This document summarizes 12 talking points about collective action failures and the Philippine investment puzzle. It argues that low investment in the Philippines can be explained by collective action failures, where the pursuit of individual gains undermines collective outcomes. A key failure is an inability to establish strong, competent institutions that can effectively address public goods problems and encourage long-term investment through stable rules and contract enforcement. Weak rule of law allows "Leviathan" behavior by the state that undermines economic development.
Energy Extractive Communities, Democracy, and "Economic Diversification"Crystal Cook Marshall
Hinterland energy extractive communities (those places located far outside urban areas) do more than their share of society's heavy lifting in terms of production but are also often less democratic. Economic diversification is often touted as a panacea for "fixing" these communities; however, it is often not a well-defined construct. Maybe other policy models are more applicable.
CSOs Improving Microfinance to Disabled Borrowers and Landmine VictimsStreet Ecology
ABSTRACT: How do civil society organisations (CSOs) affect microfinance? The aim of this paper is to apply a conceptual assessment of civil society organisations to microfinance. A preliminary literature review demonstrates that civil society organisations (CSOs) work with and sometimes pressure microfinance institutions (MFIs) to expand lending or targeting of excluding groups. MFIs operate in a microfinance sector embedded in a sociopolitical environment, which will include the civil society of a country. All countries have a civil society, but some countries have a strong civil society, while other countries have weak civil societies; for example, Somalia would be a country with a weak civil society. The assumption is that strong civil societies are conducive to microfinance operational stability. However, there is a sparse amount of research that connects civil society to microfinance; conceptual research demonstrates that civil society organisations could improve microfinance through developing a dialogue, voicing concerns, fighting corruption, and promoting financial inclusion of excluded groups of borrowers, notably the physical disabled. In former conflict regions, there are thousands of physically disabled people as a consequence of landmines/UXO. The landmine population is considered an underserved market using microfinance terminology. Unfortunately, there are few active and sustainable microfinance lending initiatives for landmine victims. Civil society organisations have a role to play in socioeconomic reintegration, including areas such as government policy, victim assistance, and information distribution, as well as pressuring MFIs to lend to physically disabled people.
Energy Extractive Communities, Democracy, and "Economic Diversification"Crystal Cook Marshall
Hinterland energy extractive communities (those places located far outside urban areas) do more than their share of society's heavy lifting in terms of production but are also often less democratic. Economic diversification is often touted as a panacea for "fixing" these communities; however, it is often not a well-defined construct. Maybe other policy models are more applicable.
CSOs Improving Microfinance to Disabled Borrowers and Landmine VictimsStreet Ecology
ABSTRACT: How do civil society organisations (CSOs) affect microfinance? The aim of this paper is to apply a conceptual assessment of civil society organisations to microfinance. A preliminary literature review demonstrates that civil society organisations (CSOs) work with and sometimes pressure microfinance institutions (MFIs) to expand lending or targeting of excluding groups. MFIs operate in a microfinance sector embedded in a sociopolitical environment, which will include the civil society of a country. All countries have a civil society, but some countries have a strong civil society, while other countries have weak civil societies; for example, Somalia would be a country with a weak civil society. The assumption is that strong civil societies are conducive to microfinance operational stability. However, there is a sparse amount of research that connects civil society to microfinance; conceptual research demonstrates that civil society organisations could improve microfinance through developing a dialogue, voicing concerns, fighting corruption, and promoting financial inclusion of excluded groups of borrowers, notably the physical disabled. In former conflict regions, there are thousands of physically disabled people as a consequence of landmines/UXO. The landmine population is considered an underserved market using microfinance terminology. Unfortunately, there are few active and sustainable microfinance lending initiatives for landmine victims. Civil society organisations have a role to play in socioeconomic reintegration, including areas such as government policy, victim assistance, and information distribution, as well as pressuring MFIs to lend to physically disabled people.
Developmental state and africa elly series 2013.Should Africa Learn from Asia...Elly Twineyo Kamugisha
Is Africa currently in the developmental stage? Is it on its way to economic success and ultimately development and liberal democracy?
Does the role of the state in the development of East Asian countries offer good examples for Africa?
Is the state in developed countries supporting or subsiding key private companies in their economies?
Based on Erik Reinert, How Rich Countries Got Rich ... and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor (2007), London: Constable, Chapter 8: “Get the economic activities right”, or, the Lost Art of Creating Middle-Income Countries. Further discussion on how to make upper-middle income county out of middle-income trap. And how to synchronize different aspect on developmental policy in modern era.
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Strong Compare and Contrast Essay Examples. Essay websites: How to write a contrasting essay. 005 Essay Example Comparison Examples And Contrast Essays Ideas Maus .... Compare And Contrast 5 Paragraph Essay - thesiscompleted.web.fc2.com. Compare and Contrast Paragraph. ️ Compare contrast paragraph examples. How to Write a Compare and .... COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE – TAISMOLRAN1997. Layout and examples of compare/contrast. Informative/Explanatory .... Compare And Contrast Essay Examples (+FAQ) | Pro Essay Help. 014 Essay Example Compare Contrast Essays ~ Thatsnotus. Comparison and Contrast Essay.
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LESSON 6: NEW FORCES
Introduction
In this lesson we will look at opportunities and challenges to development. We will gain a different
understanding and perspective of this topic based on experts’ views. The assigned readings will provide
further explanation and you will come to understand how different their views on development are.
New Forces in Development
How do bad leaders, corruption, bad institutions and policies, and even rich nations exacerbate problems through
high barriers to trade? What are possible solutions? Some solutions might include forgiving debt (but we should
recognize that this is not the complete solution), as well as removing barriers to global integration, encouraging
local regional trade, eliminating tariffs and quotas for highly indebted nations, and fostering economic freedom
/reforms. The Global Policy Forum website summarizes many of these factors, and posts articles that focus on many
important issues in development, as summarized in the image below. Please click on the link in the Reading and
Resources folder to access the Global Policy Forum website section on Poverty and Development in Africa in
preparation for our discussion this week.
back to top
Finish and record
javascript:void(0)
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In making our assessment of economics and the international system, we must also recognize the impact of
culture on economic performance. Culture includes the peculiarities of local history, social structure,
psychology, religion, norms, and politics. While the apostles of globalization contend that market forces
overwhelm everything else, others such as Paul Krugman and Jeffrey Sachs powerfully counter-argue that
geography is itself a limit to globalization. Just think of what it means to be a landlocked country, and how
much extra it costs to bring goods to ports for trade in an open, competitive system. Add to these
complications of physical geography other factors such as climate, tropical location, local traditions, and the
picture becomes complicated quickly. If we include the dynamics of culture and geography, we begin to
understand why traditional macro-economic measures may have less of an impact than many previously
assumed they would in the international system.
What are the effects of economic globalization on poor countries? Since the backlash demonstrations
against globalization at the ministerial meetings in Seattle and Genoa in the late 1990s, this question has
entered public debate. Neither globalization nor protests, however, are new. Indeed, throughout the history
of development economics, attention to the implications of international integration has been of prime
in.
Developmental state and africa elly series 2013.Should Africa Learn from Asia...Elly Twineyo Kamugisha
Is Africa currently in the developmental stage? Is it on its way to economic success and ultimately development and liberal democracy?
Does the role of the state in the development of East Asian countries offer good examples for Africa?
Is the state in developed countries supporting or subsiding key private companies in their economies?
Based on Erik Reinert, How Rich Countries Got Rich ... and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor (2007), London: Constable, Chapter 8: “Get the economic activities right”, or, the Lost Art of Creating Middle-Income Countries. Further discussion on how to make upper-middle income county out of middle-income trap. And how to synchronize different aspect on developmental policy in modern era.
Compare And Contrast 5 Paragraph Essay.pdfTrina Martin
Strong Compare and Contrast Essay Examples. Essay websites: How to write a contrasting essay. 005 Essay Example Comparison Examples And Contrast Essays Ideas Maus .... Compare And Contrast 5 Paragraph Essay - thesiscompleted.web.fc2.com. Compare and Contrast Paragraph. ️ Compare contrast paragraph examples. How to Write a Compare and .... COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE – TAISMOLRAN1997. Layout and examples of compare/contrast. Informative/Explanatory .... Compare And Contrast Essay Examples (+FAQ) | Pro Essay Help. 014 Essay Example Compare Contrast Essays ~ Thatsnotus. Comparison and Contrast Essay.
1/7/2019 Realizeit ContentDelivery
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LESSON 6: NEW FORCES
Introduction
In this lesson we will look at opportunities and challenges to development. We will gain a different
understanding and perspective of this topic based on experts’ views. The assigned readings will provide
further explanation and you will come to understand how different their views on development are.
New Forces in Development
How do bad leaders, corruption, bad institutions and policies, and even rich nations exacerbate problems through
high barriers to trade? What are possible solutions? Some solutions might include forgiving debt (but we should
recognize that this is not the complete solution), as well as removing barriers to global integration, encouraging
local regional trade, eliminating tariffs and quotas for highly indebted nations, and fostering economic freedom
/reforms. The Global Policy Forum website summarizes many of these factors, and posts articles that focus on many
important issues in development, as summarized in the image below. Please click on the link in the Reading and
Resources folder to access the Global Policy Forum website section on Poverty and Development in Africa in
preparation for our discussion this week.
back to top
Finish and record
javascript:void(0)
1/7/2019 Realizeit ContentDelivery
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In making our assessment of economics and the international system, we must also recognize the impact of
culture on economic performance. Culture includes the peculiarities of local history, social structure,
psychology, religion, norms, and politics. While the apostles of globalization contend that market forces
overwhelm everything else, others such as Paul Krugman and Jeffrey Sachs powerfully counter-argue that
geography is itself a limit to globalization. Just think of what it means to be a landlocked country, and how
much extra it costs to bring goods to ports for trade in an open, competitive system. Add to these
complications of physical geography other factors such as climate, tropical location, local traditions, and the
picture becomes complicated quickly. If we include the dynamics of culture and geography, we begin to
understand why traditional macro-economic measures may have less of an impact than many previously
assumed they would in the international system.
What are the effects of economic globalization on poor countries? Since the backlash demonstrations
against globalization at the ministerial meetings in Seattle and Genoa in the late 1990s, this question has
entered public debate. Neither globalization nor protests, however, are new. Indeed, throughout the history
of development economics, attention to the implications of international integration has been of prime
in.
GLOBALIZATION and The Globalization Paradox: Why Global Markets, States, and ...tesfa7
is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide (en.m.Wikipedia.org). The authors of the articles discussed that;
Impacts of Globalization on developing and developed countries
Faire economic distribution and employment opportunities
National government demands to frame their policy aligned with international environmental laws and regulations
Capitalism and the naive spirit for building the futureGRAZIA TANTA
Convincing capitalists to abandon the logic of growth that leverages profit-making would require them to consider hara-kiri
A – Capital’s structure and operating mode
1 – Capitalism’s essential objective – The accumulation of capital
2 – Main instruments of capitalist accumulation
3 – Side effects of the capital accumulation model
B – The insufficiency of any piecemeal approach to capitalism
The Kyoto Protocol - International Baccalaureate Geography - Marked by .... Political & Economic & Environmental Aspects of the Kyoto Protocol .... Kyoto Protocol - A-Level Science - Marked by Teachers.com. What is the Kyoto Protocol? - Definition, Summary, Pros & Cons - Video .... Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan - Page Title Page - UNT Digital .... The Kyoto Protocol | Publish your master's thesis, bachelor's thesis .... ⇉What Are the Pros and Cons of the Kyoto Protocol? Essay Example .... Kyoto Protocol defined | Gydeline. Kyoto Protocol | Publish your master's thesis, bachelor's thesis, essay .... Kyoto Protocol. - University Physical Sciences - Marked by Teachers.com. Evaluation and Future of the Kyoto Protocol: Japan’s Perspective. The Kyoto Protocol - GRIN. What Is The Kyoto Protocol? Definition, History, Timeline, and Status. Kyoto Protocol Essay ⋆ Political Science Essay Examples ⋆ EssayEmpire. Today in chemistry history: The Kyoto protocol | Compound Interest. Difference Between Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement With Their .... Lessons from the Kyoto Protocol:Implications for the Future. The Kyoto Protocol: An Indian Perspective. Kyoto Protocol | History, Provisions, & Facts | Britannica. Dec. 11, 1997: World Signs Onto Kyoto Protocol | WIRED. Final Provisions of the Kyoto Protocol (Articles 22–28) | SpringerLink. Malaysia needs to act to ratify Kyoto Protocol amendment - Sahabat Alam .... Protocole de Kyoto. Kyoto protocol essay. Buy Essay Online Cheap - kyoto protocol essay - 2017/10/07. The Kyoto Protocol - 539 Words | Essay Example. Kyoto protocol research term paper. Kyoto Protocol and China's Position - 556 Words | Essay Example. Buy essay online cheap review of kyoto protocol and its impact on india ... Kyoto Protocol Essay
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1. Deconstructing the Philippine Investment Puzzle:
The Role of Collective Action Failures
Twelve Talking Points
Raul V. Fabella
UP School of Economics and NAST
[I would like to thank the PEJA-UP Fellowship Program for this unique fellowship grant. This program is
innovative and unprecedented in its support for an expanded thinkspace which academics value more
than fat bankbooks. My mandate as I understood it is to think, as it were, outside the box, on an
emerging or enduring issue confronting the nation. In this I have benefited immensely from listening to
many of you in the audience. Errors are mine alone]
1. Our strategy is to put old wines in new wineskins. New combinations of vintage brews from
Economics, Political Science and Biology may shed new light on reality. Recombination of old ideas
sometimes renders the formidable doable. The reality in question is the Philippine Disease and the
Philippine Investment Puzzle. The Philippine Disease (PD) is the label we use for the long-term
retreat of the Philippine economy front the top to the bottom of the Asian League table. It echoes
the retreat of the British economy form front runner to also-ran in the aftermath of WWII attributed
to the pervasive state control of the economy and the veto of economic policy by the labor unions.
Many explanations have been put forward to explain the PD. We think we can start to unpack the
PD if we can unpack a puzzle, the Philippine Investment Puzzle (PIP).
2. The Philippine Investment Puzzle (de Dios, Medalla, Fabella, 2008; de Dios, 2011; Usui, 2010): Why
has the Philippine investment rate remained so low absolutely and relative to its neighbors? Both
public investment and private investment are dismally low. The appalling state of public
infrastructure in the Philippines compared to East Asia neighbors is testimony to the former. The
retreat of the Manufacturing testifies to the latter. Development Progeria (DP), a phenomenon
where a low income economy exhibits the industry share dynamics of a mature high income
economy and is the face of PIP. In DP, the Service sector becomes progressively dominant while the
industry and manufacturing sectors progressively retreat. The growth rate is much slower than
income-comparable catch-up economies. DP has a lot to do with perverse exchange rate policies
and weak institutions. Standard explanations abound: chronic fiscal imbalance, the high cost of
doing business, poor infrastructure, regulatory uncertainty, weak formal and informal institutions,
corruption, political instability, damaged culture, rapacious elites, flawed democracy, high discount
rate, etc. The explanations belong to either of four genres: resource-deficit, policy-deficit,
institution-deficit and culture-deficit. Some may be expressions of our genotype, which we can't
hope to change. Most of these deficits are phenotypic expressions, ultimately rooted in how
members of the Philippine collective make their choices (vote; allocate resources between present
and future; pay taxes, etc.) and craft political settlements (EPIRA, CARP, NFA, PDAF) in pursuit of
ends which are either aligned and re-enforcing, or conflicting and mutually undermining within a
1
2. given environment. Phenotypes are adaptations to the environment. Dr Jose Rizal in The Indolence
of the Filipinos vehemently argued that indolence among Filipinos is strategic, thus, phenotypic. This
is the view that I embrace in this enquiry.
3. Is there a common thread running through many of these explanations? In pursuit of this thread, I
explore another layer of the proverbial onion: collective action failure (CAF). If a unified social
science is to happen, it will begin in the study of collective action: how members of a collective work
together to achieve ends that benefit all. And its language is Game Theory. We owe the collective
action concept to political scientist M. Olson (1965). CAF is the result of the incapacity of a collective
to transform collective action challengeses into collective surplus. The annals of underdevelopment
is painted on the canvass of wasted opportunities, not on the canvass of the paucity of resources.
Contrast two outcomes: one, a resounding collective achievement, the Three Gorges Dam; and the
other, a resounding CAF, the NAIA Terminal 3.
4. Collective action challenges (also social dilemma games) are social situations where the pursuit of
immediate individual gains by members of the collective leads to social outcomes that are inferior
for the collective as a whole. All public goods are collective action challenges: resources have to be
mobilized from members and public goods procured through a maze of principal-agent contracts
and over time. Without adequate public goods, A Smith’s Invisible Hand is chained. As K Arrow
observed, a vigorous market economy requires a “modicum of morality.” The Three Gorges Dam is
the embodiment of actualized opportunity and superior economic outcome. Think of the NAIA
Terminal 3 completed in 2002 but remains largely idle and decaying today. Think of the San Roque
Multi-Purpose Dam generating electricity but unable to irrigate 70 thousand hectares of agricultural
land for which it was also designed. Think of the LRT and MRT ─ still un-integrated and wasting
immense network externalities. Wasted opportunities all. Why in China and not here?
5. The state is the most important human artifact for the address of collective action problems in large
polities (T. Hobbes, J. J. Rousseau, A. Smith, J. Locke, P. Samuelson, M. Olson, R. Nozick). Small
polities where interaction is face-to-face, repeated, and multidimensional do evolve coherent “trust
groups” that solve CACs such as common resource management. The extensive research of E
Ostrom and her group as well as laboratory experiments bear this out. We are concerned here with
large polities. P. Samuelson (as well as M. Olson and going all the way to A Smith) showed that
private voluntary contribution among self-centric individuals will fail to provide adequate public
goods in large polities. Thus, the idea of the state. When the state is perfect, as is Samuelson's
benevolent central planner, the public goods failure (or any market failure) is solved promptly.
When the state is imperfect (Buchanan, Coase, the Public Choice revolution), government
interventions can become government failures – purveyors of waste and venality. How to transform
Hobbes’ Leviathan into Locke’s Commonwealth, that is, actually pursuing inclusiveness is the biggest
collective action challenge of our time. In the literature, the challenge is variously labeled as the
“acquisition of good institutions" (Rodrik) or the move from "limited access order" to "open access
order" (North, Weingast and Wallis). The failure of the Philippine collective to tame its own
Leviathan is a CAF of the first order.
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3. 6. A Leviathan is flawed due to either benevolence-deficit or competence-deficit or both on the part of
the state. When non-benevolent, the state may intervene even when there is no market failure
purely for private gains (recall the NBN-ZTE scandal) or if there is a market failure, the intervention
is crafted to maximize private gains (recall the Fertilizer Scam or the Diosdado Macapagal Avenue).
Competence-deficit may be due in part to information-deficit and/or organization- and
management-deficit (recall the Telepono sa Barangay). It is difficult to separate incompetence (not
punishable) from pure venality (punishable). And even when venality is evidenced prima facie, the
arm of the law may be short and/or vendible (by scoundrels in robes).
7. In particular, in the case of a true public goods failure, the state intervention has first to collect the
tax and then to procure the good. In the first, the state's action may be ineffective (non-payment of
taxes remains the dominant strategy because the enforcement is weak which includes widespread
venality; in the second, the state intervention may be inefficient: either procures the good but at
enormous cost (the Diosdado Macapagal Avenue) or procures its grotesque substitute (the
Helicopter scandal; Loboc Half-a-Bridge; ghost delivery). When massive procurement failures mar
the state's Visible Hand, it may be better for society if the Hand is bound by collection failure, that
is, tax evasion may at times become both "ethically chic" for citizens and out-rightly welfare-
improving! (an instance of the theory of the second best). There is a lesson here on sequencing of
reform: Procurement reform must precede tax administration reform.
8. For Max Weber, mature and dynamic Capitalism is rooted on a rational state that renders the
economic environment "calculable." Investors take calculated risks but shy away when the risk is
incalculable. Today, we say that regulatory environment that protects property rights and enforces
contracts hastens investment and growth (Acemoglu and Robinson, 2011). In particular, it solves the
Investor's Dilemma: investors will balk if the danger of ex-post opportunism or ex-propriation either
by his partner or by the state is considerable. When minority investors are not protected they will
shy away. When the regulatory regime is weak, private ordering (O Williamson) can sometimes
substitute for public ordering. Ironically, in an unpredictable environment, private firms may seek
comfort under the cover of regulatory and/or state capture in order to invest. In weak governance
environments capture (even elite capture) may be the only way to crowd in investment. It is no
mystery why at the start East Asian miracle countries actually nurtured large business
conglomerates (Chaebols, Zaibatzus, Taipans) with special dispensations to do the investing. An
example of private ordering is full ownership (shunning partnerships or arms-length contracting. Full
ownership by a foreign investor can reduce the risk of misbehavior by local partners. If such is also
prohibited to favor local stewardship, they may be forced to find a "dummy" which may also be
illegal. If they persist, they descend into the murky twilight world of un-enforceable because illegal
contracts. The NAIA terminal 3 fiasco has roots in the constitutional foreign ownership limit. More
likely, with such red flags as the NAIA Terminal 3, foreign investors go elsewhere.
9. Because of their inability to punish perpetrators, weak states tend to take the easier way out –
outlaw policy instruments: we outlawed integrated power companies (unbundled) before the
regulatory environment for arms-length contracting is secure; we outlawed take-or-pay due to the
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4. IPP morass and government provision of power generators through EPIRA; we outlawed larger than
5-hectare land ownership and the market for land through CARP. We indulge in the mutilation of the
policy instrument space. Mao Zedong mutilated the policy space ("A socialist train that comes late is
better than capitalist one that comes on time") in the name of ideological purity and produced the
disastrous Great Leap Forward. Deng Xiaoping de-mutilated the policy space ("It doesn't matter
what color the cat as long as it catches the mice") and produced the PRC miracle! Still Deng was
lucky because he was riding an already strong state. In the Philippines, the starting block is a weak
state.
10. A weak state is a tenuous political settlement among diverse and mutually suspecting groups. The
reward for support is the award of virtual sovereignty over a state agency or a region (the
Ampatuans in Maguindanao). Since power has been abused in the past, groups are comfortable
with and nurture a weak center. Since a weak center cannot make credible commitments, it cannot
mediate inter-temporal and inter-group conflicts of interest. Thus small economically insignificant
projects celebrating the “Divide-by-N” allocation rule (PDAF, barangay roads, Salary
Standardization). Healing of the weak state is the great challenge of our time. In most LDCs, the
state weakness comes the rising tide of widespread mistrust coming from many past episodes of
betrayal. A strong state is capable of making credible commitments and, thus, can mediate inter-
temporal, inter-class and inter-regional conflicts of interests. It is able to lengthen investment
planning horizons.
Fukuyama uses the label "low trust society." I prefer the label "fragmented trust societies." The fund
of trust is conserved (not low); it is however highly fragmented having retreated to smaller and
smaller trust groups which people rightly think can nurture their aspirations. Thus, the Ampatuan
clan; thus, the Iglesia ni Cristo; thus, the Greek letter fraternities). Small groups in fragmented trust
societies can very coherent. They are also mostly exclusivist. The state, the embodiment of society
at large, is distrusted. Competing groups want their share "now" because the state cannot
guarantee a fair redistribution later.
In the paper, we introduce the Ostrom-Kabayanihan Space (OKS): that circle of people with whom
an agent's dominant strategy in a collective action game is always "cooperate" (versus “defect”
against non-members). The radius of the OKS is defined by the trust/belief that among the included
members, betrayal is highly unlikely. We normally call them “clans.” In other words, the OKS defines
the boundary of the agent's trust group. Japan and Denmark are examples of polities where the OKS
of citizens may be said to encompass most of the nation. They are like "ferromagnets" (all electron
spins are aligned) poised for action. The Philippines is not in that league. When trust is fragmented,
society becomes incoherent. It cannot be trained towards large projects. It is all the more important
in incoherent societies that the state becomes credible so it can enforce formal contracts among
members of different trust groups.
11. Where do we start arresting the feckless state? Weak states are as a rule overloaded with too
many commitments (NFA, CARP, OPSF in the past, etc.) far in excess of the number it has financial
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5. and/or expertise/integrity resources to implement well. It thus becomes for its people the purveyor
of waste, white elephants and venality. The first step towards a more effective state is a strategic
retreat from the most egregious failures (NFA today and OPSF in the past). The state must do fewer,
more fundamental things better based on competitive advantage. It is not from Hayek and Nozick
(state size ideology) that my vote goes to a limited state but from Deng Xiaoping (pragmatism). The
size of the state does not matter as long as it is efficient! The second step is adopting simpler
modalities to pursue the same ends (low uniform income tax to reduce discretion). CCT is the
simpler safety net modality (with emphasis on "Conditional"). A replacement for CARP to attract
private capital to agriculture and enhance farm productivity is urgent. The third step is enlisting the
market to do things it can do better (PPP is correct). We have done that in water distribution in
Metro-Manila and retreated from OPSF to great benefit. With a pared down agenda, each
commitment will be done better what with larger budgets, higher salaries and more focused
attention. The Deng Xiaoping-inspired rule is: Render unto the state everything that the state can do
better by virtue of comparative competence; outsource everything else! But doing these goes against
the grain of all traditional politics. We badly need a state capable of swimming against the tide. We
need to recapture the commanding heights of politics for trust.
12. We need to re-consolidate trust. Trust will return to the political center when the state ceases to be
seen as the breeder of betrayal and becomes instead its nemesis. Prosecuting and jailing
perpetrators of procurement betrayals is sine qua non first step of this arduous journey. Which is
why returning the judiciary to its original mandate of enforcing accountability is task one.
Institutionalizing accountability and transparency is the close second. The removal of Renato Corona
as CJ was an immense "conjuncture" we have no right under heaven to waste. Events of the last
few months (rising global credit and governance ratings, “the next big thing”) suggest we are
witnessing the birthing of a positive perception cascade when the flapping of butterfly wings can
become a gale. This has the making of a singular collective opportunity. Would that we all join in
the flapping of the wings!
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