The document outlines the agenda for a course on competitive territories in the global economy. It discusses several key topics:
1) Globalization and its implications for business competitiveness and territorial competitiveness.
2) Clusters, global value chains, and competitive territories. It will examine how clusters link firm and territorial competitiveness.
3) Open innovation and its relationship to territorial competitiveness.
4) Innovation systems and the role of public policy in supporting innovation and competitiveness within a territory.
The course aims to explore what makes territories competitive in the current global economic context.
Global Political Economy: How The World Works?Jeffrey Harrod
These are the slides which are displayed by the lecturer Jeffrey Harrod in the on-line Lecture Course "Global Political Economy: How the World Works" which is available free on his website http://www.jeffreyharrod.eu/avcourse.html.
The purpose it to make the slides available to download which at the moment cannot be done from the on-line lecture. Many of the slides provide data which may be useful in presentations and research papers. Other slides are the points addressed in the lecture.
The course covers all the material conventionally found in courses on international political economy. The approach is critical and realist and seeks to understand or explain
power rather than functions which surround the world economy.
The lectures and slides cover investment, trade, finance , migration and labour paying special attention to the multinational corporation and the agencies of states as the central power players in the global economy.
This week we cover the political economy approach to communication. Rooted in marxism theory, such exploration considers the role of economy in shaping the media landscape.
Global Political Economy: How The World Works?Jeffrey Harrod
These are the slides which are displayed by the lecturer Jeffrey Harrod in the on-line Lecture Course "Global Political Economy: How the World Works" which is available free on his website http://www.jeffreyharrod.eu/avcourse.html.
The purpose it to make the slides available to download which at the moment cannot be done from the on-line lecture. Many of the slides provide data which may be useful in presentations and research papers. Other slides are the points addressed in the lecture.
The course covers all the material conventionally found in courses on international political economy. The approach is critical and realist and seeks to understand or explain
power rather than functions which surround the world economy.
The lectures and slides cover investment, trade, finance , migration and labour paying special attention to the multinational corporation and the agencies of states as the central power players in the global economy.
This week we cover the political economy approach to communication. Rooted in marxism theory, such exploration considers the role of economy in shaping the media landscape.
COSTS AND BENEFITS OF NEOLIBERALISM. A CLASS ANALYSIS by
Gerard DUMENIL and Dominique LEVY MODEM-CNRS and CEPREMAP - http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/financial/fin_dumenil.pdf
Politics and Power in International Development - The potential role of Political Economy Analysis
Geert Laporte, Deputy Director, ECDPM
VIDC, Vienna, 30 January 2014
Session IV - Cross-National Frameworks for the Management of National Inequal...KhazanahResearchInstitute
Malaysian Income Distribution in a Global Context
A Khazanah Nasional Berhad and Khazanah Research Institute Seminar
Session IV - Cross-National Frameworks and the Management of National Inequality
18 January 2018
Session I - Framing the Conversation on Inequality and Development Choices by...KhazanahResearchInstitute
Malaysian Income Distribution in a Global Context
A Khazanah Nasional Berhad and Khazanah Research Institute Seminar
Session I - Global Poverty and Inequality: A View from the Global Consumption and Income Project
18 January 2018
Politics of Corporate Investment, Trade and Global GovernanceJeffrey Harrod
Forty-eight slides used in the presentation of a 16 session course of the same name. Begins with and introduction to the global political economy as the setting for corporate foreign investment and trade. The slides enable to course to be followed and provide examples, critical analysis and new information..
Session IV - Policy Considerations in Addressing Malaysian Economic Inequalit...KhazanahResearchInstitute
Malaysian Income Distribution in a Global Context
A Khazanah Nasional Berhad and Khazanah Research Institute Seminar
Session IV - Cross-National Frameworks and the Management of National Inequality
18 January 2018
Book talk at the World Bank, December 16, 2016
How China Escaped the Poverty Trap tackles a long-standing, chicken-and-egg problem in development: Is it strong institutions of governance that leads to economic growth or vice versa? Yuen Yuen Ang reveals that this debate is false. In fact, development unfolds in a three-step reciprocal sequence: harness weak institutions to build markets > emerging markets stimulate strong institutions > strong institutions preserve markets. Underlying this process is the creation of conditions that enable ground-level actors to adapt to ever-evolving problems. Ang demonstrates this novel argument through China’s reform experience and extends it to late medieval Europe, antebellum United States, and contemporary Nigeria.
Knowledge Society and Innovation. Strategies towards Knowledge Society.
Jumping the s-curve? Knowledge as critical production factor. Is capatalism over? Capability to be decisive for growth and development.
COSTS AND BENEFITS OF NEOLIBERALISM. A CLASS ANALYSIS by
Gerard DUMENIL and Dominique LEVY MODEM-CNRS and CEPREMAP - http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/financial/fin_dumenil.pdf
Politics and Power in International Development - The potential role of Political Economy Analysis
Geert Laporte, Deputy Director, ECDPM
VIDC, Vienna, 30 January 2014
Session IV - Cross-National Frameworks for the Management of National Inequal...KhazanahResearchInstitute
Malaysian Income Distribution in a Global Context
A Khazanah Nasional Berhad and Khazanah Research Institute Seminar
Session IV - Cross-National Frameworks and the Management of National Inequality
18 January 2018
Session I - Framing the Conversation on Inequality and Development Choices by...KhazanahResearchInstitute
Malaysian Income Distribution in a Global Context
A Khazanah Nasional Berhad and Khazanah Research Institute Seminar
Session I - Global Poverty and Inequality: A View from the Global Consumption and Income Project
18 January 2018
Politics of Corporate Investment, Trade and Global GovernanceJeffrey Harrod
Forty-eight slides used in the presentation of a 16 session course of the same name. Begins with and introduction to the global political economy as the setting for corporate foreign investment and trade. The slides enable to course to be followed and provide examples, critical analysis and new information..
Session IV - Policy Considerations in Addressing Malaysian Economic Inequalit...KhazanahResearchInstitute
Malaysian Income Distribution in a Global Context
A Khazanah Nasional Berhad and Khazanah Research Institute Seminar
Session IV - Cross-National Frameworks and the Management of National Inequality
18 January 2018
Book talk at the World Bank, December 16, 2016
How China Escaped the Poverty Trap tackles a long-standing, chicken-and-egg problem in development: Is it strong institutions of governance that leads to economic growth or vice versa? Yuen Yuen Ang reveals that this debate is false. In fact, development unfolds in a three-step reciprocal sequence: harness weak institutions to build markets > emerging markets stimulate strong institutions > strong institutions preserve markets. Underlying this process is the creation of conditions that enable ground-level actors to adapt to ever-evolving problems. Ang demonstrates this novel argument through China’s reform experience and extends it to late medieval Europe, antebellum United States, and contemporary Nigeria.
Knowledge Society and Innovation. Strategies towards Knowledge Society.
Jumping the s-curve? Knowledge as critical production factor. Is capatalism over? Capability to be decisive for growth and development.
GLOBALIZATION and The Globalization Paradox: Why Global Markets, States, and ...tesfa7
is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide (en.m.Wikipedia.org). The authors of the articles discussed that;
Impacts of Globalization on developing and developed countries
Faire economic distribution and employment opportunities
National government demands to frame their policy aligned with international environmental laws and regulations
Today’s economic and political upheavals reflect an ongoing misalignment between business and economies (on the one hand) and acceptable societal outcomes (on the other). There is still time to adjust, if we are willing to reexamine some long-held assumptions.
PA 315Government Business RelationsChapter 111.docxsmile790243
PA 315
Government Business Relations
Chapter 11
1
Up till now, we have completed the first portion of class, which we focused on economic development policies and practices in domestic context. We examined the tensions between government business relations in the following dimensions:
market vs. government (how much role should government play in economic development)
public interest vs. private interest (how to balance the pubic and private interests in economic development)
Starting from today, we are going to the second half of the class, focusing on economic development policies in the international context. The tensions between government and business relations are examined in the following perspectives:
neoliberalism vs. protectionism (how extensive should government policies be promoting free trade and protecting domestic industries)
national interest vs. global responsibility (as a player in the global arena, how to balance the national interest and its global responsibility)
What’s left…
Globalization
Neoliberalism and Protectionism
North American trade agreements (examples of regional trade agreements) –NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement
Free Trade vs. Fair Trade –
European Union (regional economy and political integration) –
IFO: International Finance Institutions –
In the second half of the class, we will shift to analyze the international trading regimes and government’s role in managing them. Here are the topics as listed in your syllabus.
NAFTA – Mexico, Canada, and United States
CAFTA – Expansion of NAFTA – includes Central American countries of
1. Costa Rica
2. El Salvador
3. Guatemala
4. Honduras
5. Nicaragua
In 2004, Dominican Republic was added and the agreement was renamed CAFTA –DR
The free trade area of the Americas is an expansion to the NAFTA. Representatives from all countries in North, South, and Latin America, as well as the Caribbean are involved. The only country not represented is CUBA.
2
What is globalization?
When you think of globalization, do you think of it in positive terms or negative terms?
Globalization
Globalization is an umbrella term
It is the free movement of goods, services, and people across the world in a seamless and integrated manner
Things to consider…
Most regions are self sufficient – locally produced foods, fuels and raw materials are generally processed for local consumption.
Even though trade has been around for centuries (silk traders), trade between regions was limited.
Today, economies of most countries are interconnected creating a single, interdependent global economy.
The term globalization includes change through the spread of ideas, information and perceptions which lead to cultural and social changes.
4
The world is entered into an era of globalism or globalization, which is an umbrella term for a complex series of economic, social, technological, cultural and political changes. It is seen as increasing interdependence, int.
PA 315Government Business RelationsChapter 111.docxhoney690131
PA 315
Government Business Relations
Chapter 11
1
Up till now, we have completed the first portion of class, which we focused on economic development policies and practices in domestic context. We examined the tensions between government business relations in the following dimensions:
market vs. government (how much role should government play in economic development)
public interest vs. private interest (how to balance the pubic and private interests in economic development)
Starting from today, we are going to the second half of the class, focusing on economic development policies in the international context. The tensions between government and business relations are examined in the following perspectives:
neoliberalism vs. protectionism (how extensive should government policies be promoting free trade and protecting domestic industries)
national interest vs. global responsibility (as a player in the global arena, how to balance the national interest and its global responsibility)
What’s left…
Globalization
Neoliberalism and Protectionism
North American trade agreements (examples of regional trade agreements) –NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement
Free Trade vs. Fair Trade –
European Union (regional economy and political integration) –
IFO: International Finance Institutions –
In the second half of the class, we will shift to analyze the international trading regimes and government’s role in managing them. Here are the topics as listed in your syllabus.
NAFTA – Mexico, Canada, and United States
CAFTA – Expansion of NAFTA – includes Central American countries of
1. Costa Rica
2. El Salvador
3. Guatemala
4. Honduras
5. Nicaragua
In 2004, Dominican Republic was added and the agreement was renamed CAFTA –DR
The free trade area of the Americas is an expansion to the NAFTA. Representatives from all countries in North, South, and Latin America, as well as the Caribbean are involved. The only country not represented is CUBA.
2
What is globalization?
When you think of globalization, do you think of it in positive terms or negative terms?
Globalization
Globalization is an umbrella term
It is the free movement of goods, services, and people across the world in a seamless and integrated manner
Things to consider…
Most regions are self sufficient – locally produced foods, fuels and raw materials are generally processed for local consumption.
Even though trade has been around for centuries (silk traders), trade between regions was limited.
Today, economies of most countries are interconnected creating a single, interdependent global economy.
The term globalization includes change through the spread of ideas, information and perceptions which lead to cultural and social changes.
4
The world is entered into an era of globalism or globalization, which is an umbrella term for a complex series of economic, social, technological, cultural and political changes. It is seen as increasing interdependence, int.
PA 315Government Business RelationsChapter 111.docxaman341480
PA 315
Government Business Relations
Chapter 11
1
Up till now, we have completed the first portion of class, which we focused on economic development policies and practices in domestic context. We examined the tensions between government business relations in the following dimensions:
market vs. government (how much role should government play in economic development)
public interest vs. private interest (how to balance the pubic and private interests in economic development)
Starting from today, we are going to the second half of the class, focusing on economic development policies in the international context. The tensions between government and business relations are examined in the following perspectives:
neoliberalism vs. protectionism (how extensive should government policies be promoting free trade and protecting domestic industries)
national interest vs. global responsibility (as a player in the global arena, how to balance the national interest and its global responsibility)
What’s left…
Globalization
Neoliberalism and Protectionism
North American trade agreements (examples of regional trade agreements) –NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement
Free Trade vs. Fair Trade –
European Union (regional economy and political integration) –
IFO: International Finance Institutions –
In the second half of the class, we will shift to analyze the international trading regimes and government’s role in managing them. Here are the topics as listed in your syllabus.
NAFTA – Mexico, Canada, and United States
CAFTA – Expansion of NAFTA – includes Central American countries of
1. Costa Rica
2. El Salvador
3. Guatemala
4. Honduras
5. Nicaragua
In 2004, Dominican Republic was added and the agreement was renamed CAFTA –DR
The free trade area of the Americas is an expansion to the NAFTA. Representatives from all countries in North, South, and Latin America, as well as the Caribbean are involved. The only country not represented is CUBA.
2
What is globalization?
When you think of globalization, do you think of it in positive terms or negative terms?
Globalization
Globalization is an umbrella term
It is the free movement of goods, services, and people across the world in a seamless and integrated manner
Things to consider…
Most regions are self sufficient – locally produced foods, fuels and raw materials are generally processed for local consumption.
Even though trade has been around for centuries (silk traders), trade between regions was limited.
Today, economies of most countries are interconnected creating a single, interdependent global economy.
The term globalization includes change through the spread of ideas, information and perceptions which lead to cultural and social changes.
4
The world is entered into an era of globalism or globalization, which is an umbrella term for a complex series of economic, social, technological, cultural and political changes. It is seen as increasing interdependence, int.
PA 315Government Business RelationsChapter 111.docxkarlhennesey
PA 315
Government Business Relations
Chapter 11
1
Up till now, we have completed the first portion of class, which we focused on economic development policies and practices in domestic context. We examined the tensions between government business relations in the following dimensions:
market vs. government (how much role should government play in economic development)
public interest vs. private interest (how to balance the pubic and private interests in economic development)
Starting from today, we are going to the second half of the class, focusing on economic development policies in the international context. The tensions between government and business relations are examined in the following perspectives:
neoliberalism vs. protectionism (how extensive should government policies be promoting free trade and protecting domestic industries)
national interest vs. global responsibility (as a player in the global arena, how to balance the national interest and its global responsibility)
What’s left…
Globalization
Neoliberalism and Protectionism
North American trade agreements (examples of regional trade agreements) –NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement
Free Trade vs. Fair Trade –
European Union (regional economy and political integration) –
IFO: International Finance Institutions –
In the second half of the class, we will shift to analyze the international trading regimes and government’s role in managing them. Here are the topics as listed in your syllabus.
NAFTA – Mexico, Canada, and United States
CAFTA – Expansion of NAFTA – includes Central American countries of
1. Costa Rica
2. El Salvador
3. Guatemala
4. Honduras
5. Nicaragua
In 2004, Dominican Republic was added and the agreement was renamed CAFTA –DR
The free trade area of the Americas is an expansion to the NAFTA. Representatives from all countries in North, South, and Latin America, as well as the Caribbean are involved. The only country not represented is CUBA.
2
What is globalization?
When you think of globalization, do you think of it in positive terms or negative terms?
Globalization
Globalization is an umbrella term
It is the free movement of goods, services, and people across the world in a seamless and integrated manner
Things to consider…
Most regions are self sufficient – locally produced foods, fuels and raw materials are generally processed for local consumption.
Even though trade has been around for centuries (silk traders), trade between regions was limited.
Today, economies of most countries are interconnected creating a single, interdependent global economy.
The term globalization includes change through the spread of ideas, information and perceptions which lead to cultural and social changes.
4
The world is entered into an era of globalism or globalization, which is an umbrella term for a complex series of economic, social, technological, cultural and political changes. It is seen as increasing interdependence, int ...
From Plan to Process: Governance & Leadership Implications of RIS3 (presented at EU Open Days University in session on 'operationalising smart specialisation')
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
CTGE Session 2 Globalisation and Development
1. COMPETITIVE TERRITORIES IN THE
GLOBAL ECONOMY
James R. Wilson
Email: jwilson@orkestra.deusto.es
Twitter: @jamierwilson
2. SESSION-BY-SESSION PROGRAMME
TOPIC FACULTY DATES
Introductory Session James Wilson 6 September
1. Globalisation and competitiveness
We will explore the phenomenon of globalisation; from historical roots to the
impacts that it is having today on the competitiveness of businesses and territories.
James Wilson 8 September
13 September
15 September
20 September
1. Clusters, global value chains and competitive territories
We will introduce the popular concept of ‘clusters’ as a key link between the
competitiveness of territories and firms, analysing and critiquing the academic
foundations of the concept and exploring its practical usage. We will examine the
lifecycles of clusters, the relationship between their development and territorial
economic development, their situation in global value chains and global innovation
networks, and the types of institutions and actions that support clusters and cluster
development.
James Wilson 22 September
27 September
29 September
4 October
6 October
1. Open innovation in territorial context
We will study the origins of the strategy of open innovation and explore its evolution
in practice, including analysis of different types of open innovation patterns and the
relationship between these and territorial competitiveness.
Henar Alcalde 11 October
13 October
18 October
20 October
25 October
27 October
3 November
1. Innovation systems and the role of public policy
We will introduce the concept of innovation systems and its implications for
territories (either nations or regions). We will deepen in the understanding of its
components and their relationship with a strong emphasis on the understanding of
knowledge organisations and the role of public policy within a system. In addition,
we will introduce the concept of policy-learning for understanding public policy
(with a stronger emphasis on innovation policy).
Edurne Magro 8 November
10 November
15 November
17 November
22 November
24 November
29 November
Revision Session James Wilson 1 December
Written test James Wilson 13 December
3. • It is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon, incorporating
changes in economic, political, cultural, social relationships
• In particular, globalisation refers to the changes in these
relationships as new technologies combine with the dominant
capitalist context in reducing the significance of territory
• As markets and production chains become ‘global’, there are
clearly economic, political, cultural and social implications for
different actors …
RECAP: SO WHAT IS GLOBALISATION?
What are the implications of ‘globalisation’ for business?
4. • Businesses need to recognise that they are operating in global
market places
– This presents both threats and opportunities
• Perhaps most crucially, businesses need to understand that
globalisation is inextricably linked with the creation and
communication of knowledge and information
– Success means staying one step ahead
• There is also a need to recognise and respond to some of the
‘opposing tendencies’ and be aware of ‘backlash’
– For example, regionalisation and localisation are important counter
forces to global markets
• Global businesses able to respond to local markets?
• Local businesses able to project themselves globally?
SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR BUSINESS
Similar
implications
for territories/
societies?
5. • Some would say ‘yes’:
– Wealth spreading around the world through the globalisation of trade
and production
• However, some would say ‘no’
– There is a loose ‘anti-globalisation movement’ incorporating many
diverse groups, with different agendas
• First coming to prominence in Seattle in 1999
– They are linked by a belief that ‘globalisation’ is threatening certain
things: culture, economy, environment etc.
IS GLOBALISATION A POSITIVE FORCE?
In many ways, this is an extension
of long-held concerns with
inequalities and tensions created
by capitalism
6. • Given these concerns, and given your own concerns, do you
think there are alternatives to ‘globalisation’?
• Is ‘globalisation’ irreversible?
• Would it be desirable to reverse it?
• It may be possible to reverse or stifle such trends by re-
implementing borders etc., and to some extent this may even
be starting to happen ... ?
• But is this the way forward?
– The problems, and the frustrations, are not with ‘increasing and
deepening global relationships’ per se, but with the forms of capitalist
organisation
• Tendency to widen divisions between ‘winners’ and ‘losers’
We must ask, therefore, if there are
alternative forms of globalisation?
ARE THERE ALTERNATIVES TO GLOBALISATION?
Towards a more durable
form of globalisation?
7. • We have seen that globalisation is a complex phenomenon!
– It is multi-faceted and highly contested
– There is some middle ground however, which sees something
fundamental happening to the economic, social, political and cultural
relationships around which the world is organised
– These changes are influenced particularly by changing geography,
changing technology, and the capitalist context
– In turn there are implications for business, and for societies, around
the world
– But questions remain as to how ‘globalisation’ can best be harnessed
as a positive force, how we can make it work better
– The real issue today, for both firms and societies, is finding some
solutions to these questions …
GLOBALISATION: SUMMARY
Building on this context, in the next couple of sessions we will explore what it
means for territories to ‘develop’ and be ‘competitive’ in the global economy
8. • During the last decades economic development policies around the
world have placed strong emphasis on ‘free markets’
– The Washington Consensus: IMF, World Bank (macroeconomic
stabilization, economic opening with respect to both trade and investment,
expansion of market forces within the domestic economy)
• We live in an era of widespread acceptance that government should
play a limited role in the economy
– It should ensure macroeconomic stability, property rights, and might play a
role in providing education, health ...
– BUT the actual organisation of most economic activity is best left to firms:
here the best policy is no policy
• This is an era which has seen the rise of transnational firms, which
now play a dominant role in economies
THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT
9. • In 1972 Stephen Hymer made the following predictions for the
world economic system in the year 2000 ...
A “regime of North Atlantic Multinational Corporations”, that
would “tend to centralize high-level decision-making
occupations in a few key cities in the advanced countries,
surrounded by a number of regional sub-capitals, and confine
the rest of the world to lower levels of activity and income”
“the tendency of the system to produce
poverty as well as wealth, underdevelopment
as well as development”
SO WHO CONTROLS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT?
10. • Level III: Spread throughout the world according to where
appropriate (low cost) manpower, raw materials and end
markets are located
• Level II: More geographically concentrated in regional sub-
capitals, where skilled workers, superior communication
systems etc. are located
• Level I: Concentrated in a handful of key cities
– London, New York, Paris, Bonn, Tokyo
– Moscow and Beijing
Income, status, authority, and consumption patterns would radiate out from major
centres, and the existing pattern of inequality and dependency would be perpetuated,
implying that the basic relationship between different countries would be one of
superior and subordinate, head office and branch plant. Hymer (1972)
THE INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR
11. COMPANIES VS COUNTRIES
Sources: Fortune Magazine, May 2010 and World Bank, 2010
Comparison of the World’s 25 Largest Corporations
with the GDP of Selected Countries (2010)
http://www.globalpolicy.org
Top 200: The Rise of Corporate Global
Power (2000)
1. Of the 100 largest economies in the world,
51 are now global corporations; only 49
are countries.
2. The combined sales of the world's Top 200
corporations are far greater than a quarter
of the world's economic activity.
3. The Top 200 corporations' combined sales
are bigger than the combined economies
of all countries minus the biggest 9; that
is they surpass the combined economies of
182 countries.
4. Over half of the sales of the Top 200 are in
just 5 economic sectors; and corporate
concentration in these sectors is high.
5. When General Motors trades with itself, is
that free trade?: One-third of world trade is
simply transactions among various units
of the same corporation.
12. • Is it possible to alter current globalisation, so that it becomes
more ‘democratic’?
• This would imply fundamental concern with governance
– Governance of firms, networks of firms, governments, international
institutions ...
• With such a focus it is possible that many of the concerns of the
anti-globalisation ‘movement’ might be addressed:
– Is this movement really anti ‘globalisation’?
• Business cannot afford to ignore these concerns
– Reflected in increasing concern with ‘ethical business’, ‘corporate and
social responsibility’ and ‘good governance’
Economic globalisation is not some kind of immutable inevitability, but a set of
processes that is socially constructed, and therefore can be encouraged or resisted by
actors/institutions at various scales Coe and Yeung, 2001
DEMOCRATIC GLOBALISATION
13. What does the term ‘economic development’ mean to you?
THE CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
14. • ‘Development’ is extremely widely used, in different contexts
– Development is a ‘plastic word’
• It is often used to categorise places, and to make judgements:
– ‘Developed’, ‘Developing’, ‘Less Developed’ ...
– But these categories depend on a particular view of what ‘economic
progress’ actually means
– Thus labels are open to different interpretations, and always carry with
them the views of those that use them
When thinking about the economic development of a particular place (city,
region, country) ... perhaps the aims and objectives of people living in that
place should define the concept of economic development ...?
DEVELOPMENT?
16. CONCEPTUALISATIONS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPED
(€)
LESS
DEVELOPED
(€)
YES
NO
Developing Developing
Not
Developing
Not
Developing
Progress Towards Community
Defined Objectives?
Source: Roger Sugden & James R. Wilson (2002). ‘Economic Development in the Shadow of the Consensus: A
Strategic Decision-Making Approach’, Contributions to Political Economy, 21: 111-134.
17. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• If we accept that economic development must reflect the aims
and objectives of people, then it becomes extremely difficult
to separate out ‘economic’ processes from ‘social’ processes
– ‘Economic processes’ influence social process and vice versa
– They both need to be linked to democratic processes
• However convenient it is to do so, analysis and policy should
not try to treat these processes separately
– See Layard (2006) on the difference between a policy-maker’s ideal
world and the real-world
• Thus we switch from a focus on economic growth to a focus
on socio-economic development
This has important implications for how we measure the progress of territories … and also for
how we understand the competitiveness of territories
18. • Czech Republic
• Denmark
• Finland
• France
• Germany
• Italy
• Netherlands
• Poland
• Russia
• South Africa
• Spain
• Sweden
• Switzerland
• United Kingdom
• United States
HOW WOULD WE RANK THE DEVELOPMENT OF OUR COUNTRIES?