Case study on animal Intelligence

1. Unit-5
Case study on different types of animal
intelligence

2. What is intelligence?
Intelligence can be described as the capacity for a logic, understanding,
self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning,
creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving.
More generally, it can be described as the ability to perceive or infer
information, and to retain it as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive
behaviours within an environment or context.
We can define animal intelligence as the combination of skills and abilities
that allow animals to live in and adapt to their specific environments.
Animals possess the ability to adapt to their surroundings by learning to
change their habits and behaviors. Many species are also capable of
forming social groups.

3. Eight types of intelligence
• Logical-mathematical
intelligence
• Linguistic intelligence
• Spatial Intelligence
• Musical Intelligence
• Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence
• Intrapersonal Intelligence
• Interpersonal Intelligence
• Naturalistic intelligence
IBS Dr. Usha Ghosh 3

4. Survival instinct
• Self-preservation is essentially the process of an organism preventing
itself from being harmed or killed and is considered a basic instinct in
most organisms. Most call it a "survival instinct".
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNv2PlqmsAc

5. Survival intelligence
• The phrase “survival of the fittest” originated from his theory, which refers to
the ability to learn or adapt (or “intelligence”) as a major factor in survival over
time. Whether or not you agree with Darwin's theory, I feel this is playing out in
today's modern world as Artificial Intelligence builds momentum.
• Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection entailed three crucial
elements: variation, reproduction, and heritability. Variations in the physical
features of organisms that tend to benefit an individual (or a species) in the
struggle for existence are preserved and passed on (or selected), because the
individuals (or species) that have them tend to survive. The success or failure of a
given variation is not known when it emerges; it is known only retrospectively,
after organisms that possess it either grow and mature and pass it to their own
offspring or fail to mature and reproduce.

6. Case study on Eugenics
• The logic of survival of the fittest and natural selection was thought to
be transferable to humanity. Within the context of the ascendancy of
Victorian England (1820–1914), a perspective arose that the more
intelligent would rule the less intelligent, or those who were less fit.
To realize this perspective, Darwin’s cousin, British scientist Francis
Galton, who coined the term eugenics (derived from the Greek for
“well-born”), established the Eugenics Education Society of London in
1907. Galton, along with many others among the educated classes,
hoped to actively discourage the overbreeding of the less fit and so
preserve what was best in Victorian society.

7. Case study on Eugenics
• As it related to the concept of survival of the fittest, eugenics was divided into positive and
negative forms, with positive eugenics actively encouraging good breeding and negative
eugenics preventing bad breeding.
• A pertinent example of negative eugenics appeared in the work of American
psychologist Robert Yerkes. During World War I Yerkes analyzed the intelligence of U.S.
Army recruits, and he concluded that heritable traits accounted for differences in
intelligence between races, despite his use of culturally biased intelligence tests. U.S.
Pres. Calvin Coolidge, who was influenced by Yerkes’s findings, signed the 1924
Immigration Act, a law that prevented people from immigrating to the United States by
virtue of their nationality or race. In 1907 Indiana became the first U.S. state to
pass laws that allowed for compulsory sterilization of those who had been classified as
“unfit.” More than 29 other states would follow, passing their own compulsory sterilization
laws; however, the eugenics movement in the U.S. declined in popularity after the 1920s.

8. Leadership
• The notion that effective leadership is about having powerful social
circuits in the brain has prompted us to extend our concept of
emotional intelligence, which we had grounded in theories of
individual psychology. A more relationship-based construct for
assessing leadership is social intelligence, which we define as a set of
interpersonal competencies built on specific neural circuits (and
related endocrine systems) that inspire others to be effective.
• Followers Mirror Their Leaders—Literally
https://hbr.org/2008/09/social-intelligence-and-the-biology-of-
leadership
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QeMlPPdT-CI

9. Case study Leadership Intelligence
Case Study #1: Southwest Airlines
• How can an airline survive a government order to ground its entire fleet and shut down for days?
After 9/11, all U.S. airlines were faced with this same crisis. One that succeeded through the
difficulty was Southwest Airlines, already known for its outstanding customer service. Southwest’s
passengers, flight attendants, pilots and ground crews were stranded all across the country after
the terrorist attacks. But unlike their competition, Southwest’s leadership did more than just sit
and wait. They encouraged employees to leverage their trademark fun approach to business and
to help stranded customers enjoy themselves at the movies or the local bowling alley. And when
the ramifications of the shutdown forced other airlines to cut staff, Southwest’s then-CEO, James
Parker, announced just three days after 9/11 that the company would be keeping all of its
employees, as well as issuing a profit-sharing payment.
• Leadership characteristics like crisis management, creative problem solving and a strong belief in
the company’s vision saw Southwest through this unimaginable situation. The CEO also protected
his staff, which ultimately led to a stronger airline.

10. • Case Study #2: Toro
• Toro, the lawn equipment manufacturer, is accustomed to lawsuits, due to the inherent hazards
associated with using its machinery. During the late 1980s, the company was facing major
financial troubles and put Ken Melrose in place as CEO. One of his first successes was reducing
the company’s cost of lawsuits by implementing a new mediation policy, and invoking an
important leadership trait: empathy.
• Prior to Melrose’s tenure, Toro faced about 50 lawsuits every year involving serious injuries. He
decided to switch to mediation to address product liability claims. This approach included sending
a company representative to meet with people injured by Toro products, as well as their families.
The goal was to see what went wrong, express the firm’s sympathy and attend to the family’s
needs. One result of the new mediation policy was a 95% rate of resolving the company’s claims,
along with significant cost savings.
• Great leaders recognize problems and do what it takes to overcome them. They are open and
empathetic, and let their values guide their actions.
Case study Leadership Intelligence

11. Social intelligence
• Social intelligence refers to a person’s ability to understand and manage
interpersonal relationships.
• It is distinct from a person’s IQ or “book smarts.”
• It includes an individual’s ability to understand, and act on, the feelings,
thoughts, and behaviours of other people.
• This type of intelligence can take place “in the moment” of face-to-face
conversations but also appears during times of deliberate thinking.
• It involves emotional intelligence and self-awareness.
• Examples of social intelligence include knowing when to talk or listen, what
to say, and what to do. Timing is a big part of social intelligence. For
example, someone who is imperceptive, may tell a funny joke – but at the
wrong time, or not show enough interest when meeting someone new.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMjOD6YbA-A

12. Case study on social intelligence
• There are as many social intelligence use cases as there are
businesses. Which is great – it means the possibilities are endless! But
the diverse applications of social intelligence also means that
sometimes it isn’t easy to imagine how social intelligence can work
for your particular goal or business.
• A more relationship-based construct for assessing leadership is social
intelligence, which we define as a set of interpersonal competencies
built on specific neural circuits (and related endocrine systems) that
inspire others to be effective

13. Case study -How uncovering the secrets of their audience saved a
tech company from a multi-million dollar mistake
A fascinating story about a startup tech company preparing for the
launch of a product. They set out to use social intelligence to test their
positioning strategy and found that they were making a costly mistake.
This is a great example of why you shouldn’t just follow your
competitor’s strategy. You’ll see audience intelligence in action- from
data to analysis and the journey to marketing and comms strategy.
https://thesilab.com/social-intelligence-case-studies-product-launches/

14. Case study: How to sell peanut butter using social intelligence
and community mapping
Here’s a story about a seemingly straight-forward product and how
social intelligence proved that there’s more to it. They use
segmentation and association insights to show how a marketing
strategy can be fueled by a deep understanding of consumers, even
uncovering communities that you wouldn’t necessarily expect to be
part of the conversation. Social data analysis reveals new connections
and indicates new markets and product development.
https://thesilab.com/social-intelligence-case-studies-product-launches/

15. Social Intelligence of ants and other insects
• Case Study of Termites: Individually, they have meagre intelligence and
they work with no supervision. Yet collectively they build mounds that are
engineering marvels, able to maintain ambient temperature and
comfortable levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide even as the nest grows.
• Indeed, for social insects teamwork is largely self-organized, coordinated
primarily through the interactions of individual colony members.
• Together they can solve difficult problems (like choosing the shortest route
to a food source from myriad possible pathways) even though each
interaction might be very simple, (one ant merely following the trail left by
another).
• The collective behaviour that emerges from a group of social insects has
been called as “swarm intelligence”. This behaviour of social insects has
been studied and applied to solve many business problems.

16. Social Intelligence of ants and other insects
• To understand the power of self-organization, consider how certain species of ants are able
to find the shortest path to a food source merely by laying and following chemical trails.
• Individual ants emit a chemical substance—a pheromone—which then attracts other ants.
In a simple case, two ants leave the nest at the same time and take different paths to a food
source, marking their trails with pheromone.
• The ant that took the shorter path will return first, and this trail will now be marked with
twice as much pheromone (from the nest to the food and back) as the path taken by the
second ant, which has yet to return. Their nest mates will be attracted to the shorter path
because of its higher concentration of pheromone. As more and more ants take that route,
they too lay pheromone, further amplifying the attractiveness of the shorter trail. The
colony’s efficient behaviour emerges from the collective activity of individuals following two
very basic rules: lay pheromone and follow the trails of others. Variations of this simple yet
powerful approach can help solve a number of business problems.

17. learning
• Over the years, researchers have developed rigorous mathematical
models to describe the behaviour of social insects, and those
techniques have application in business issues. In essence, we believe
that social insects have been so successful because of three
characteristics:
• flexibility (the colony can adapt to a changing environment);
• robustness (even when one or more individuals fail, the group can
still perform its tasks); and
• Self-organization (activities are neither centrally controlled nor locally
supervised).

18. Cognitive intelligence
Cognitive intelligence is referred to as human mental ability and understanding
developed through thinking, experiences and senses. It is the ability to generate
knowledge by using existing information. It also includes other intellectual functions such
as attention, learning, memory, judgment and reasoning.

19. Difference in cognitive & Emotional Intelligence

20. Cognitive computation: A case study in cognitive control of
autonomous systems
 Cognitive computation is an emerging discipline linking together neurobiology, cognitive psychology
and artificial intelligence.
 The hierarchical model of intelligence illustrates a general ability that co-exists with specialized abilities.
 As illustrated in figure below at Level 1, people differ in their performance on specific tests that are
representative of various cognitive domains (or “modules”). Within a domain, performance measures are
highly correlated. Given this high correlation, a latent trait at the domain level (Level 2) would be identified
through factor analysis. Level 3 represents a general influence that affects performance regardless of domain,
i.e., people who does well in one domain also tend to do well in the other domains. It is this later observation
that requires the existence of a general cognitive latent trait, or g (general intelligence).

21. Cont….
• The recent advances in computational capabilities, availability of historic data, low
cost of sensors, and high-speed data transfer mechanisms are creating an opportunity
to mimic a human brain and automate the process which matures along with the
organization.
• Enterprises are now relying on software robotic systems which mimics the ways a
repetitive task is handled by humans and preforms it in an analogous way, thereby
eliminating the need of human intervention.
• But, these systems can neither take judgemental decisions nor can learn from
previous actions and its results, In an intelligent processing world, this new change is
expected to be absorbed as a natural progression, by detecting the change and
applying suitable conversions without causing impact to the processing logic.
• To enable such intelligent processing, simple Automation is not enough, it needs
smarter automation process that can understand the change based on context in a
seamless fashion.
• A cognitive Robotic Process Automation(RPA) would be able to pick this change
effectively and enable it. Thus, cognitive computing capabilities can be applied to
solve few major problems of industrial automations.

22. Cognitive Automation in Industry – Design Principles
and Case Study

23. • In the year 2000, Southwest Airlines in USA was having trouble with its cargo operations. Even though the
average plane was using only 7% of its cargo space, at some airports there was not enough capacity to
accommodate scheduled loads of freight, leading to bottlenecks throughout Southwest’s cargo routing and
handling system.
• At the time, employees were trying to load freight onto the first plane going in the right direction—a seemingly
reasonable strategy. However, because of it, workers were spending an unnecessary amount of time moving
cargo around and sometimes filling aircraft needlessly.
• To solve its problem, Southwest turned to an unlikely source: ants. Specifically, researchers looked at the way
ants forage, using simple rules, always finding efficient routes to food sources. When they applied this research
to Southwest’s problem, they discovered something surprising: it can be better to leave cargo on a plane headed
initially in the wrong direction.
• If, for example, they wanted to send a package from Chicago to Boston, it might actually be more efficient to
leave it on a plane heading for Atlanta and then Boston than to take it off and put it on the next flight to Boston.
Applying this insight has slashed freight transfer rates by as much as 80% at the busiest cargo stations,
decreased the workload for the people who move cargo by as much as 20%, and dramatically reduced the
number of overnight transfers.
• That has allowed Southwest Airlines to cut back on its cargo storage facilities and minimize wage costs. In
addition, fewer planes are now flying full, which opens up significant opportunities for the company to generate
new business. Southwest estimated an annual gain of more than $10 million.
Cognitive Intelligence– cargo operations Case Study

24. Case study on credit card business
• Jim Donehey, when he was CIO of Capital One, tried it. The company, best known for its credit card business, started
out as a spin-off from a local bank, and when Donehey joined it in 1994, its IT group had just 150 people.
• However, thanks to its rapid expansion into different markets, Capital One grew at a breakneck pace. Donehey was
soon struggling to assimilate new employees into his organization, which in five years grew to 1,800 people spread
across ten cities, three of which were abroad.
• Donehey realized that command-and-control management, which had seemed efficient when Capital One was small,
was becoming untenable.
• Around that time, Donehey had a discussion with us about swarm intelligence, and he became intrigued with the way
social insects can perform tasks efficiently by using just a few fundamental rules. Inspired by that model, Donehey
came up with four basic guidelines to ensure that everyone in his organization was working toward the same goals:
• 1. Always align IT activities with the business (that is, keep the company’s overall goals in mind).
• 2. Use good economic judgment (spend the money like it’s your own).
• 3. Be flexible (don’t box yourself into one thought pattern).
• 4. Have empathy for others in the organization (when people ask you to do something you don’t agree with, put
yourself in their shoes).

25. Body language
• Body language is a type of nonverbal communication in which physical
behaviors, as opposed to words, are used to express or convey the
information. Such behavior includes facial expressions, body posture,
gestures, eye movement, touch and the use of space.
• Communication is made up of more than just the words we use. It's
maintaining eye contact with the person you're talking to, slouching on a
video call, or your hand movements as you speak.
• Nonverbal cues such as tone of voice, gestures, and posture all play their
part. In this article, we define what body language is – and how you can
interpret it to understand and communicate with people more
effectively.

26. What Is Body Language?
• Put simply, body language is the unspoken element of communication that we
use to reveal our true feelings and emotions.
• It's the relaxed facial expression that breaks out into a genuine smile – with
mouth upturned and eyes wrinkled. It can be a tilt of the head that shows
you're listening, sitting or standing upright to convey interest, or directing
attention with hand gestures. It can also be taking care to avoid a defensive,
arms-crossed posture, or restlessly tapping your feet.
• When you can "read" signs like these, you can understand
the complete message of what someone is telling you. You'll be more aware of
people's reactions to what you say and do. And you'll be able to adjust your
body language to appear more positive, engaging, and approachable.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsb7StyCKxk

27. The Science of Body Language
• You've probably heard the statistic that only seven percent of a
message is conveyed through words. And the other 93 percent comes
from nonverbal communication.
• It's taken from Mehrabian's Communication Model , which also states
that body language is more important than tone of voice and choice of
words when communicating true feelings. But Mehrabian makes clear
that his study dealt only with communications involving feelings and
attitudes. So, it is not applicable in all cases.
• However, it does help to explain why it's so tough to gauge sentiment
when we can't see people – on email or messaging apps, for example.
https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/Body_Language.htm

28. 11 Signs of Intelligence Proving There’s More Than One
Way to Be a Genius
• Empathy: Empathy, commonly described as the ability to experience things from someone else’s perspective, is a key
component of emotional intelligence.
• Solitude: intelligent people dislike other people in general or have few friends, but here’s another take: Both introversion
and intelligence typically involve spending time in your own head, where you might reflect on problems, brainstorm new
ideas, and mull over past experiences.
• Sense of self: A well-developed sense of self signals a high level of intelligence, since a strong self-identity typically means
you:
• feel secure in who you are
• know where your skills lie
• have the confidence to make choices that reflect your beliefs
• Curiosity: Your curiosity might also show up as an interest in the lives and experiences of others. These traits, along with
open-mindedness and a willingness to question your own beliefs, fall under the umbrella of openness to experience
• Memory: Working memory is your ability to store and work with specific pieces of information. According to a 2010
studyTrusted Source, it has a strong relationship with fluid intelligence.
• Body memory: High bodily-kinesthetic intelligence can translate to better dexterity and coordination. You remember
patterns of movement and you can also replicate them without much effort.
• Adaptability: Adaptability is a key component of intelligence. It describes your ability to adjust to new situations or
changing events. This trait can also connect to resilience, which is your ability to recover from adversity.

29. Cont…
• Interpersonal skills: Strong interpersonal skills also indicate intelligence. Take conflict resolution. Maybe you have a gift
for peacemaking between disgruntled coworkers or quarreling friends. Even when you were younger, you found it easy to
calm sibling battles or cheer up frustrated parents.
• Worrying: Worrying, in basic terms, equates to preparing yourself for the possibility of something unpleasant. People who
live with anxiety generally spend a lot of time worrying, even about things they recognize as pretty unlikely to happen.
A small 2011 studyTrusted Source also links anxiety to intelligence. Study authors explain that people with high IQs might
either worry a lot or worry very little.
• Emotional regulation: Everyone deals with painful or unwanted emotions from time to time. That’s a normal part of life.
The way you handle those emotions can say a lot about your emotional intelligence.
• Pets: Pet ownership appears to have a positive impact on mental health for many people.
People with pets often:
• feel less lonely
• find it easier to manage stress
• experience fewer symptoms of depression
• Takeaway: There are plenty of ways to look at intelligence, but most experts recognize that it goes well beyond book
smarts. It doesn’t necessarily matter that you weren’t singled out as gifted early in your elementary days. Maybe you sat
back in class daydreaming about distant worlds and sketching them in your notebook or skipped school entirely to work or
help take care of family members.

30. Birds as bio indicators of traditional weather forecasting
• Tribal people are very astute weather watchers and are quick to recognise weather conditions.
• Local weather forecasting often combines empirical observations and weather predictions
through the phenological patterns of plants and the behaviour of birds and other animals.
• It is very probable that a meteorological- sensibility allows certain animals to react to
atmospheric variations and then indicate important weather phenomena.
• Birds can sense changes in barometric pressure as weather front approaches and may alter
migratory behaviour to avoid poor weather conditions.
• A study conducted in Swaziland found that if the nesting of yellow weaverbird (Ploceus flavipes) is
done high up in the trees next to the river, floods are anticipated and vice versa.
• Bird indicators in Tanzania such as the singing of Malachite sunbird (Nectarinia farmosa), the
white- browed coucal (Centropus superciliosus) and the red-winged starling (Onychognathus
morio) after a prolonged drought would indicate the imminent onset of rains and a good rainy
season.
• It was further reported that when chickens move around picking food during rain, people regard
that as an indicator of plentiful rain for that season.

31. Case study
• A study was carried out in four villages of Zunheboto district- Shiyepu, Sukhalu,
Natha old and Natha new. Zunheboto is situated in Nagaland at an elevation of
1800 m above sea level and enjoys a moderate version of a humid subtropical
climate and semi-evergreen forests. The Sumi tribe has inhabited these villages
for more than 150 years. The study was conducted for a period of 2 years, i.e.,
2016-2018.
• Ten species of birds were reported in this study:
1. Common name: Cuckoo
Local name: Khashopapu:
• When this particular bird sings, it meant that it is time to start sowing seeds in
the field.
• People still follow this indicator.

32. Cont…
2. Common name: Sparrow
Local name: Shoqheti/ Tughashoqhe
• The appearance of sparrows and their availability is an indicator that
winter had ended and warmer season has begun.
3. Common name: Domesticated chickens
Local name: Awu
Amidst the rainfall, if chickens move around and pick food, it is
understood that rain is going to last the entire day. However, if the
chickens rest, then it is understood that rain will stop after a while. The
villagers then decide their daily chores and activities.

33. 4. Common name: Amur falcon
Local name: Inami laqu
• This bird migrates from Siberia to Nagaland en-route to their final destination-
Somalia, Kenya and South Africa every year. Their arrival marks the beginning of
the colder season.
5. Common name: Partridge
Local name: Agili
• When this bird sings after sunrise, it is concluded that rain in imminent. However,
if it sings while raining, then it is an indication that rain will stop for that day in
that particular location.
6. Common name: Rusty-capped fulvetta
Local name: Marutsa Kutsuqho ghau
• The villagers predict floods from the height of these birds’ nests near water.

34. bodies. If the nest is built at the crown of the tree, it indicates flooding. On the other hand,
if the nest is built lower to the ground, it indicates less or no rainfall
7. Common name: Yellow-throated laughing thrust
Local name: Akunu ghau
• Clear weather is expected if birds fly high in the sky. However, if birds’ flight is
comparatively lower than normal, then adverse weather is anticipated.
8. Common name: Grey-crowned warbler
Local name: Kutsuqho ghau
• If birds are seen continuously perching on lower branches of trees, then it is an
indication that strong winds or storm is approaching.

35. Weather Predictions by other animals
• The cow in the meadow may go "moo," but is she bidding a simple
hello, asking for more hay or warning of an impending storm?
• Squirrel Nest Location Indicates Type of Winter
• Frogs Croak Loudly When It's About to Rain
• Birds Evacuate Before Major Storms
• Snakes Slither Away From Earthquakes
• Sheep Huddle Up Before Rain or Snow
• Wolves Howl When a Storm Is Approaching
• Sharks Dive Deeper Before Hurricanes
https://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/climate-weather/storms/10-ways-
animals-supposedly-predict-the-weather.htm

36. Echolocation
• It sounds amazing, but we can all learn to use sound to detect our
surroundings, just like bats or dolphins. No eyes required.
• This ability is called echolocation, and it is well known
in bats, toothed whales, dolphins and some species
of birds and shrews. It allows them to find prey or learn about their
environment when eyes are not so useful.
• Echolocation is the process of sending out a high-frequency pulse of
sound, which is reflected off solid objects in the environment. By
listening for the sound “reflections” it is possible to build up a picture
of the environment. In essence, bats use echolocation to “see with
sound”, allowing them to navigate through a cluttered landscape
(from city to forest) and locate food in absolute darkness.
• https://phys.org/news/2018-04-humans-echolocation.html

37. Bat-inspired signal design for target discrimination
in human echolocation
• Bats are terrestrial mammals like humans, but they can acoustically sense
objects using echolocation with ultrasound and have a spatial perception
without the use of visual information.
• Sophisticated sonar behaviours by echolocating bats under diverse situations
have been observed through behavioural experiments using bats.
• In a study by researchers in Japan, the utility of ultrasound in human
echolocation was examined. By listening to ultrasonic echoes with a shifted
pitch to be audible, the participants (i.e., sighted echolocation novices) could
discriminate the three-dimensional (3D) roundness of edge contours. This
finding suggests that sounds with suitable wavelengths (i.e., ultrasounds) can
provide useful information about 3D shapes.

38. Bat-inspired signal design for target discrimination in
human echolocation
Animals perceive their respective worlds using information acquired in a
unique way in order to survive. Bats are terrestrial mammals like humans,
but they can acoustically sense objects using echolocation with ultrasound
and have a spatial perception without the use of visual information.
Sophisticated sonar behaviours by echolocating bats under diverse situations
have been observed through behavioural experiments using bats. In a study
by researchers in Japan, the utility of ultrasound in human echolocation was
examined. By listening to ultrasonic echoes with a shifted pitch to be audible,
the participants (i.e., sighted echolocation novices) could discriminate the
three-dimensional (3D) roundness of edge contours. This finding suggests
that sounds with suitable wavelengths (i.e., ultrasounds) can provide useful
information about 3D shapes.

39. Cont….
In addition, the shape, texture, and material discrimination experiments
were conducted using ultrasonic echoes binaurally measured with a 1/7
scaled miniature dummy head. The acoustic and statistical analyses showed
that intensity and timbre cues were useful for shape and texture
discriminations, respectively. Furthermore, in the discrimination of objects
with various features (e.g., acrylic board and artificial grass), the perceptual
distances between objects were more dispersed when frequency-modulated
sweep signals were used than when a constant-frequency signal was used.
These suggest that suitable signal design, i.e., echolocation sounds employed
by bats, allowed echolocation novices to discriminate the 3D shape and
texture. This top-down approach using human subjects may be able to
efficiently help interpret the sensory perception, “seeing by sound,” in bat
bio sonar.

40. case study on echolocation skills of bats and
other animals
Case study--Dolphin Hear, Dolphin Do: Imitation by Echolocation
• True imitation is a rarity in the animal kingdom. Dolphins are able to mimic
other dolphins behavior, especially when trained to do so as part of a do-
as-I-do experiment. Even when blindfolded, the dolphins had no trouble
figuring out what another dolphin was doing from sound alone.
Interestingly, when imitating the far stranger behavior of a swimming
human, blindfolded dolphins used echolocation to obtain a better picture
of what was going on.
• dolphins can imitate behaviors without using their eyesight. Dolphins were
trained on a "do-as-I-do" game, in which a model (in this case another
dolphin) performed a specific behavior and the target dolphin was asked to
imitate it. A young male dolphin named Tanner was able to imitate the
model dolphin's behaviors even when he was "blindfolded" — fitted with
soft, latex eyecups that completely blocked his sight.

41. Cont…
• Now, a follow-up study shows not only how Tanner accomplished this task using
sound, but also that he used a deliberate, problem-solving approach to imitation.
The research was published in the journal Animal Cognition.
• Kelly Jaakkola, lead author on the two papers and Director of Research at DRC,
suspected Tanner was using sound to imitate, but there were two possibilities:
"He could have recognized the characteristic sound the behavior makes, just like
you or I might recognize the sound of hands clapping, or he could have used
echolocation to "see" the behavior with sound," she says.
• In the follow-up study, Jaakkola and her team changed how the behaviors
sounded by using a human model instead of a dolphin. Like the dolphin model,
the human model performed a variety of motor behaviors including bobbing up
and down, spinning in a circle, and swimming like a fish with legs and feet moving
side-to-side. A person moving in the water sounds very different from a dolphin
moving in the water. With the sound changed, would Tanner still be able to
recognize the behavior to copy it?

42. Nest building
• A nest is a structure built for certain animals to hold eggs, offspring,
and, oftentimes, the animal itself. Nests can be found in all types of
habitat. Nest building is driven by a biological urge known as the
nesting instinct in birds and mammals.
• Nest Building of Engineer Bird_Rufous Hornero Nest Building
• Watch a Weaver Bird build a nest in a single day
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbWM1QAVGzs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ofmr2toT4C0

43. survival skills of animals
Survival skills are the techniques animals use to stay alive and safe.
They include everything from protecting territories, using camouflage,
teamwork, sharing resources, fleeing from danger, and methods of fear
and intimidation.
https://www.earthrangers.com/top-10/top-ten-strangest-animal-
survival-strategies/
1.Porcupinefish
Predators will have to think twice before messing with this big spiky
fish. When the Porcupine or Pufferfish is feeling threatened, it can
inflate its body using air and water, extending its sharp points out up to
5 cm (2’’).

44. • 2 Hairy Frog
• Watch out this animal uses a wolverine style attack! They will poke
sharp bones through the skin on their toes and use their spiky feet to
keep predators away.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080623125003.htm

45. • Thank you