Beyond and different from physical identity diversity, it is plurality of thought that must be cultivated and promoted within today's far-sighted organizations. We offer an analysis and roadmap for instilling plurality of thought on the individual, team and corporate levels.
MBA student writes sustainability thesis on Cranmore Foundation
Mr Charles V Towle, a graduate student at San Francisco State University has received a distinction for his thesis on sustainability and the work of Cranmore Foundation. Mr Towle’s thesis makes the case for the need for a new quality of thinking in addressing today’s complex global problems, which he describes as ‘wicked problems’. He explores emerging models of thought aimed at creating sustainability solutions such as the work of Michael Porter and Mark Kramer as well as Umair Haque. His thesis goes on to explore the premise of Cranmore Foundation’s work with wisdom traditions. Further he presents the conceptual outline of one wisdom model articulated by the foundation that supports sustainability.
Generational Encounters - Tanyeka Alexander - University of Baltimore (MACPA ...Tom Hood, CPA,CITP,CGMA
A paper on generational issue facing the CPA Profession authored by MACPA student member Tanyeka Alexander after attending MACPA's Generational Symposium hosted by our New Young Professionals Network in 2013. See recap here http://cpa.tc/2un
Tanyeka presented this paper at the MACPA Board of Directors meeting in May, 2014 accompanied by her professor, Dalton Tong.
In this thought provoking paper, Tanyeka provides the research and more importantly the perspective of the millennial about this generation gap which is often aimed at them.
She concludes with a powerful message for us all, Understand them. Embrace them. Engage them. Retain them.
MBA student writes sustainability thesis on Cranmore Foundation
Mr Charles V Towle, a graduate student at San Francisco State University has received a distinction for his thesis on sustainability and the work of Cranmore Foundation. Mr Towle’s thesis makes the case for the need for a new quality of thinking in addressing today’s complex global problems, which he describes as ‘wicked problems’. He explores emerging models of thought aimed at creating sustainability solutions such as the work of Michael Porter and Mark Kramer as well as Umair Haque. His thesis goes on to explore the premise of Cranmore Foundation’s work with wisdom traditions. Further he presents the conceptual outline of one wisdom model articulated by the foundation that supports sustainability.
Generational Encounters - Tanyeka Alexander - University of Baltimore (MACPA ...Tom Hood, CPA,CITP,CGMA
A paper on generational issue facing the CPA Profession authored by MACPA student member Tanyeka Alexander after attending MACPA's Generational Symposium hosted by our New Young Professionals Network in 2013. See recap here http://cpa.tc/2un
Tanyeka presented this paper at the MACPA Board of Directors meeting in May, 2014 accompanied by her professor, Dalton Tong.
In this thought provoking paper, Tanyeka provides the research and more importantly the perspective of the millennial about this generation gap which is often aimed at them.
She concludes with a powerful message for us all, Understand them. Embrace them. Engage them. Retain them.
The American culture of individualism, self-reliance, and independence celebrates the legend of the lone entrepreneur. However, for many years, research has shown that team-founded ventures achieve better performance than those founded by individuals. This paper reviews why entrepreneurs form teams, and the process of securing the various types of capital required, to increase the probability of success. A particular focus is placed on social capital and how when complimented with social competence, it can be leveraged to secure financing and build a highly effective, high-performance team.
Is cultural diversity one of the solution to recreate the global economy for ...KamelionWorld
Diversity of thinking (age, culture, education, personality, skills and life experiences) is most important in global business.
Learn how to read between the lines in the recent report: The new global mindset: globalization and the changing world of business published by Ernst & Young.
The Great Transformation - Lead Article for 2014 Drucker Forum by Richard Str...Richard Straub
The article is intended to provide the backdrop for the 2014 Global Peter Drucker Forum in Vienna. It deals with the challenges and opportunities for management in the face of the gigantic changes that we are experiencing in our society. Technology is a game changer - yet it will lead down the wrong path if not accompanied the appreciation of the essence of what it means to be human. Humanist leaders must provide the context and grounding for a society that is in danger to become increasingly technology obsessed. Hence the call for a 2nd Renaissance.
Peter F Drucker and His Contribution in ManagementNikhil Vyas
In this power point presentation, I try to collect all the main and important contribution made by Peter F Drucker and also gives the name of some of his publications etc.
Leaders’ vulnerable involvement: Essential for trust, learning, effectiveness...Reuven Shapira
A unique semi-native anthropology of outsider managed automatic processing inter-kibbutz plants and parent IKCs suggests that such involvement is essential for creating virtuous trust and learning cycles, for efficiency, effectiveness and innovation. Kibbutz ex-managers were nominated inter-kibbutz plants’ executives with minimal pertinent expertises; they mostly avoided vulnerability by detachment or coercive involvement. This engendered vicious distrust and ignorance cycles that caused mistakes and failures. Expert kibbutz members came to the rescue and by vulnerable involvement initiated virtuous trust and learning cycles, but they were suppressed as successes made them powerful and threatened bosses’ power. They left, their imported successors remained detached and ignorant, failed and this seesaw repeated itself.
There are numerous articles out there on communication and how to communicate effectively – whether that’s you, or your products and services. What I’m going to do here is give you a whistle-stop tour of some theories and guiding principles behind what factors influence communication. If you know what to look for, then you can start to understand how you can respond better. The idea being that good communication means knowing when, where, and how to play good-natured ‘games’.
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The American culture of individualism, self-reliance, and independence celebrates the legend of the lone entrepreneur. However, for many years, research has shown that team-founded ventures achieve better performance than those founded by individuals. This paper reviews why entrepreneurs form teams, and the process of securing the various types of capital required, to increase the probability of success. A particular focus is placed on social capital and how when complimented with social competence, it can be leveraged to secure financing and build a highly effective, high-performance team.
Is cultural diversity one of the solution to recreate the global economy for ...KamelionWorld
Diversity of thinking (age, culture, education, personality, skills and life experiences) is most important in global business.
Learn how to read between the lines in the recent report: The new global mindset: globalization and the changing world of business published by Ernst & Young.
The Great Transformation - Lead Article for 2014 Drucker Forum by Richard Str...Richard Straub
The article is intended to provide the backdrop for the 2014 Global Peter Drucker Forum in Vienna. It deals with the challenges and opportunities for management in the face of the gigantic changes that we are experiencing in our society. Technology is a game changer - yet it will lead down the wrong path if not accompanied the appreciation of the essence of what it means to be human. Humanist leaders must provide the context and grounding for a society that is in danger to become increasingly technology obsessed. Hence the call for a 2nd Renaissance.
Peter F Drucker and His Contribution in ManagementNikhil Vyas
In this power point presentation, I try to collect all the main and important contribution made by Peter F Drucker and also gives the name of some of his publications etc.
Leaders’ vulnerable involvement: Essential for trust, learning, effectiveness...Reuven Shapira
A unique semi-native anthropology of outsider managed automatic processing inter-kibbutz plants and parent IKCs suggests that such involvement is essential for creating virtuous trust and learning cycles, for efficiency, effectiveness and innovation. Kibbutz ex-managers were nominated inter-kibbutz plants’ executives with minimal pertinent expertises; they mostly avoided vulnerability by detachment or coercive involvement. This engendered vicious distrust and ignorance cycles that caused mistakes and failures. Expert kibbutz members came to the rescue and by vulnerable involvement initiated virtuous trust and learning cycles, but they were suppressed as successes made them powerful and threatened bosses’ power. They left, their imported successors remained detached and ignorant, failed and this seesaw repeated itself.
There are numerous articles out there on communication and how to communicate effectively – whether that’s you, or your products and services. What I’m going to do here is give you a whistle-stop tour of some theories and guiding principles behind what factors influence communication. If you know what to look for, then you can start to understand how you can respond better. The idea being that good communication means knowing when, where, and how to play good-natured ‘games’.
To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee: Interpretive Essay Sample Free .... To Kill A Mockingbird Essay Telegraph. To Kill a Mockingbird Essay English Advanced - Year 11 HSC Thinkswap. To kill a mockingbird essay. An essay on to kill a mockingbird - College Homework Help and Online .... To Kill a Mockingbird Analysis of Power and Responsibility English .... To Kill a Mockingbird Charts. To kill a mockingbird characterization. Characterization of Jem the .... To Kill A Mockingbird Literary Analysis PDF. To Kill A Mockingbird essay about innocence To Kill A Mockingbird .... Essay on To Kill a Mockingbird: Writing Guide for Every Student .... To Kill a Mockingbird Analysis Essay by Samantha Fletcher TpT. To Kill a Mockingbird. To Kill A Mockingbird: A Literary Analysis Essay Example - PHDessay.com. Literary essay for to kill a mockingbird. Literary Analysis Essay To Kill a Mockingbird and Dry September TpT. To Kill a Mockingbird Critical Essay - GCSE English - Marked by .... To Kill A Mockingbird Essay English Academic - Grade 10 OSSD .... to kill a mockingbird essay. Themes Of Prejudice In To Kill A Mockingbird Essay. To kill a mockingbird - Analysis - To Kill A Mockingbird Analytical .... Topic sentence for to kill a mockingbird. 91 To Kill a Mockingbird .... The help and to kill a mockingbird essay. To Kill a Mockingbird Essay. Essays on to kill a mockingbird symbolism in 2021 Essay, Essay .... To Kill A Mockingbird Essay Topics. Descriptive Essay: To kill a mockingbird essay. To Kill A MockingBird Essay English Academic - Grade 10 OSSD .... To Kill a Mockingbird literary essay.doc. To kill a mockingbird analysis essay. To Kill a Mockingbird Essay .... To Kill A Mockingbird Essay Literature - Year 11 WACE Thinkswap. the help and to kill a mockingbird essay. To kill a mockingbird analytical essay. To Kill a Mockingbird .... To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Year 12 HSC - English Advanced Thinkswap To Kill A Mockingbird Analysis Essay To Kill A Mockingbird Analysis Essay
Discussion Questions Chapter 31. Is profit the only important.docxelinoraudley582231
Discussion Questions:
Chapter 3
1. Is profit the only important goal of a business? What are others?
2. Stockholders are only one group of stakeholders. Who are the stakeholders important to me inside the organization?
3. Who are stakeholders important to me outside the organization?
4. What does the successful manager need to know about ethics and values?
5. Is being socially responsible really necessary?
6. How can I trust a company is doing the right thing?
Chapter 4
7. What three important developments of globalization will probably affect me?
8. Why learn about international management, and what characterizes the successful international manager?
9. Why do companies expand internationally, and how do they do it?
10. What are the principal areas of cultural differences?
Research at least three (3) peer-reviewed articles about individual rights, morality, ethics, individual rights, duty, or codes of conduct for criminal justice professionals.
Write a three to five (3-5) page paper
1. Thoroughly created a philosophy and approach for balancing the issues of individual rights and the public’s protection. Thoroughly provided one to two (1 to 2) examples illustrating how you will use this philosophy in your own career.
2. Thoroughly determined a philosophy and approach for balancing the use of reward and punishment in criminal justice. Thoroughly provided one to two (1 to 2) examples illustrating how you will use this philosophy in your own career.
3. Thoroughly selected a philosophy and approach that addresses the use of immoral means (e.g., torture or lying in interrogation) to accomplish desirable ends. Thoroughly provided one to two (1 to 2) examples illustrating how you will use this philosophy in your own career.
4. Thoroughly explained what you believe the Ethics of Care and Peacemaking Criminology presented in your textbook should mean for law enforcement professionals.
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA format (latest edition).
Include a cover page developed in accordance with the latest edition of APA, including a running head, page number, the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page, revision of the previous assignment, and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
3.2
The Community of Stakeholders Inside the Organization
Major Question: Stockholders are only one group of stakeholders. Who are the stakeholders important to me inside the organization?
3.3
The Community of Stakeholders Outside the Organization
Major Question: Who are stakeholders important to me outside the organization?
3.4
The Ethical Responsibilities Required of You as a Manager
Major Question: What does the successful manager need to know about ethics and values?
3.5
The Social Responsibilities Required of You as a Manager
Major Question: Is.
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What is the culture to foster innovation and innovative thinking in larger organizations? There are some similarities to modern fan culture as described by Henry Jenkis from MIT.
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Reading Assignment Chapter 3 The Institutional Context of Mul.docxsedgar5
Reading Assignment Chapter 3: The Institutional Context of Multinational Management, pp.
60–78 Chapter 4: Managing Ethical and Social Responsibility Challenges in Multinational
Companies, pp. 84–105
Unit Lesson Economic Systems An economic system can be defined as the method in which a
nation chooses to distribute resources to the community or specific area (Cullen & Parboteeah,
2017). The economic system of a country may be structured as socialism, capitalism, or a mixed
system. For example, the United States economic system is characterized as a mainly capitalist
economic system. Capitalist economics take place when companies are privately owned and
are able to carry out activities in a competitive market to make profits. In a socialist economy,
the state owns companies or makes decisions about production and pricing in pursuit of a
collective goal (Cullen & Parboteeah, 2017). The mixed economy is a combination of socialism
and capitalism. An example of a mixed economy is India. The businesses in India are
government and privately owned, producing a mixed economy. UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
Institutional Context of Multinational Management and Managing Ethical and Social
Responsibility MBA 6631, Intercultural Management 2 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Social
Institutions Industrialization refers to a country’s industrial development. It “refers to the cultural
and economic changes that are brought about by fundamental changes in how production is
organized and distributed in society” (Cullen & Parboteeah, 2017, p. 67). The authors categorize
three specific industrializations—a preindustrial society, an industrial society, and a
postindustrial society—which affect both organizations and individuals. The preindustrial society
is dominated by agriculture. Whereas a preindustrial society can provide a company with cheap
labor, it can cost the company more in the long run due to the lack of infrastructure and support.
An industrial society is heavily focused on manufacturing and production. This type of society
requires a vast range of skill levels for workers to handle production and technology. Lastly, the
postindustrial society emphasizes services employing highly trained personnel that were trained
for their job positions through formal education. All three levels of industrialization play a vital
role in the success of strategic multinational management (Cullen & Parboteeah, 2017).
Multinational companies (MNCs) can use the levels as a gauge to determine where to do
business. How one chooses to worship and believe in a structure of faith is known as religion. In
most societies, religion can be characterized as a formal method of worship. Religion can be
reflected by dress, diet, behavior, and even holiday beliefs. Max Weber, a German sociologist,
is best known for his Protestant work ethic theory. The theory argues that Protestant ethics are
important as these result in hard work, success, and wealth (Cullen & Parboteea.
Using Adaptive Scrum to Tame Process Reverse Engineering in Data Analytics Pr...Cognizant
Organizations rely on analytics to make intelligent decisions and improve business performance, which sometimes requires reproducing business processes from a legacy application to a digital-native state to reduce the functional, technical and operational debts. Adaptive Scrum can reduce the complexity of the reproduction process iteratively as well as provide transparency in data analytics porojects.
It Takes an Ecosystem: How Technology Companies Deliver Exceptional ExperiencesCognizant
Experience is evolving into a strategy that reaches across technology companies. We offer guidance on the rise of experience and its role in business modernization, with details on how orgnizations can build the ecosystem to support it.
The Work Ahead: Transportation and Logistics Delivering on the Digital-Physic...Cognizant
The T&L industry appears poised to accelerate its long-overdue modernization drive, as the pandemic spurs an increased need for agility and resilience, according to our study.
Enhancing Desirability: Five Considerations for Winning Digital InitiativesCognizant
To be a modern digital business in the post-COVID era, organizations must be fanatical about the experiences they deliver to an increasingly savvy and expectant user community. Getting there requires a mastery of human-design thinking, compelling user interface and interaction design, and a focus on functional and nonfunctional capabilities that drive business differentiation and results.
The Work Ahead in Manufacturing: Fulfilling the Agility MandateCognizant
According to our research, manufacturers are well ahead of other industries in their IoT deployments but need to marshal the investment required to meet today’s intensified demands for business resilience.
The Work Ahead in Higher Education: Repaving the Road for the Employees of To...Cognizant
Higher-ed institutions expect pandemic-driven disruption to continue, especially as hyperconnectivity, analytics and AI drive personalized education models over the lifetime of the learner, according to our recent research.
Engineering the Next-Gen Digital Claims Organisation for Australian General I...Cognizant
In recent years, insurers have invested in technology platforms and process improvements to improve
claims outcomes. Leaders will build on this foundation across the claims landscape, spanning experience,
operations, customer service and the overall supply chain with market-differentiating capabilities to
achieve sustainable results.
Profitability in the Direct-to-Consumer Marketplace: A Playbook for Media and...Cognizant
Amid constant change, industry leaders need an upgraded IT infrastructure capable of adapting to audience expectations while proactively anticipating ever-evolving business requirements.
Green Rush: The Economic Imperative for SustainabilityCognizant
Green business is good business, according to our recent research, whether for companies monetizing tech tools used for sustainability or for those that see the impact of these initiatives on business goals.
Policy Administration Modernization: Four Paths for InsurersCognizant
The pivot to digital is fraught with numerous obstacles but with proper planning and execution, legacy carriers can update their core systems and keep pace with the competition, while proactively addressing customer needs.
The Work Ahead in Utilities: Powering a Sustainable Future with DigitalCognizant
Utilities are starting to adopt digital technologies to eliminate slow processes, elevate customer experience and boost sustainability, according to our recent study.
AI in Media & Entertainment: Starting the Journey to ValueCognizant
Up to now, the global media & entertainment industry (M&E) has been lagging most other sectors in its adoption of artificial intelligence (AI). But our research shows that M&E companies are set to close the gap over the coming three years, as they ramp up their investments in AI and reap rising returns. The first steps? Getting a firm grip on data – the foundation of any successful AI strategy – and balancing technology spend with investments in AI skills.
Operations Workforce Management: A Data-Informed, Digital-First ApproachCognizant
As #WorkFromAnywhere becomes the rule rather than the exception, organizations face an important question: How can they increase their digital quotient to engage and enable a remote operations workforce to work collaboratively to deliver onclient requirements and contractual commitments?
Five Priorities for Quality Engineering When Taking Banking to the CloudCognizant
As banks move to cloud-based banking platforms for lower costs and greater agility, they must seamlessly integrate technologies and workflows while ensuring security, performance and an enhanced user experience. Here are five ways cloud-focused quality assurance helps banks maximize the benefits.
Getting Ahead With AI: How APAC Companies Replicate Success by Remaining FocusedCognizant
Changing market dynamics are propelling Asia-Pacific businesses to take a highly disciplined and focused approach to ensuring that their AI initiatives rapidly scale and quickly generate heightened business impact.
The Work Ahead in Intelligent Automation: Coping with Complexity in a Post-Pa...Cognizant
Intelligent automation continues to be a top driver of the future of work, according to our recent study. To reap the full advantages, businesses need to move from isolated to widespread deployment.
The Work Ahead in Intelligent Automation: Coping with Complexity in a Post-Pa...
Defining and Harnessing Plurality of Thought for the Digital Age
1. Defining and Harnessing
Plurality of Thought for the
Digital Age
To win in the emerging digital economy, progressive
companies worldwide must look beyond diversity of personal
identity and tap the creative and sometimes contrarian views
of individuals across the organization and beyond to spur
innovation, differentiation and sustainable advantage.
2. 2 KEEP CHALLENGING November 2014
Executive Summary
To create a more inclusive order, emphasis is rightly laid on the plurality
of identities – be they racial, gender or otherwise. While that’s a good
starting point, we believe that the journey to a more inclusive order will
be complete only by achieving real diversity of thought. This is critical
because to win in the emerging fully digital world companies must not
only rewire their hard operating infrastructure but also reimagine ways
to tap plural thoughts and think and act innovatively to build sustainable
competitive advantage. How so?
By focusing only on the physical dimension of inclusion, namely
gender, race and sexual orientation, we may miss the more profound
and subtle dimension of thought.
Winning, innovative companies are adopting a mindset of problem
solving. Unencumbered by the baggage of conventional wisdom and
compartmentalized academic thinking, many companies seek out
solutions by breaking boundaries. For example, GE tapped numerous
great minds globally to solve a jet engine design challenge (see page 7
for more).
Plural thinking has less to do with IQ and more to do with
orientation. It is akin to building an open source operating system
that can play with any software on any device. It is a state of mind that
can be cultivated through training.
3. DEFINING AND HARNESSING PLURALITY OF THOUGHT FOR THE DIGITAL AGE 3
This white paper lays out an agenda for business leaders looking to nur-
ture plurality of thought in their organizations. It presents a variety of
cross-disciplinary case studies on how individuals and institutions put
plural thought into action. In our view, successful organizations ensure
that plurality of thought takes root at all levels, from senior leaders to
managers and individual employees.
Our analysis identifies blinders – received wisdom, cognitive biases and
institutional biases – that cause diversity and plurality of thought to be
neglected in the workplace. The words of Bertrand Russell, “The chains
of habits are too light to be felt until they are too heavy to be broken,”
are appropriate in this context. To break the chains of bad habit, indi-
viduals need to practice nurturing and advancing the cause of plurality.
4. 4 KEEP CHALLENGING November 2014
Creating a Plural Identity
A diverse set of visible identities – such as race, gender and age – are promoted
within today’s progressive companies. While this is a necessary starting point, we
believe it is insufficient to truly advance the cause of diversity. The rapidly chang-
ing demographic mix within the U.S., and the exponential growth of the virtual,
connected workforce worldwide, will soon make representation of plural identities
a default phenomenon and a critical prerequisite for sustainable success. The focus
will then shift to diverse perspectives and contrarian points of view.
Plural Thought Defined
The ancient Rig Vedic hymn, Ekam Sat Viprāha Bahudhā Vadanti (truth is one
and the wise call it by many names), underscores the plural order of thought.1
Harnessing and nourishing plurality of thought – the essence of diverse identities –
to innovate and solve complex problems is a crucial but often overlooked task for
business leaders.
The critical questions confronting businesses: Are they ready to tap plural
thoughts and the alternative perspectives that diversity of identities brings?
Do plural identities automatically usher in plural thought?
We examine this idea by asking:
Why does plural thought matter?
What should we do to nurture plural thought?
Why Plurality of Thought Matters
We have identified two recent phenomena that illustrate how plural thought is
assisting more evolved organizations to excel in today’s globally interconnected
economy. First, we examine how contrarian thinking, a key dimension of plural
thought, helped India avoid the 2008 banking crisis. Then we evaluate how plural
thinking is helping GE innovatively solve design problems.
2008 Banking Crisis
What if Lehman Brothers had been Lehman Sisters?2
Would that have resulted in
a different outcome for that firm? Ever since the 2008 financial crisis, this
gender-angled probe has engaged bright minds in academia, media and financial
institutions. While interesting perspectives have been advanced for both sides
of the argument, we argue that moving away from the binary gender-centric
discourse will support richer meaning-making.
One school in this debate posits women as more conservative and risk-averse.
Therefore, more women [in the financial sector] = less self-interested greed = less
imprudent risk = more solid asset values = healthier balance sheets. However,
empirical research shows that female managers are not necessarily more risk-
averse than men, and that female directors did not engage in fewer risk-taking
activities around the crisis, and did not have lower risk than male-led banks.3, 4
While gender is a marker, what about other potentially more relevant factors
such as schooling, values, role in the high-pressure banking environment,
stakeholder interests, etc. that shape an individual’s worldview and actions?
In that larger context, gender hardly seems to be a material driver of actions.
From a gender-neutral perspective, the alternative questions are:
What if the Lehman Brothers and Sisters had been schooled in alternative
schools of finance and economics?
5. DEFINING AND HARNESSING PLURALITY OF THOUGHT FOR THE DIGITAL AGE 5
What if the Brothers and Sisters had rejected the efficient market hypothesis
and other neoclassical economic models?
How safe would the financial world have been had there been space for
alternative theories and norms?
A more nuanced approach to diversity must transcend the physical – race, gender
and age – and focus on thought. It must take into account the complex interplay
of civilization, culture, religion, schooling and the very essence of identities.
Extending this argument, a false proposition does not become true when professed
and practiced by a diverse set of actors. After all, even today, the Flat Earth Society
is active. This does not make its proposition valid, even if it can present diversity of
every shade other than thought within its ranks.
How Plurality of Thought Saved the Indian Banking System
October 14, 2013, marked a major milestone for the cause of plurality of thought,
when The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the Sveriges Riksbank
Prize in Economic Sciences for 2013 to Eugene F. Fama, University of Chicago;
Lars Peter Hansen, University of Chicago; and Robert J. Shiller, Yale University,
“for their empirical analysis of asset prices.”
Fama has made a career espousing the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), which
argues that in an efficient market, security prices reflect all publicly available infor-
mation about an individual stock and the whole market. Robert Shiller, on the other
hand, has built his career on the thesis that markets are not efficient but prone to
irrational exuberance, given that human beings are driven by greed and fear. Coming
five years after the 2008 global financial crisis, a downturn largely blamed on Fama’s
EMH theory, the awarding of the prize to Fama drew sharply polarized commentary.
The business press drew parallels to the physics prize being awarded to Ptolemy (for
his theory that Earth is the center of the universe) and to Copernicus for disproving it.
A Tale of Two Thoughts
Eugene Fama
To be fair to Eugene Fama, EMH is not his theory. The documented history of the
EMH idea goes back to the 16th
century. However, Fama’s review of this theory in a
1970 paper, “Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Works,”
gave it cult status. The utility of this market insight helped create what is known
as index investing, which is now a multitrillion-dollar business. It would not be an
exaggeration to say that over the past 30 years EMH became the Nicene Creed
of the free market church, whose principal evangelist was Alan Greenspan,
former Chief of the U.S. Federal Reserve.
EMH’s utility was eventually extended to a claim that markets are capable of
self-regulation. This view soon became the market doctrine and all converts, be
they legislators, regulators, central bankers or market players, swore by its tenets
eventually leading to “light touch” global financial markets and to the crisis in 2008.
Robert Shiller
Robert Shiller’s analysis showed that markets and their prices are irrational, driven
by participants’ greed and fear. His empirical studies post the 1987 stock market
crash, plus his warnings in 1999 before the Internet bubble burst and in 2005
before the U.S. real estate bubble burst, were largely ignored by the establishment,
which was hooked on the efficient market hypothesis.
This doctrinaire approach fueled by greed partially contributed to the spectacular
financial market collapse in the fall of 2008 (see sidebar, next page).
Eugene F. Fama
Picture Courtesy: Chicago Booth,
The University of Chicago Booth School of
Business (http://www.chicagobooth.edu/faculty/
directory/f/eugene-f-fama)
Robert J. Shiller
Picture Courtesy: Home page of Robert J. Shiller
(http://www.econ.yale.edu/~shiller/)
6. 6 KEEP CHALLENGING November 2014
Y V Reddy – The Contrarian
Dr. Y V Reddy, the then-Governor of Reserve Bank of India, India’s central bank,
differed from this thinking.
He boldly called out the asset bubble building in real estate and dismissed the
theory that markets can self-regulate. With the 1997 Southeast Asia credit
bubble still fresh in public memory, he was aware of the perils of rapidly rising asset
prices. He initiated tough counter-cyclical measures to cool down asset prices,
increased risk weights for real estate loans and did not allow the trading of exotic
derivative products. Thus, he saved the Indian banking system from the conflagra-
tion that singed much of the developed world. While he reined in the drivers of the
asset bubble, he did not kill the real estate market with a regulatory sledgehammer.
By drawing from the best of Fama’s and Shiller’s worldviews, Dr. Reddy pursued the
middle path of prudence.
He made tough contrarian calls even in the face of vilification by the economic
Flat Earth Society. Eventually, Y V Reddy won for the simple reason that he saw
and acknowledged the truth that other central bank chiefs refused to see.
A Thought Morphs into a Cult
Stage 1: Regulatory capture:
1999 — Repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act.
Glass-Steagall acted as a firewall between investment banking and commercial banking activities.
Stage 2: Crush dissent:
2000 — The Commodity Futures Modernization Act.
In a now-infamous encounter with Commodities and Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) boss Brooksley Born,
Alan Greenspan allegedly said, “I don’t think there is any need for a law against fraud.” He stymied Born’s efforts
to regulate credit default swaps.5
2001 — Mortage Lenders and Securitizers.
When Fed Governor Ed Gramlich brought the predatory lending practices of the subprime mortgage lenders and
securitizers to Greenspan’s attention, noting their power to destabilize the mortgage markets, Greenspan called
them “financial innovators” who should not be burdened with regulation.6
Stage 3: Cult hero:
2001 — In Maestro, author Bob Woodward presented the Greenspan years as a gripping narrative, and helped create the
Greenspan mystique.
Stage 4: Live in denial:
2008 — Subprime real estate bubble bursts.
2009 — Commodities bubble bursts.
When The New Yorker’s John Cassidy asked Fama about the efficient market hypothesis and the 2008 financial crisis,
Fama responded, “I think it did quite well in this episode. Prices started to decline in advance of when people recognized that
it was a recession and then continued to decline... That was exactly what you would expect if markets were efficient.”
When Cassidy mentioned that the credit bubble led to the housing bubble and ultimately the bust, the professor said,
“I don’t even know what that means. People who get credit have to get it from somewhere. Does a credit bubble mean that
people save too much during that period? I don’t know what a credit bubble means.”7
Y V Reddy
Picture Courtesy: Evi, an Amazon company.
(http://www.evi.com/q/facts_about__
y_venugopal_reddy)
Quick Take
7. DEFINING AND HARNESSING PLURALITY OF THOUGHT FOR THE DIGITAL AGE 7
Innovate the GE Way
In 2013, the aviation engineers at General Electric solved the jet engine bracket
(metal pieces that weigh 4.48 pounds) problem by tapping plural ideas. These metal
pieces are used to support the 13,000-pound jet engine, and with reduced weight
they were expected to save millions of dollars in fuel savings, according to GE’s
calculations.8
GE knew the solution but either the engineers did not have the time
or the know-how to reduce weight using advanced 3-D manufacturing.
GE then tapped into GrabCAD, an online community of more than a million
engineers and designers, and posed this problem with a cash award of $7,000
for the winning idea. Out of 1,000-plus entries, the winning design was by
M Arie Kurniawan, a young Indonesian engineer who reduced the weight by 84%,
to .72 pounds.
“I’ll never forget the day we presented this to Jeff Immelt [GE’s chairman and CEO],”
says Steve Liguori, GE’s Executive Director of Global Innovation & New Models.
“He was like, ‘Where did you find this kid, and how much aviation experience does
he have?’ And you know the answer to that question? Zero.”9
It was a triumph of plural minds and thoughts at work. For $7,000, GE tapped into
the diverse, global brain trust to innovate its way out of a design problem.
How to Promote Plural Thought
In our view, fostering plurality of thought in a corporate environment must happen
at three levels – individual, team and corporate group.
Individual Level
Nourishing plural thought is less about IQ and more about temperament.
One must diligently cultivate the mind and develop a mental apparatus that is
receptive to multiple viewpoints.
Get over “difference anxiety.”10
While it feels good to look for similarity,
seeking similarity is also a rejection of difference and diversity. One must
actively seek differences, and acknowledge and respect them. To begin with,
it will be uncomfortable for many individuals. Many will need to
be nudged to see the truth as it is. This is the first step in the
plurality journey.
Accept that people are different, and that their “thought
trajectory” is different and evolving. That trajectory is shaped
by a dynamic mix of culture, religion, schooling, grooming and
social interactions.
The next milestone is the ability to respect each other’s
positions and viewpoints. Given that we are trained to
compete, outwit and outsmart in the binary “superior/inferior,”
”good/bad” paradigm, this transition will require a culture
change. Such a change can be brought about by reiterat-
ing the previous steps: acknowledge that plurality is the new
norm, get over difference anxiety, accept and respect differ-
ences, etc. This will help break the binary paradigm and foster a
new culture.
Move away from lazy binary thinking. People are far more complex and
their ideas are even more complex and dynamic. For example, why should
one be right or left, politically? Why can’t one base one’s position according
to the issue at hand? A person may be pro-life in general but support
While it feels good to
look for similarity,
seeking similarity is also
a rejection of difference
and diversity. One must
actively seek differences,
and acknowledge and
respect them.
8. 8 KEEP CHALLENGING November 2014
euthanasia for terminal medical conditions. These are dilemmas
that we confront every day. Accept that dilemma and reality.
That acceptance will thaw the artificially frozen mind.
When you read about the general theory of relativity,
remember to read about quantum theory as well. This conscious
practice of “oxymoronic reading” will help restore balance.
Remember, even when you agree or disagree with an idea,
watch for nuances and degrees of agreement and disagreement.
For instance, you subscribe to feminist ideas and have been
brought up in the Judeo-Christian tradition. Your colleague from
a matriarchal tradition or from the Hindu culture with a tradition
of worshipping women gods may have a very different take on
the same idea you both subscribe to, and those shades will add
colors to the feminist rainbow.
Plurality at the Team Level
A manager is well positioned to nurture plural thought. She can
reason and persuade others in the organization to institutionalize
plural thinking.
Groupthink is an open secret. In a boss/subordinate culture, toeing the boss’s
line is a given, and alignment of thought is subtly encouraged and rewarded.
A manager can delay stating her stance and thus delay the onset of
groupthink and action. That delay offers a window of opportunity for out-loud
thinking. Chances are such windows may throw up a golden nugget.
Managers tend to prefer echoes of their ideas. Psychologists call this
confirmation bias. Homogeneity of thought may cause one to take irrational
decisions. The solution is to eschew supporting opinions and look for contrary
views. This will build rational thinking and decision-making. It can be achieved
with the help of what engineers call the failure mode effects analysis (FMEA).
FMEA’s objective is to identify the ways in which one’s system/pet idea can fail –
and its likely impact.
Plurality at the Corporate Level
Senior leaders have the biggest stake in promoting plural thought since it can make
a material difference to long-term competitive advantage. Consider the share-
holder wealth creation opportunity and upside to stock option valuations if your
company is able to retain the best talent, adopt the mindset of a student problem
solver and seek plural thought. Some initiatives to consider:
Institutionalize the culture of experimentation: Karl Popper11
framed
this as the distinctive attitude of a student of a problem versus the student of
a discipline. Why is this distinction important? Mounting evidence underscores
an interesting phenomenon – students of a discipline or experts tend to view
everything through the narrow prism of their expertise. Meanwhile, students of
generic problem-solving display markedly plural thought and actions. They are
more prone to experiment, dissent and seek multiple solutions to the problem
at hand.
Go out and seek plural ideas, the GE way.
Watch out for cults, groupthink.
Your colleague from a
matriarchal tradition or
from the Hindu culture with
a tradition of worshipping
women gods may have
a very different take on
the same idea you both
subscribe to, and those
shades will add colors to
the feminist rainbow.
9. DEFINING AND HARNESSING PLURALITY OF THOUGHT FOR THE DIGITAL AGE 9
Looking Forward
Throughout this paper, we have touched on how plurality of thought is unfold-
ing across industries, and indeed the globe. We believe additional work needs to
be done to build on the key philosophical underpinnings to build a robust case
for plurality of thought. There are promising indicators. For example, post the
2008 banking crisis, the neoclassical economic models and assumptions at the
root of the global crisis are being reexamined. Efforts are on to make the study of
economics more holistic.
Similarly, as the power of computing, big data and analytics unfolds, certain
simplistic assumptions about normality and its near monopoly in underpinning
analytical models in meaning-making and prognostication are being challenged.
It is imperative to study the forces that impede plural thought. As connectiv-
ity improves and the new virtual education model takes hold, the bastion of the
knowledge creation supply chain will and must be challenged to make it more
democratic, inclusive and fit for the purposes of a globalized world.
As advances in neuroscience break new ground, what was earlier labeled
a disability (e.g., autism) is now being viewed in a different light. For example,
SAP has launched “Autism at Work,” a program that ultimately aims to employ
650 people with autism, or 1% of SAP’s workforce, by 2020.12
We expect this trend
to continue as more and more differently abled candidates with unique skills and
perspectives bring in plural thinking to an increasingly diverse workforce.
As the digital era unfolds, it is imperative to rewire the hard and soft infrastructure
to incubate plural thinking. As transformative solutions emerge, winning business
constructs will invariably find support at the intersection of cross disciplines.
In an increasingly globalized and digital world, we see the ability to harness
plural thoughts for innovation as the single biggest differentiator and a competitive
advantage.
Footnotes
1
The Rig Veda is a collection of inspired songs or hymns and is a main source
of information on the Rig Vedic civilization. It is the oldest book in any Indo-
European language and contains the earliest form of all Sanskrit mantras that
date back to 1,500 BC – 1,000 BC. Some scholars date the Rig Veda as early as
12,000 BC – 4,000 BC. The Rig-Vedic samhita, or collection of mantras, consists
of 1,017 hymns, or suktas, covering about 10,600 stanzas, divided into eight
astakas each having eight adhayayas, or chapters, which are subdivided into
various groups. The hymns are the work of many authors or seers called Rishis.
2
Rosabeth Moss Kanter, “What If Lehman Brothers Had Been Lehman Sisters?”
HBR Blog Network, http://blogs.hbr.org/2010/10/what-if-lehman-brothers-had-be/
3
“Lehman Sisters,” by Renée B. Adams, University of New South Wales, FIRN and
ECGI and Vanitha Ragunathan, University of Queensland, FIRN, December 2013.
4
“Are Female CEOs and Chairwomen More Conservative and Risk Averse?
Evidence from the Banking Industry during the Financial Crisis,” Ajay Palviaa,
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, U.S. Department of the Treasury,
Emilia Vähämaab, Hanken School of Economics, Department of Finance and
Statistics and Sami Vähämaac, University of Vaasa, Department of Accounting
and Finance, March 14, 2014.
10. 10 KEEP CHALLENGING November 2014
5
Cover Story on Brooksley Born, Stanford Alumni, March/April 2009,
http://alumni.stanford.edu/get/page/magazine/article/?article_id=30885
6
“Fed Shrugged as Subprime Crisis Spread,” The New York Times, December 18,
2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/12/18/business/18subprime.html?pagewanted=all
7
www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/interview-with-eugene-fama
8
“How GE Plans to Act Like a Startup and Crowdsource Breakthrough Ideas,”
www.wired.com/2014/04/how-ge-plans-to-act-like-a-startup-and-crowdsource-
great-ideas
9
Ibid.
10
A term coined by Rajiv Malhotra. He discusses this concept in his best seller
Being Different – An Indian Challenge to Western Universalism.
11
Sir Karl Raimund Popper (July 28, 1902 – September 17, 1994) was an
Austrian-British philosopher and professor at the London School of Econom-
ics. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of
the 20th
century. Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist
views on the scientific method, in favor of empirical falsification.
12
http://www.news-sap.com/sap-and-university-of-cambridge-to-team-up-for-
autism-at-work-initiative/
About the Author
Anand Chandramouli heads Cognizant Research Center, which offers a range
of research services. He regularly writes on capital markets, and is currently
championing Research as a Service (RaaS) – an on-demand research service
delivery model. Anand is a statistician by training and has a wide range of inter-
ests spanning economics, financial markets, strategy, philosophy and literature.
He can be reached at Anand.Chandramouli@cognizant.com.
Acknowledgements
This paper is the result of an interesting exchange between the author and
Alan Alper, Cognizant’s Editorial Director, on the topic of diversity and inclusion.
This idea of plurality of thought, a key dimension of inclusion, germinated from that
exchange. The author would like to thank Cognizant Research Center’s Rajeshwer
Chigulapalli, Nitin Bajaj and Sanjay Fuloria, as well as Reshma Trenchil, Editor, for
shaping this article, with plural, cross-disciplinary views.