Deforestation
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Deforestation refers to the clearing of forests by burning or logging trees. Around 18 million acres of forests are cleared each year, reducing forest cover to 31% of the planet's land area. The top causes of deforestation are growing demand for housing and agriculture as populations increase, commercial logging for wood products, mining, urbanization involving road and building construction, and fires both accidental and intentionally set. A case study of the Amazon forest showed deforestation rates increased from 1960-2000 through activities like burning for farming, road building for timber transport, and livestock grazing, though governments are now enforcing fines to curb illegal logging.
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THE WOODCUTTERS OF JAVA
DUTCH SCIENTIFIC FORESTRY
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NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN FORESTRY
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The British established strict forest rules to conserve timber resources for shipbuilding and railways. This included prohibiting shifting cultivation practices, restricting grazing and hunting access, and establishing forest reserves where villagers' use was regulated.
The new rules severely impacted villagers' livelihoods by preventing them from engaging in traditional practices like shifting cultivation, grazing livestock, and hunting. Many faced harassment from forest guards when collecting forest products or were forced to find other means of employment.
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The document summarizes the causes and impacts of deforestation by the British in India and colonial forest policies in India and Java. In India, the British encouraged commercial crop cultivation which led to clearing of forests. They also cut trees for railway construction and export. Dietrich Brandis established scientific forestry practices and the Indian Forest Act of 1865 to manage timber production. However, these acts severely impacted local forest communities by restricting their access and practices. Similar forest policies in Java led to the Saminist movement against state ownership of forests in the 1890s.
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Forests were cleared for several reasons during the colonial period:
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2) The expansion of railroads throughout India in the 1850s required large amounts of wood for sleepers/ties to support the tracks, leading to deforestation.
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Wood extraction increased over three phases from the early colonial period to 1947. The first phase involved minor exploitation of submontane forests. The second phase began in 1864 with strengthened state control over forests via the forest department and Forest Act, leading to rapid timber extraction. The third phase started during WWI as demands on forests changed. Railways exerted pressure on Uttaranchal forests from the mid-19th to early 20th century for sleepers and fuel. Wooden sleepers were initially preferred for tracks due to lower cost. Teak, sal, and deodar were most suitable, while other species required expensive creosoting. Railways relied mainly on sal and deodar in northern India.
Impact Of Human Activities
Shifting cultivation, also known as slash-and-burn agriculture, was traditionally practiced by indigenous tribes in Amazonia. Farmers would clear small plots of forest, plant crops, and then abandon the plots after several years as the soil lost fertility. This was sustainable as it allowed time for forests to regrow. However, modern commercial farming such as cattle ranching, soybean production, and logging have led to widespread deforestation, soil degradation, increased CO2 emissions, and threats to biodiversity and indigenous groups. While mining and timber provide income, destructive extraction methods damage the local and global environment.
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- In Java, the Dutch introduced the Blandongdiensten system where some villages were exempted from rents if they provided free labor and buffaloes to cut and transport timber.
- There were rebellions against these colonial forest policies in both places, but they were suppressed by the British and Dutch through military
Forest society and colonialism of class 9
it`s easy to get full marks in exam by completing question of this question bank!!try it get a full scope to be the topper of the class!!@@ if u like it very much then u can share it ! to any body else who need helps in this subject:: THNX FOR SEEING MY PROJECT!(my email::ansumanpanigrahi321@gmail.com) mail me if u want further more chapter for help~!! with images and lot`s of animation
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it`s easy to get full marks in exam by completing question of this question bank!!try it get a full scope to be the topper of the class!!@@ if u like it very much then u can share it ! to any body else who need helps in this subject:: THNX FOR SEEING MY PROJECT!(my email::ansumanpanigrahi321@gmail.com) mail me if u want further more chapter for help~!! with images and lot`s of animation
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11 international finance introduction
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Futures and future contracts & trading mechanism of derivatives on stock...
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The derivatives market worth more than $516 trillion is experiencing a period of unwinding as worried investors pull out their cash. Several banks have reported major losses in the hundreds of millions to over a billion dollars from equity and currency derivatives. The unwinding or "Great Unwind" is a result of investors selecting higher risk investments in hopes of profiting from anticipated price movements but facing extraordinary losses when prices moved against them.
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Forest resources
Forests provide important commercial, ecological, and social benefits but are being degraded and destroyed through unsustainable logging, fuelwood collection, agriculture, and development projects. Deforestation is occurring at alarming rates in many tropical countries, threatening biodiversity and disrupting important ecosystem services like water regulation and carbon storage. Mining and other extractive industries have also caused widespread deforestation and environmental damage through clearing of forest lands.
Forest resources
Forests provide many commercial and ecological benefits but are being degraded and destroyed through overexploitation, deforestation, and development activities. Natural resources like timber, fuelwood, and land are extracted through logging, mining, and agriculture at unsustainable rates, damaging forest ecosystems, wildlife habitats, and tribal communities that depend on forests. Unless proper management and conservation efforts are implemented, one-third of the world's forests could be lost in the coming decades with significant negative environmental and economic consequences.
Deforestation
Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests to make land available for other uses like agriculture, industry, and urban development. An estimated 18 million acres of forest, about the size of Panama, are lost each year. About half of the world's original tropical forests have been cleared, and forests currently cover around 30% of the world's land. The main causes of deforestation are agricultural expansion for food and fuel, logging for wood products, urbanization from population growth, and mining. Deforestation occurs globally but threatens tropical rainforests in particular.
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Deforestation involves the removal of forests for non-forest uses such as agriculture, ranching, and development. It has reduced the world's forests by about half since the industrial age. The main causes of deforestation are shifting cultivation by small farmers, commercial logging using heavy machinery, mining, dams, and infrastructure projects. Deforestation leads to problems like decreased rainfall, loss of fertile land, changes in climate and biodiversity loss, and the potential extinction of medicinal plants. India has also experienced significant deforestation and forest degradation due to factors like population growth, development, and wood usage. Potential solutions involve reforestation, wildlife sanctuaries, legislation, and sustainable urban planning.
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Deforestation involves the removal of forests through activities like converting forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. It is a major problem, with forests covering over 30% of the Earth's land but providing livelihoods for over 1 billion people. The top three drivers of deforestation are shifting cultivation by poor farmers, commercial logging operations using heavy machinery, and mining, dams, and infrastructure development which damage forests and ecosystems. Deforestation significantly contributes to climate change by reducing the Earth's ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Deforestation
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Deforestation is removing forests to convert the land to non-forest uses like agriculture. An estimated 18 million acres of forest are lost each year. The main causes of deforestation are clearing land for housing and agriculture, logging for wood, and forest fires. Deforestation disrupts livelihoods and increases flooding and food insecurity. Solutions include governments enacting anti-deforestation policies and reforestation programs, supporting anti-deforestation organizations, using renewable energy instead of wood fuel, and educating others on the importance of forests.
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Deforestation is removing forests to convert the land to non-forest uses like agriculture. An estimated 18 million acres of forest are lost each year. The main causes of deforestation are clearing land for housing and agriculture, logging for wood, and forest fires. Deforestation disrupts livelihoods and increases flooding and food insecurity. Solutions include governments enacting anti-deforestation policies and reforestation programs, supporting environmental organizations, using renewable energy, and educating others on the importance of forests.
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The document discusses how forest societies and colonialism impacted forests in India. It describes how the British colonial government prioritized commercial forestry through plantations of single tree species. This led to large scale deforestation that cleared natural forests. Local forest communities lost access to forest resources and were displaced from their lands. The colonial government established the Indian Forest Service and enacted the Indian Forest Act of 1865 to restrict forest use and manage forests for timber extraction, further disrupting local societies.
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This is presentation based on deforestation and climate change from year 2001-2022, This ppt includes the formal definition of deforestation, also i have included world map on deforestation from year 2001-2022, it also has global statistics based on many surveys, it also includes causes, effects and economical effects by how deforestation is caused, it also has solutions and impacts of deforestation with framework of government of India.
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
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◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptx
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
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Deforestation
- 1. Deforestation Submitted by : Mahnoor Khawaja Kinnaird college Lahore
- 2. Introduction •Clearing of forest by burning or, logging off is called deforestation. • Around 18 million acres of the forests are cleared. •Forest covers 31% of the land area of the planet.
- 3. Top ten countries with highest Deforestation rate
- 4. 1. Growing demand for housing • With increase in the population the demand of home automatically boost up , to fulfil the need forest are the target. World population
- 5. 2. Logging • Many commercial companies fell down trees in a process called selective logging , where most valuable trees are felled . • Over the years the wood demand as moved from fuels to house hold products. Wood felling by commercial logging companies Demand for wood
- 6. 3. Agriculture . Crop planting Cleaning trees for palm trees and other crops Cleaning of land to rear cattle
- 7. 4. Mining Oil and coal mining require considerable amount of forest land.
- 8. 5. Fires Hundreds of trees are lost each year due to forest fires
- 9. Urbanization Construction of road, industries and houses . Desertification of land
- 10. Case study of Amazon forest Events Year Detail 1960s Burning of trees to clean area for farming 1970s Constriction of roads for transport of timber 1990- 2000 Total are lost is 160,000 sq km to 587,000 sq km , of which 70% is used for livestock present 28 % increase in deforestation as compare to last years. Government has enforced fins on illegal activities regarding felling of tress.