert mechanical energy into direct current electricity through the principle of dynamically induced electromotive force (emf). They have a rotor with coils that spin inside a stationary magnetic field produced by poles. Commutation is needed to change the alternating current induced in the coils to direct current, which involves using brushes and commutator segments. Methods to improve commutation include using resistance or interpoles to neutralize reactance voltage. DC generators are now less common but still used to provide excitation to alternators or in locomotives for regenerative braking. DC motors are used where variable speed or high starting torque is required, such as in cranes, compressors or tractions systems.
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A DC generator converts mechanical energy to DC electrical energy using electromagnetic induction. It has two main parts - a rotor that rotates within a stator. As the rotor cuts the magnetic field in the stator, an alternating voltage is induced in the rotor windings. A commutator is used to convert the alternating voltage to direct voltage that can be used to power loads. The characteristics of a DC generator include its open circuit characteristic showing the relationship between generated voltage and field current, and its external characteristic showing the relationship between terminal voltage and load current.
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3) There are three main types - series wound motors which have high starting torque, shunt wound motors which have low starting torque but constant speed, and compound wound motors which combine characteristics of the first two.
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1) DC generators convert mechanical energy to electrical energy through Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. When a conductor moves through a magnetic field, an EMF is induced in the conductor.
2) The main components of a DC generator are the yoke, field electromagnets, armature, commutator, and brushes. The armature is wound with coils and rotates within the magnetic field produced by the field electromagnets to generate an EMF.
3) As the armature rotates, the commutator and brushes are used to periodically reverse the direction of current in the external circuit, thereby producing direct current. Losses in the generator arise from copper, iron, and mechanical components
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Armature reaction is the effect of current flowing in the armature windings on the main field flux in a DC machine. It causes two undesirable effects: 1) a reduction in the main field flux per pole, and 2) distortion of the main field flux wave along the air gap. Armature current produces cross-flux that either aids or weakens the main flux depending on its location. This results in a non-uniform flux distribution and a shift in the magnetic neutral axis in the direction of rotation for a generator and against rotation for a motor. It also causes demagnetization due to magnetic saturation, further reducing the main field flux from its no-load value.
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This document discusses harmonics in electrical circuits. Harmonics are distortions of the fundamental sinusoidal waveform that are caused by non-linear loads like controlled rectifiers, variable speed drives, and solid state controls. Harmonics can cause overheating and inefficiencies in transformers, capacitors, and power sources. They can also cause issues with protective relay devices. Harmonic filters using inductors and capacitors can be used to reduce harmonics by providing an alternative low impedance path for specific harmonic orders. Regular harmonic studies and corrective actions are needed to prevent problems and improve efficiency when modern electronic loads are used.
SERIES, SHUNT AND COMPOUND GENERATORS
This document discusses different types of DC generators, including series, shunt, and compound generators. It provides the following key details:
1. Series generators have a rising voltage characteristic where voltage increases with load, but voltage starts decreasing at high loads due to armature reaction demagnetizing effects.
2. Shunt generators have a constant voltage characteristic, but voltage decreases slightly with increasing load due to armature reaction and armature drop. Adding a few series field coils can make the voltage substantially constant or rising.
3. Compound generators have both shunt and series field windings, allowing their external characteristics to be adjusted to compensate for line voltage drops. Flat-compound generators aim for constant voltage,
ppts D.c motors.pptx
A DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy through electromagnetic induction. When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force. In a DC motor, this force causes the armature conductors to rotate, producing torque. The motor's magnetic field is produced by a field winding and direct current is supplied by an external DC power source. A three-point starter is used to gradually reduce armature current and limit sparking during startup as motor speed increases and back EMF rises.
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Synchronous generators are the majority source of commercial electrical energy. They are commonly used to convert the mechanical power output of steam turbines, gas turbines, reciprocating engines and hydro turbines into electrical power for the grid.
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Synchronous machines have two sets of windings - a three-phase armature winding on the stationary stator and a DC field winding on the rotating rotor. The rotor can have either a salient pole or cylindrical structure. Large generators use brushless excitation systems to avoid maintenance issues associated with slip rings and brushes. Excitation is provided by a small AC generator (brushless exciter) mounted on the stator whose output is rectified to supply DC current to the main field winding. Proper cooling is required to dissipate heat generated in the windings.
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DC generators convert mechanical energy into direct current electricity through the principle of dynamically induced electromotive force (emf). They have a rotor with coils that spin inside a stationary magnetic field produced by poles. Commutation is needed to change the alternating current induced in the coils to direct current, which involves using brushes and commutator segments. Methods to improve commutation include using resistance or interpoles to neutralize reactance voltage. DC generators are now less common but still used to provide excitation to alternators or in locomotives for regenerative braking. DC motors are used where variable speed or high starting torque is required, such as in cranes, compressors or tractions systems.
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A DC generator converts mechanical energy to DC electrical energy using electromagnetic induction. It has two main parts - a rotor that rotates within a stator. As the rotor cuts the magnetic field in the stator, an alternating voltage is induced in the rotor windings. A commutator is used to convert the alternating voltage to direct voltage that can be used to power loads. The characteristics of a DC generator include its open circuit characteristic showing the relationship between generated voltage and field current, and its external characteristic showing the relationship between terminal voltage and load current.
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dc Generator Ppt
1) DC generators convert mechanical energy to electrical energy through Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. When a conductor moves through a magnetic field, an EMF is induced in the conductor.
2) The main components of a DC generator are the yoke, field electromagnets, armature, commutator, and brushes. The armature is wound with coils and rotates within the magnetic field produced by the field electromagnets to generate an EMF.
3) As the armature rotates, the commutator and brushes are used to periodically reverse the direction of current in the external circuit, thereby producing direct current. Losses in the generator arise from copper, iron, and mechanical components
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This document discusses DC motors, including their construction, working principle, types, and applications. It describes the key components of a DC motor such as the yoke, poles, field windings, armature, commutator, and brushes. It explains how DC motors work by converting electrical energy from direct current into mechanical energy. It also covers the different types of DC motors like series, shunt, and compound wound motors along with their characteristics. Common applications of DC motors mentioned include use in vehicles, industrial machinery, and household appliances.
Armature reaction
Armature reaction is the effect of current flowing in the armature windings on the main field flux in a DC machine. It causes two undesirable effects: 1) a reduction in the main field flux per pole, and 2) distortion of the main field flux wave along the air gap. Armature current produces cross-flux that either aids or weakens the main flux depending on its location. This results in a non-uniform flux distribution and a shift in the magnetic neutral axis in the direction of rotation for a generator and against rotation for a motor. It also causes demagnetization due to magnetic saturation, further reducing the main field flux from its no-load value.
1 phase induction motor
This document discusses different types of single-phase induction motors and how they are made self-starting. It describes the construction and working of a basic single-phase induction motor. Such a motor is not self-starting because it produces an alternating flux that cannot cause rotation on its own. The document then explains various methods used to make single-phase motors self-starting, including split-phase, capacitor-start, and shaded-pole designs. It provides details on how split-phase and capacitor-start motors introduce a phase difference between windings using a starting winding and capacitor, producing a revolving magnetic field that can start the motor.
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This document discusses harmonics in electrical circuits. Harmonics are distortions of the fundamental sinusoidal waveform that are caused by non-linear loads like controlled rectifiers, variable speed drives, and solid state controls. Harmonics can cause overheating and inefficiencies in transformers, capacitors, and power sources. They can also cause issues with protective relay devices. Harmonic filters using inductors and capacitors can be used to reduce harmonics by providing an alternative low impedance path for specific harmonic orders. Regular harmonic studies and corrective actions are needed to prevent problems and improve efficiency when modern electronic loads are used.
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2. Shunt generators have a constant voltage characteristic, but voltage decreases slightly with increasing load due to armature reaction and armature drop. Adding a few series field coils can make the voltage substantially constant or rising.
3. Compound generators have both shunt and series field windings, allowing their external characteristics to be adjusted to compensate for line voltage drops. Flat-compound generators aim for constant voltage,
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3. Types of DC generators including separately excited, shunt wound, series wound, and compound wound generators and their characteristics.
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The document describes the symbolic representation and methods of excitation for DC generators. It discusses separately excited, self-excited, shunt, series, and compound generator types. Key points include:
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This document provides an overview of synchronous generators, including:
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- Their synchronous speed is determined by electrical frequency and number of poles.
- Their internal generated voltage EA is proportional to flux and speed of rotation.
- Their equivalent circuit model accounts for voltage drops due to armature reaction, inductance, and resistance.
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- Tests are described to determine the open-circuit characteristic and synchronous reactance.
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3) Generators operate by transforming mechanical energy from rotation into electrical energy via magnets and the rotating armature. Slip rings and brushes transfer this energy from the rotating part to stationary aircraft loads. Proper maintenance is required to ensure security, clean connections and components, and check for issues like worn br
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This document discusses synchronous motors and provides information on:
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- The equivalent circuit model of a cylindrical rotor synchronous motor and voltage equation.
- The operation of a synchronous motor at no load and under loaded conditions, explaining how an increase in load causes the rotor to lag the stator by the load angle to draw more current.
- Phasor diagrams showing the voltage and current relationships under lagging and leading power factor operation.
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synchronous generators
1) A synchronous generator produces AC voltage through induction in its stator windings caused by a rotating magnetic field generated by its rotor. The rotor contains field windings energized by DC current to produce the magnetic field.
2) The internal generated voltage of the generator depends on its rotational speed and magnetic flux. However, armature reaction and impedance effects cause the terminal voltage to differ from the internal voltage under load conditions.
3) Equivalent circuits are used to model synchronous generators, representing the internal generated voltage and impedance effects. Phasor diagrams illustrate the relationship between voltages and currents under different load power factors.
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Lec # 07 parallel operation of synchronous generators
1) Generators are usually operated in parallel to supply larger loads and increase reliability.
2) For safe paralleling of generators, their voltages, frequencies, and phase sequences must be matched and their phase angles nearly equal.
3) The oncoming generator's frequency is set slightly higher than the running system's to minimize power transients when they connect.
C04011117
This document summarizes a research paper that models and simulates the behavior of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) during faulty grid conditions using Matlab. It describes how a three-phase fault is created using a fault block, and the converter connected to the rotor is disconnected and the rotor is shorted by dump resistances after the fault occurs. The paper presents the normal and faulty operating equivalent circuits of the DFIG. It also describes the Matlab simulation model developed, including blocks for the DFIG and dump resistor protection. Simulation results are shown graphically comparing stator current with time during a 0.2 to 0.3 second fault period.
Matlab Modeling and Simulation of DFIG with Dump Resistor during Faulty Condi...
Matlab Modeling and Simulation of DFIG with Dump Resistor during Faulty Condi...International Journal of Engineering Inventions www.ijeijournal.com
This document summarizes a study that models and simulates the behavior of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) during faulty grid conditions. It describes how a three-phase fault was created in MATLAB Simulink and the converter connected to the DFIG rotor was disconnected and a dump resistor was used instead. Equivalent circuits were developed to model the DFIG's behavior during normal and faulty operation. Simulation results are presented showing the stator current, voltage, rotor current and voltage responses during a fault when the dump resistor protection is activated. The study aims to understand and analyze the protections used for DFIGs during faults to limit short circuit currents.C04011117
This document summarizes a research paper that models and simulates the behavior of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) during faulty grid conditions using Matlab. It describes how a three-phase fault is created using a fault block, and the converter connected to the rotor is disconnected and the rotor is shorted by dump resistances after the fault occurs. The paper presents the normal and faulty operating equivalent circuits of the DFIG. It also describes the Matlab simulation model developed, including blocks for the DFIG and dump resistor protection. Simulation results are shown graphically for the stator current during a 0.2 to 0.3 second fault period.
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Degree of compounding
- 1. Degree of Compounding Submitted by: Md. Ziaul Haque ID: 555181028 Submitted to: Najmin Ara Sultana Lecturer, Department of EEE Hamdard University Bangladesh 1
- 2. Index Compound generator Types of compound generator What is diverter ? Comparison of generator terminal voltage A. Cumulative Compound Generator 1. Over compound 2. Flat compound 3. Under compound B. Differential Compound Generator 2
- 3. Compound generator A compound wound generators is a combination of a series field winding and the shunt field winding . 3
- 4. Types of compound generator There are two types of compound generator- Cumulative Compound Generator : When the series field assists the shunt field, generator is said to be Cumulative Compound Generator. Differential Compound Generator: When the series field opposes the shunt field, generator is said to be Differential Compound Wound Generator. 4
- 5. What is diverter ? Diverter: A diverter is a variable resistance shunting the series field of compound generator to adjust the degree of compounding to produce a desired voltage regulation. 5
- 6. Figure… In this figure- V = 𝐸𝑔 + 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 − 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑠 6
- 7. Using diverter……… By using diverter we can change the terminal voltage convert a compound generator into over, flat, under compound. 7
- 8. Comparison of generator terminal voltage 1. Cumulative Compound Generator 8
- 9. Continue……. Over compound : An over-compound generator is one whose terminal voltage rises with the application of load so that its full-load voltage exceeds its no-load voltage. Flat-compound : A flat compound generator has a load- voltage characteristic in which the no-load and full-load voltages are equal. 9
- 10. Continue……… Under compound : In Under compound generator the terminal voltage is higher than shunt generator but lower than flat compound generator. 10
- 11. Continue……. Differential Compound Generator : When the series field winding creating magnetic flux that opposes the flux created by shunt field. The net flux cut by the armature conductors is less than the flux at no load resulting in a lower induced voltage. 11
- 12. Thank you 12