Is Africa currently in the developmental stage? Is it on its way to economic success and ultimately development and liberal democracy?
Does the role of the state in the development of East Asian countries offer good examples for Africa?
Is the state in developed countries supporting or subsiding key private companies in their economies?
This paper searches to understand the developmental state and its historical role in the industrial revolution and after it. First, the developmental state is defined as an alternative to the liberal state. Second, it was in the framework of a developmental state that industrial revolutions took place, and four models of developmental state are defined. Third, after the industrial revolution, the state withdraws partially from the economy, but the developmental state continues to have a major role in assuring the general conditions that make competitive the competent business enterprises in each country – in conducing an active macroeconomic policy, particularly an exchange rate policy, in coordinating the non-competitive industries, and in conducing strategic industrial and technological policy. The paper concludes by comparing developmentalism with nationalism.
Author: Pereira, Luiz C. Bresser
FGV's Sao Paulo School of Economics (EESP)
International political economy (IPE) analyzes the interplay between politics and economics in world affairs. IPE provides benefits in understanding issues that cannot be analyzed solely through international politics or economics, such as international trade, finance, development issues, and the role of multinational corporations. However, IPE also encounters problems, as states and markets approach issues differently using different frameworks. The rise of IPE in international relations was driven by increasing economic interdependence and issues between states in the postwar period.
This document discusses the relationship between political and economic factors. It defines political economy as the grafting of politics and economics, and notes they are mutually dependent. It explores how governments can use political power to influence economic resources at domestic and international levels. It also outlines three major ideologies in political economy: liberalism, nationalism, and Marxism. The document examines different structures that comprise the global political economy, such as production, security, financial, and knowledge structures. It analyzes how political events like the OPEC oil crisis influenced economics. Multinational corporations and regional economic organizations are also discussed in relation to world political economy.
Global Political Economy: How The World Works?Jeffrey Harrod
These are the slides which are displayed by the lecturer Jeffrey Harrod in the on-line Lecture Course "Global Political Economy: How the World Works" which is available free on his website http://www.jeffreyharrod.eu/avcourse.html.
The purpose it to make the slides available to download which at the moment cannot be done from the on-line lecture. Many of the slides provide data which may be useful in presentations and research papers. Other slides are the points addressed in the lecture.
The course covers all the material conventionally found in courses on international political economy. The approach is critical and realist and seeks to understand or explain
power rather than functions which surround the world economy.
The lectures and slides cover investment, trade, finance , migration and labour paying special attention to the multinational corporation and the agencies of states as the central power players in the global economy.
The document discusses neoliberalism and its rise globally following World War 2. It establishes that the Bretton Woods institutions like the IMF and World Bank, as well as the GATT and later WTO, were created to spread and enforce neoliberal policies that promoted deregulation, privatization, and free trade. While claiming to support freedom and growth, these institutions in practice amplified the power of wealthy states and corporations and undermined developing nations. The document also analyzes how neoliberal policies negatively impacted agriculture, industry, and social services in the Philippine context.
Dr. Alejandro Diaz-Bautista Economic Policy Import Substitution Dependency Th...Economist
The document discusses import substitution industrialization (ISI) policies adopted in Latin America between the 1940s-1960s as a strategy for economic growth and development. ISI aimed to promote domestic industries like textiles and appliances to replace imports by using protective trade policies. While ISI initially saw some success, Latin American countries became increasingly dependent on exports of primary commodities, which deteriorated their terms of trade over time. ISI eventually declined as countries struggled with inefficient industries and faced debt crises in the 1980s.
The dilemmas of the developmental state: democracy and economic development i...FGV Brazil
Is it possible to reconcile one of the institutional strategies to promote development, known in the literature as “the developmental state”, with contemporary democratic systems of government? If so, what are the challenges, trade-offs and potential gains that such an effort may entail? The vast literature on “the developmental state” claims that it is more likely to succeed under autocratic regimes. While a “democratic developmental state” seems possible in theory, there is very little empirical evidence to show how it would work in practice. This article tries to contribute to this debate by analyzing the case of Brazil, a country that transitioned from a military dictatorship to a democratic regime in the late 1980s, and has been moving towards increasing state interventionism since 2002. While the policies implemented by the “New Developmental State” in Brazil have been explored in the academic literature, their democratic dimensions remain unchartered.
Date: 2015
Authors:
Prado, Mariana Mota
Schapiro, Mario Gomes
Coutinho, Diogo R.
This document discusses the relationship between economics and international relations through the lens of International Political Economy (IPE). IPE attempts to connect political actions and the global economy. The document outlines three main theoretical approaches in IPE - realism, liberalism, and constructivism. It then discusses the history leading to the current international political economy system, from mercantilism to modern institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. The document focuses on the realist perspective, which prioritizes state power and sees the global system as anarchic. Realists are skeptical of free trade and intergovernmental organizations that open borders.
This paper searches to understand the developmental state and its historical role in the industrial revolution and after it. First, the developmental state is defined as an alternative to the liberal state. Second, it was in the framework of a developmental state that industrial revolutions took place, and four models of developmental state are defined. Third, after the industrial revolution, the state withdraws partially from the economy, but the developmental state continues to have a major role in assuring the general conditions that make competitive the competent business enterprises in each country – in conducing an active macroeconomic policy, particularly an exchange rate policy, in coordinating the non-competitive industries, and in conducing strategic industrial and technological policy. The paper concludes by comparing developmentalism with nationalism.
Author: Pereira, Luiz C. Bresser
FGV's Sao Paulo School of Economics (EESP)
International political economy (IPE) analyzes the interplay between politics and economics in world affairs. IPE provides benefits in understanding issues that cannot be analyzed solely through international politics or economics, such as international trade, finance, development issues, and the role of multinational corporations. However, IPE also encounters problems, as states and markets approach issues differently using different frameworks. The rise of IPE in international relations was driven by increasing economic interdependence and issues between states in the postwar period.
This document discusses the relationship between political and economic factors. It defines political economy as the grafting of politics and economics, and notes they are mutually dependent. It explores how governments can use political power to influence economic resources at domestic and international levels. It also outlines three major ideologies in political economy: liberalism, nationalism, and Marxism. The document examines different structures that comprise the global political economy, such as production, security, financial, and knowledge structures. It analyzes how political events like the OPEC oil crisis influenced economics. Multinational corporations and regional economic organizations are also discussed in relation to world political economy.
Global Political Economy: How The World Works?Jeffrey Harrod
These are the slides which are displayed by the lecturer Jeffrey Harrod in the on-line Lecture Course "Global Political Economy: How the World Works" which is available free on his website http://www.jeffreyharrod.eu/avcourse.html.
The purpose it to make the slides available to download which at the moment cannot be done from the on-line lecture. Many of the slides provide data which may be useful in presentations and research papers. Other slides are the points addressed in the lecture.
The course covers all the material conventionally found in courses on international political economy. The approach is critical and realist and seeks to understand or explain
power rather than functions which surround the world economy.
The lectures and slides cover investment, trade, finance , migration and labour paying special attention to the multinational corporation and the agencies of states as the central power players in the global economy.
The document discusses neoliberalism and its rise globally following World War 2. It establishes that the Bretton Woods institutions like the IMF and World Bank, as well as the GATT and later WTO, were created to spread and enforce neoliberal policies that promoted deregulation, privatization, and free trade. While claiming to support freedom and growth, these institutions in practice amplified the power of wealthy states and corporations and undermined developing nations. The document also analyzes how neoliberal policies negatively impacted agriculture, industry, and social services in the Philippine context.
Dr. Alejandro Diaz-Bautista Economic Policy Import Substitution Dependency Th...Economist
The document discusses import substitution industrialization (ISI) policies adopted in Latin America between the 1940s-1960s as a strategy for economic growth and development. ISI aimed to promote domestic industries like textiles and appliances to replace imports by using protective trade policies. While ISI initially saw some success, Latin American countries became increasingly dependent on exports of primary commodities, which deteriorated their terms of trade over time. ISI eventually declined as countries struggled with inefficient industries and faced debt crises in the 1980s.
The dilemmas of the developmental state: democracy and economic development i...FGV Brazil
Is it possible to reconcile one of the institutional strategies to promote development, known in the literature as “the developmental state”, with contemporary democratic systems of government? If so, what are the challenges, trade-offs and potential gains that such an effort may entail? The vast literature on “the developmental state” claims that it is more likely to succeed under autocratic regimes. While a “democratic developmental state” seems possible in theory, there is very little empirical evidence to show how it would work in practice. This article tries to contribute to this debate by analyzing the case of Brazil, a country that transitioned from a military dictatorship to a democratic regime in the late 1980s, and has been moving towards increasing state interventionism since 2002. While the policies implemented by the “New Developmental State” in Brazil have been explored in the academic literature, their democratic dimensions remain unchartered.
Date: 2015
Authors:
Prado, Mariana Mota
Schapiro, Mario Gomes
Coutinho, Diogo R.
This document discusses the relationship between economics and international relations through the lens of International Political Economy (IPE). IPE attempts to connect political actions and the global economy. The document outlines three main theoretical approaches in IPE - realism, liberalism, and constructivism. It then discusses the history leading to the current international political economy system, from mercantilism to modern institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. The document focuses on the realist perspective, which prioritizes state power and sees the global system as anarchic. Realists are skeptical of free trade and intergovernmental organizations that open borders.
This document discusses different political and economic systems including liberal political economy, regulated capitalism, mercantilism, Marxism, communism, and socialist democracies. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts such as how political systems interact with economic systems in the study of political economy, and different views on trade, private ownership, and the role of government in economic planning.
What is Political Economy?
Different types of Economic Systems and its influence on planning process
Capitalism and Capitalist Planning Model
Communism and Communist Planning Model
Socialism and Socialist Planning Model
Politics of Corporate Investment, Trade and Global GovernanceJeffrey Harrod
Forty-eight slides used in the presentation of a 16 session course of the same name. Begins with and introduction to the global political economy as the setting for corporate foreign investment and trade. The slides enable to course to be followed and provide examples, critical analysis and new information..
The State and the Market in the Building of African EconomiesDr Lendy Spires
1. The document discusses the relationship between the state and the market in building African economies from independence to present.
2. In the post-colonial period, African states adopted import substitution industrialization (ISI) policies that involved substantial public support and protectionism. This centralized the state's role in development.
3. By the 1980s, ISI policies had led to debt crises, inefficient public enterprises, and lost decades of development in Africa. Structural adjustment policies drastically reduced the state's role and advocated free markets.
This document is a student essay analyzing the concept of neoliberalism and how it has failed to facilitate development. It defines neoliberalism and traces its origins to post-World War II institutions like the IMF and World Bank. It then examines how structural adjustment programs imposed conditions of privatization, austerity, and deregulation on developing countries, eroding national sovereignty. As an example, it discusses how a World Bank loan for a nuclear power plant in the Philippines failed to generate benefits and saddled the country with long-term debt. In conclusion, the essay argues neoliberalism has aggregated wealth for elites rather than facilitating broad-based development as originally intended.
The developmental state: the nature of statal policy and institutional reformCosty Costantinos
1. The document discusses the concept of developmental states and their applicability in Africa. It analyzes the experiences of developmental states in Asia and their differences compared to African states.
2. It examines Ethiopia's potential to establish a developmental state through policy and institutional reforms. Key recommendations include enhancing the state's role in economic transformation through disciplined planning, building democratic developmental states, and ensuring state interventions avoid rent-seeking.
3. The author argues that for Ethiopia to nurture a developmental state, it needs political will and capacity for policies derived through consultation, a competent bureaucracy based on merit, and a developmentalist coalition between leadership, private sector, and civil society.
The document provides an overview of neoliberalism and its rise as the dominant ideology since the 1970s. It discusses key figures who promoted neoliberal policies like Thatcher, Reagan, Deng and Pinochet. It also summarizes critiques of neoliberalism from scholars like Harvey, Kelsey and analyses of the crisis of the welfare state and neoliberal critiques of state intervention in the economy.
The third” united nationsc thomas g. weiss, tatiana caraojas18
This document introduces the concept of a "third United Nations" composed of non-state actors that closely engage with the UN but are not formally part of the organization. This third UN includes NGOs, academics, experts, commissions, and other individuals and groups. They help shape UN ideas, policies, priorities and practices through advocacy, research, and policy analysis. While the UN is traditionally viewed as composed of member states and the secretariat, recognizing this third sphere provides a more comprehensive understanding of the actors that influence the UN.
The document outlines different topics related to politics and economics, including political systems, power structures, and economic models. It discusses concepts such as democracy, authoritarianism, capitalism, and socialism. Key factors of modern economies are also examined, such as the shift to service sector jobs, rising income inequality, decreasing union participation, and the globalization of markets.
This document outlines six theories of neoliberalism that were presented in a conference paper. The theories are: 1) Neoliberalism as an all-purpose criticism, 2) Neoliberalism as "the way things are", 3) As a feature of Anglo-American capitalism, 4) As the dominant ideology of global capitalism, 5) As a new form of government and social control, 6) As a historical variant of liberal thought. The document then provides examples and criticisms for several of the theories.
Financialization describes an economic process in which exchange is facilitated through financial instruments rather than real goods and services. It has led to greater revenues and incomes in the financial sector compared to other sectors. There are four periods of financialization dating back to the early 1900s, with the current period beginning in the 1970s and contributing to the Great Recession. Financialization affects macroeconomics and microeconomics by changing financial market structures and influencing corporate behavior and economic policy. It can help build economies by facilitating investment and growth, but it also increases wealth inequality and can divert focus from real industry.
Neoliberalism refers to economic policies that emphasize free market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in government spending. The document discusses how neoliberal policies have been implemented globally since the 1970s, often at the behest of international financial institutions. It argues that neoliberalization has led to increasing inequality and poverty while benefiting wealthy elites. In the Philippines specifically, trade liberalization under the WTO/IMF has devastated the agricultural and industrial sectors and made social services less accessible by increasing costs and privatizing public services.
Welcome to my presentation on dependency theoryOjhor Shrabon
1. Andre Gunder Frank's dependency theory argues that underdeveloped countries are kept in a state of underdevelopment due to their economic dependence on developed "metropolis" countries, which extract economic surplus from satellite underdeveloped countries through trade.
2. The theory posits that underdeveloped countries experience the most development when their ties to the metropolis are weakest, such as during wars or economic crises, or due to geographic isolation.
3. Regions with the closest past ties to metropolis countries, through the export of primary commodities, are now the most underdeveloped, while regions that were able to industrialize saw a decline in dependence on the metropolis.
This document summarizes key ideas from two works: Frank's "The Development of Underdevelopment" and Dos Santos' "The Structure of Dependency". Frank argues that modernization theory, which views underdevelopment as a natural phase, is deficient because it ignores how colonialism altered development paths in the Third World. Underdevelopment was intentionally created through exploiting resources and transferring economic surplus to Western nations. Dos Santos identifies three historical forms of dependency - colonial, financial-industrial, technological-industrial - and how they structurally limit industrial development and reproduce inequality in dependent nations under foreign capital's control.
Politics and Power in International Development - The potential role of Political Economy Analysis
Geert Laporte, Deputy Director, ECDPM
VIDC, Vienna, 30 January 2014
Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
Neoliberalism, Financialization, and Globalization: An Intrinsically Unstable...pkconference
This document summarizes Christine Sinapi's presentation on neoliberalism, financialization and globalization based on Minsky's analysis of financial crises and capitalism. Some key points discussed include: Minsky's stages of capitalism and how the current period can be seen as a new stage of globalized, financialized capitalism; limitations of Minsky's financial instability hypothesis and how it can be expanded by considering the institutional context; and features of financialization like the rising share of financial profits and decreasing labor share. The presentation examines lessons from the 2007-2009 crisis and implications for regulating the financial system in the current environment.
Much of the study of politics centers on the tension between human agency and constraints on choice. Political leaders typically emphasize their ability to act in a sovereign fashion, describing politics as the art of the possible. What they less often refer to are the institutional and structural constraints that they face when trying to chart a new path. The old pathway is hard to escape, making them all captives of a certain path dependency.
Audizione dell'Assessore regionale per il territorio e per l'ambiente e del direttore generale dell'ARPA Sicilia in relazione al piano regionale di risanamento della qualità dell'aria.
Commissione QUARTA - Ambiente e Territorio 26 settembre 2013
La seduta inizia alle ore 11.00.
Il PRESIDENTE dichiara aperta la seduta e riferisce che sul tema relativo al piano regionale di risanamento della qualità dell’aria sono state intraprese numerose attività e auspica che si raggiungano dei risultati, vista la presenza dell’Assessore per il territorio e per l’ambiente.
L’onorevole CIRONE ricorda gli atti ispettivi che ha presentato e la risoluzione approvata in Commissione. Dichiara che si tratta di un tema molto delicato che coinvolge interessi sensibili, quale la salute.
Rammenta dell’incontro che la Commissione ha tenuto presso il comune di Melilli e la grave situazione che interessa la popolazione della provincia di Siracusa, che attendono risposte concrete e risolutive avverso i fattori inquinanti causati dall’industrializzazione.
L’onorevole SORBELLO, in relazione alla zona di Siracusa, considera prioritari due obiettivi: da una parte la necessità della rivisitazione dell’autorizzazione integrata ambientale e dall’altra la opportunità di programmare una nuova collocazione delle centraline, in grado di monitorare costantemente gli agenti inquinanti.
Nonostante consideri apprezzabile l’attività svolta da parte della Provincia di Siracusa e dall’ARPA, allo stato attuale, un’area di 10 chilometri è interessata da emissioni di sostanze altamente pericolose provenienti dalle industrie che sono ivi insediate.
Il dott. LICATA di BAUCINA, dirigente generale ARPA Sicilia, rinvia alle dichiarazione già espresse nella seduta n. 56 dell’11 luglio scorso circa il piano regionale di risanamento della qualità dell’aria, ricordando che l’ARPA ha stipulato con l’assessorato del territorio un protocollo per fornire i dati utili per l’adeguamento del piano al decreto legislativo 13 agosto 2010, n. 155. Sulla problematica riguardante la zona di Siracusa comunica che ha trasmesso al Ministero dell’ambiente una nota con la quale viene chiesta una rivisitazione dell’AIA nella zona de qua. Tuttavia, non essendo organo competente ad inoltrare tale istanza è stata trasmessa all’assessorato del territorio affinchè provvedano.
Il sig. GENCHI, CGIL, osserva che sei anni fa Legambiente denunciava che il piano regionale sulla qualità dell’aria era il prodotto di un copiato dal piano della Regione Veneto. Nonostante una particolare attenzione mediatica, non è susseguito alcun intervento. Infatti, il piano contiene dei riferimenti che non risultano compatibili con il territorio siciliano,anzi, vi sono rinvii a territori pianeggianti e percorsi che appartengono continua….
http://tutelaariaregionesicilia.blogspot.it/2013/09/audizione-dellassessore-regionale-per_24.html
Tar roma si pronuncia sulla liceita' dello scioglimento del consiglio comunal...Pino Ciampolillo
Il Tribunale Amministrativo Regionale per il Lazio
- “I collegamenti degli amministratori comunali con le cosche dominanti del reggino, accertati grazie alle operazioni di polizia giudiziaria sopra menzionate, sono un esempio della aggressione della mafia al livello istituzionale più alto del governo cittadino”;
-“In quasi tutte le ripartizioni burocratiche … è stata rilevata una traccia indelebile di collegamento con le cosche locali”, “in molti servizi … la presenza incombente e pervasiva delle famiglie mafiose del territorio”;
- “A fronte di tale generalizzata e opprimente presenza, l’Amministrazione non è risultata avere alcuna iniziativa utile e concreta di contrasto, non avendo prodotto alcun atto di seria opposizione al fenomeno criminale”.
Di talchè, secondo l’Autorità prefettizia, è “chiaro” che la situazione descritta “rientra … nei dettami di cui all’art. 143 del D.Lgs. n. 267/2000, come modificato dall’art. 2 – comma 30 – della legge 15.7.2009, n. 94, rinvenendosi quegli elementi <> di condizionamento criminale previsti dalla legge”.
La proposta riferisce come tale situazione sia stata, tra altro, oggetto di indagine da parte della Procura della Repubblica in seguito al decesso del responsabile del settore finanze e tributi, per l'accertamento di eventuali responsabilità connesse all'asserita dolosa alterazione di dati contabili e di bilancio, relativamente al periodo 2008-2010…………….
http://nuovaisoladellefemmine.blogspot.it/2013/06/isola-delle-femmine-gli-ex.html
This document discusses different political and economic systems including liberal political economy, regulated capitalism, mercantilism, Marxism, communism, and socialist democracies. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts such as how political systems interact with economic systems in the study of political economy, and different views on trade, private ownership, and the role of government in economic planning.
What is Political Economy?
Different types of Economic Systems and its influence on planning process
Capitalism and Capitalist Planning Model
Communism and Communist Planning Model
Socialism and Socialist Planning Model
Politics of Corporate Investment, Trade and Global GovernanceJeffrey Harrod
Forty-eight slides used in the presentation of a 16 session course of the same name. Begins with and introduction to the global political economy as the setting for corporate foreign investment and trade. The slides enable to course to be followed and provide examples, critical analysis and new information..
The State and the Market in the Building of African EconomiesDr Lendy Spires
1. The document discusses the relationship between the state and the market in building African economies from independence to present.
2. In the post-colonial period, African states adopted import substitution industrialization (ISI) policies that involved substantial public support and protectionism. This centralized the state's role in development.
3. By the 1980s, ISI policies had led to debt crises, inefficient public enterprises, and lost decades of development in Africa. Structural adjustment policies drastically reduced the state's role and advocated free markets.
This document is a student essay analyzing the concept of neoliberalism and how it has failed to facilitate development. It defines neoliberalism and traces its origins to post-World War II institutions like the IMF and World Bank. It then examines how structural adjustment programs imposed conditions of privatization, austerity, and deregulation on developing countries, eroding national sovereignty. As an example, it discusses how a World Bank loan for a nuclear power plant in the Philippines failed to generate benefits and saddled the country with long-term debt. In conclusion, the essay argues neoliberalism has aggregated wealth for elites rather than facilitating broad-based development as originally intended.
The developmental state: the nature of statal policy and institutional reformCosty Costantinos
1. The document discusses the concept of developmental states and their applicability in Africa. It analyzes the experiences of developmental states in Asia and their differences compared to African states.
2. It examines Ethiopia's potential to establish a developmental state through policy and institutional reforms. Key recommendations include enhancing the state's role in economic transformation through disciplined planning, building democratic developmental states, and ensuring state interventions avoid rent-seeking.
3. The author argues that for Ethiopia to nurture a developmental state, it needs political will and capacity for policies derived through consultation, a competent bureaucracy based on merit, and a developmentalist coalition between leadership, private sector, and civil society.
The document provides an overview of neoliberalism and its rise as the dominant ideology since the 1970s. It discusses key figures who promoted neoliberal policies like Thatcher, Reagan, Deng and Pinochet. It also summarizes critiques of neoliberalism from scholars like Harvey, Kelsey and analyses of the crisis of the welfare state and neoliberal critiques of state intervention in the economy.
The third” united nationsc thomas g. weiss, tatiana caraojas18
This document introduces the concept of a "third United Nations" composed of non-state actors that closely engage with the UN but are not formally part of the organization. This third UN includes NGOs, academics, experts, commissions, and other individuals and groups. They help shape UN ideas, policies, priorities and practices through advocacy, research, and policy analysis. While the UN is traditionally viewed as composed of member states and the secretariat, recognizing this third sphere provides a more comprehensive understanding of the actors that influence the UN.
The document outlines different topics related to politics and economics, including political systems, power structures, and economic models. It discusses concepts such as democracy, authoritarianism, capitalism, and socialism. Key factors of modern economies are also examined, such as the shift to service sector jobs, rising income inequality, decreasing union participation, and the globalization of markets.
This document outlines six theories of neoliberalism that were presented in a conference paper. The theories are: 1) Neoliberalism as an all-purpose criticism, 2) Neoliberalism as "the way things are", 3) As a feature of Anglo-American capitalism, 4) As the dominant ideology of global capitalism, 5) As a new form of government and social control, 6) As a historical variant of liberal thought. The document then provides examples and criticisms for several of the theories.
Financialization describes an economic process in which exchange is facilitated through financial instruments rather than real goods and services. It has led to greater revenues and incomes in the financial sector compared to other sectors. There are four periods of financialization dating back to the early 1900s, with the current period beginning in the 1970s and contributing to the Great Recession. Financialization affects macroeconomics and microeconomics by changing financial market structures and influencing corporate behavior and economic policy. It can help build economies by facilitating investment and growth, but it also increases wealth inequality and can divert focus from real industry.
Neoliberalism refers to economic policies that emphasize free market capitalism, deregulation, and reduction in government spending. The document discusses how neoliberal policies have been implemented globally since the 1970s, often at the behest of international financial institutions. It argues that neoliberalization has led to increasing inequality and poverty while benefiting wealthy elites. In the Philippines specifically, trade liberalization under the WTO/IMF has devastated the agricultural and industrial sectors and made social services less accessible by increasing costs and privatizing public services.
Welcome to my presentation on dependency theoryOjhor Shrabon
1. Andre Gunder Frank's dependency theory argues that underdeveloped countries are kept in a state of underdevelopment due to their economic dependence on developed "metropolis" countries, which extract economic surplus from satellite underdeveloped countries through trade.
2. The theory posits that underdeveloped countries experience the most development when their ties to the metropolis are weakest, such as during wars or economic crises, or due to geographic isolation.
3. Regions with the closest past ties to metropolis countries, through the export of primary commodities, are now the most underdeveloped, while regions that were able to industrialize saw a decline in dependence on the metropolis.
This document summarizes key ideas from two works: Frank's "The Development of Underdevelopment" and Dos Santos' "The Structure of Dependency". Frank argues that modernization theory, which views underdevelopment as a natural phase, is deficient because it ignores how colonialism altered development paths in the Third World. Underdevelopment was intentionally created through exploiting resources and transferring economic surplus to Western nations. Dos Santos identifies three historical forms of dependency - colonial, financial-industrial, technological-industrial - and how they structurally limit industrial development and reproduce inequality in dependent nations under foreign capital's control.
Politics and Power in International Development - The potential role of Political Economy Analysis
Geert Laporte, Deputy Director, ECDPM
VIDC, Vienna, 30 January 2014
Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
Neoliberalism, Financialization, and Globalization: An Intrinsically Unstable...pkconference
This document summarizes Christine Sinapi's presentation on neoliberalism, financialization and globalization based on Minsky's analysis of financial crises and capitalism. Some key points discussed include: Minsky's stages of capitalism and how the current period can be seen as a new stage of globalized, financialized capitalism; limitations of Minsky's financial instability hypothesis and how it can be expanded by considering the institutional context; and features of financialization like the rising share of financial profits and decreasing labor share. The presentation examines lessons from the 2007-2009 crisis and implications for regulating the financial system in the current environment.
Much of the study of politics centers on the tension between human agency and constraints on choice. Political leaders typically emphasize their ability to act in a sovereign fashion, describing politics as the art of the possible. What they less often refer to are the institutional and structural constraints that they face when trying to chart a new path. The old pathway is hard to escape, making them all captives of a certain path dependency.
Audizione dell'Assessore regionale per il territorio e per l'ambiente e del direttore generale dell'ARPA Sicilia in relazione al piano regionale di risanamento della qualità dell'aria.
Commissione QUARTA - Ambiente e Territorio 26 settembre 2013
La seduta inizia alle ore 11.00.
Il PRESIDENTE dichiara aperta la seduta e riferisce che sul tema relativo al piano regionale di risanamento della qualità dell’aria sono state intraprese numerose attività e auspica che si raggiungano dei risultati, vista la presenza dell’Assessore per il territorio e per l’ambiente.
L’onorevole CIRONE ricorda gli atti ispettivi che ha presentato e la risoluzione approvata in Commissione. Dichiara che si tratta di un tema molto delicato che coinvolge interessi sensibili, quale la salute.
Rammenta dell’incontro che la Commissione ha tenuto presso il comune di Melilli e la grave situazione che interessa la popolazione della provincia di Siracusa, che attendono risposte concrete e risolutive avverso i fattori inquinanti causati dall’industrializzazione.
L’onorevole SORBELLO, in relazione alla zona di Siracusa, considera prioritari due obiettivi: da una parte la necessità della rivisitazione dell’autorizzazione integrata ambientale e dall’altra la opportunità di programmare una nuova collocazione delle centraline, in grado di monitorare costantemente gli agenti inquinanti.
Nonostante consideri apprezzabile l’attività svolta da parte della Provincia di Siracusa e dall’ARPA, allo stato attuale, un’area di 10 chilometri è interessata da emissioni di sostanze altamente pericolose provenienti dalle industrie che sono ivi insediate.
Il dott. LICATA di BAUCINA, dirigente generale ARPA Sicilia, rinvia alle dichiarazione già espresse nella seduta n. 56 dell’11 luglio scorso circa il piano regionale di risanamento della qualità dell’aria, ricordando che l’ARPA ha stipulato con l’assessorato del territorio un protocollo per fornire i dati utili per l’adeguamento del piano al decreto legislativo 13 agosto 2010, n. 155. Sulla problematica riguardante la zona di Siracusa comunica che ha trasmesso al Ministero dell’ambiente una nota con la quale viene chiesta una rivisitazione dell’AIA nella zona de qua. Tuttavia, non essendo organo competente ad inoltrare tale istanza è stata trasmessa all’assessorato del territorio affinchè provvedano.
Il sig. GENCHI, CGIL, osserva che sei anni fa Legambiente denunciava che il piano regionale sulla qualità dell’aria era il prodotto di un copiato dal piano della Regione Veneto. Nonostante una particolare attenzione mediatica, non è susseguito alcun intervento. Infatti, il piano contiene dei riferimenti che non risultano compatibili con il territorio siciliano,anzi, vi sono rinvii a territori pianeggianti e percorsi che appartengono continua….
http://tutelaariaregionesicilia.blogspot.it/2013/09/audizione-dellassessore-regionale-per_24.html
Tar roma si pronuncia sulla liceita' dello scioglimento del consiglio comunal...Pino Ciampolillo
Il Tribunale Amministrativo Regionale per il Lazio
- “I collegamenti degli amministratori comunali con le cosche dominanti del reggino, accertati grazie alle operazioni di polizia giudiziaria sopra menzionate, sono un esempio della aggressione della mafia al livello istituzionale più alto del governo cittadino”;
-“In quasi tutte le ripartizioni burocratiche … è stata rilevata una traccia indelebile di collegamento con le cosche locali”, “in molti servizi … la presenza incombente e pervasiva delle famiglie mafiose del territorio”;
- “A fronte di tale generalizzata e opprimente presenza, l’Amministrazione non è risultata avere alcuna iniziativa utile e concreta di contrasto, non avendo prodotto alcun atto di seria opposizione al fenomeno criminale”.
Di talchè, secondo l’Autorità prefettizia, è “chiaro” che la situazione descritta “rientra … nei dettami di cui all’art. 143 del D.Lgs. n. 267/2000, come modificato dall’art. 2 – comma 30 – della legge 15.7.2009, n. 94, rinvenendosi quegli elementi <> di condizionamento criminale previsti dalla legge”.
La proposta riferisce come tale situazione sia stata, tra altro, oggetto di indagine da parte della Procura della Repubblica in seguito al decesso del responsabile del settore finanze e tributi, per l'accertamento di eventuali responsabilità connesse all'asserita dolosa alterazione di dati contabili e di bilancio, relativamente al periodo 2008-2010…………….
http://nuovaisoladellefemmine.blogspot.it/2013/06/isola-delle-femmine-gli-ex.html
Copia di piano aria sicilia glossario da pag 237 a pag 239 piano veneto da p...Pino Ciampolillo
Il Piano regionale per la qualità dell'aria presentato dalla regione Sicilia nel 2007 somiglia stranamente a quello del Veneto. Semplice coincidenza?
E' da un pò che in Sicilia non si respira più la stessa aria. Da Palermo a Gela, da Catania a Caltanisetta ci sono segnali di cambiamento che vengono dalla società civile, dai commercianti, dagli industriali che si ribellano contro la mafia e il pizzo. Anche la burocrazia regionale se n'è accorta. Per questo nel "Piano Regionale di Coordinamento per la tutela della qualità dell'aria", pubblicato sulla Gazzetta Ufficiale della Regione Siciliana, sono state introdotte importanti novità. Ora siamo più europei e lo conferma il rigido clima dell'isola. In più abbiamo un "bacino aerologico padano" e "piste ciclabili lungo gli argini dei fiummi e dei canali" presenti nei centri storici dei comuni siciliani. A leggere il piano in questione si può fare a meno anche dell'autonomia, dato che anche il Parlamento , l'Assemblea Regionale, è diventato un normale Consiglio regionale come quello del Veneto.
http://tutelaariaregionesicilia.blogspot.it/2013/11/blog-post_28.html
Tar roma si pronuncia sulla liceita' dello scioglimento del consiglio comunal...Pino Ciampolillo
Il Tribunale Amministrativo Regionale per il Lazio
- “I collegamenti degli amministratori comunali con le cosche dominanti del reggino, accertati grazie alle operazioni di polizia giudiziaria sopra menzionate, sono un esempio della aggressione della mafia al livello istituzionale più alto del governo cittadino”;
-“In quasi tutte le ripartizioni burocratiche … è stata rilevata una traccia indelebile di collegamento con le cosche locali”, “in molti servizi … la presenza incombente e pervasiva delle famiglie mafiose del territorio”;
- “A fronte di tale generalizzata e opprimente presenza, l’Amministrazione non è risultata avere alcuna iniziativa utile e concreta di contrasto, non avendo prodotto alcun atto di seria opposizione al fenomeno criminale”.
Di talchè, secondo l’Autorità prefettizia, è “chiaro” che la situazione descritta “rientra … nei dettami di cui all’art. 143 del D.Lgs. n. 267/2000, come modificato dall’art. 2 – comma 30 – della legge 15.7.2009, n. 94, rinvenendosi quegli elementi <> di condizionamento criminale previsti dalla legge”.
La proposta riferisce come tale situazione sia stata, tra altro, oggetto di indagine da parte della Procura della Repubblica in seguito al decesso del responsabile del settore finanze e tributi, per l'accertamento di eventuali responsabilità connesse all'asserita dolosa alterazione di dati contabili e di bilancio, relativamente al periodo 2008-2010…………….
http://nuovaisoladellefemmine.blogspot.it/2013/06/isola-delle-femmine-gli-ex.html
Assessore lo bello commissione ambiente è assolutamente vero che risulta un...Pino Ciampolillo
ANZA’,TOLOMEO,SANSONE,GULLO,INTERLANDI,ITALCEMENTI,ZUCCARELLO,D’ANGELO,ANGELA BIANCHETTI, ELETTRODOTTO, ENEL, Erin Brockovich, Gianluca Rossellini, Giusy Pollino, induzione magnetica, ITALCEMENTI, Luigi Maximilian Caligiuri, PACE DEL MELA, SACELIT, TRALICCI, TUMORI,BRUNO, CUTINO, ENEA,ELEZIONI AMMINISTRATIVE 2009, BODY CENTER,ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE,LUCIDO MARIA STELLA, LOTTIZZAZIONE LA PALOMA, LUCIDO, MAFIA, PALAZZOTTO, POMIERO, PORTOBELLO, RISO, UFFICIO TECNICO COMUNALE,VOTO DI SCAMBIO,AIELLO MARIA,AIELLO PAOLO,BATTAGLIA ROSALIA,CARDINALE,CUTINO MARCELLO,GIUCASTRO,GUTTADAURO,LUCIDO SALVATORE,BOLOGNA, PAL_azzotto,PELOSO,CALTANISETTA,PORTOBELLO,Riso Napoleone,Riso Rosaria,ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE,REGGIO CLABRIA,SCIOGLIMENTO CONSIGLIO COMUNALE,MAFIA,INFILTRAZIONI MAFIOSE,COPACABANA,POMIERO,BRUNO
Roberto Cappelletti, LUCIDO ANTONINO RISO NAPOLEONE LUCIDO MARIA STELLA BODY CENTER ENEA CIMITERO DECADENZA AREA LOTTO 7 A DETERMINA DEL 3 SETTORE N.40, LUCIDO ANTONINO RISO NAPOLEONE LUCIDO MARIA STELLA BODY CENTER ENEA CIMITERO DECADENZA AREA LOTO 7 A DET DEL 1 SETT N.157
SENTENZA 864 2013,BRUNO FRANCESCO,BRUNO PIETRO,MOROSINI,STEFANO GALLINA,ENEA VINCENZO,ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE,SAN LORENZO 1,SAN LORENZO 2,LO BONO VINCENZO,RENAULT 18/TL,8 GIUGNO 1982,TAORMINA GIUSEPPE,ENEA PIETRO,ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE, FIAT 124 BIANCA,D’AGOSTINO BENEDETTO BENNY,MUTOLO,NAIMO,ONORATO,PROCEDIMENTO PENALE 4538 1993 R.G.N.R.,LO PICCOLO,RICCOBONO,MICALIZZI,BRUNO PIETRO,ADDIO PIZZO 5,COPACABANA,BADALAMENTI,VASSALLO GIUSEPPE,TROJA ANTONINO,BRUNO GIUSEPPE, SCALICI SALVATORE,COSTA CORSARA,AIELLO GIUSEPPE BENITO,ALIMENA GIUSEPPALO CICERO,POMIERO GIUSEPPE,LUCIDO,CATALDO,CARDINALE,B.B.P.,BRUNO GIOVANNI FACIAMACCHIATA,D’AGOSTINO VINCENZO,CARDINALE GIUSEPPA,RICCOBONO CATERINA,UVA MARIA,IMPASTATO GIOVANNI,CONIGLIO MARIA CONCETTA,
Piano aria risposta assessore lobello a interrogazione la rocca pag 73 74 75 ...Pino Ciampolillo
ANZA’,TOLOMEO,BARBARO,PARMALIANA,SANSONE,GULLO,INTERLANDI,ITALCEMENTI,ZUCCARELLO,D’ANGELO,ANGELA BIANCHETTI, ELETTRODOTTO, ENEL, Erin Brockovich, Gianluca Rossellini, Giusy Pollino, induzione magnetica, ITALCEMENTI, Luigi Maximilian Caligiuri, PACE DEL MELA, SACELIT, TRALICCI, TUMORI,BRUNO, CUTINO, ENEA,ELEZIONI AMMINISTRATIVE 2009, BODY CENTER,ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE,LUCIDO MARIA STELLA, LOTTIZZAZIONE LA PALOMA, LUCIDO, MAFIA, PALAZZOTTO, POMIERO, PORTOBELLO, RISO, UFFICIO TECNICO COMUNALE,VOTO DI SCAMBIO,AIELLO MARIA,AIELLO PAOLO,BATTAGLIA ROSALIA,CARDINALE,CUTINO MARCELLO,GIUCASTRO,GUTTADAURO,LUCIDO SALVATORE,BOLOGNA, PAL_azzotto,PELOSO,CALTANISETTA,PORTOBELLO,Riso Napoleone,Riso Rosaria,ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE,REGGIO CLABRIA,SCIOGLIMENTO CONSIGLIO COMUNALE,MAFIA,INFILTRAZIONI MAFIOSE,COPACABANA,POMIERO,BRUNO
Roberto Cappelletti, LUCIDO ANTONINO RISO NAPOLEONE LUCIDO MARIA STELLA BODY CENTER ENEA CIMITERO DECADENZA AREA LOTTO 7 A DETERMINA DEL 3 SETTORE N.40, LUCIDO ANTONINO RISO NAPOLEONE LUCIDO MARIA STELLA BODY CENTER ENEA CIMITERO DECADENZA AREA LOTO 7 A DET DEL 1 SETT N.157
SENTENZA 864 2013,BRUNO FRANCESCO,BRUNO PIETRO,MOROSINI,STEFANO GALLINA,ENEA VINCENZO,ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE,SAN LORENZO 1,SAN LORENZO 2,LO BONO VINCENZO,RENAULT 18/TL,8 GIUGNO 1982,TAORMINA GIUSEPPE,ENEA PIETRO,ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE, FIAT 124 BIANCA,D’AGOSTINO BENEDETTO BENNY,MUTOLO,NAIMO,ONORATO,PROCEDIMENTO PENALE 4538 1993 R.G.N.R.,LO PICCOLO,RICCOBONO,MICALIZZI,BRUNO PIETRO,ADDIO PIZZO 5,COPACABANA,BADALAMENTI,VASSALLO GIUSEPPE,TROJA ANTONINO,BRUNO GIUSEPPE, SCALICI SALVATORE,COSTA CORSARA,AIELLO GIUSEPPE BENITO,ALIMENA GIUSEPPA,LO CICERO,POMIERO GIUSEPPE,LUCIDO,CATALDO,CARDINALE,B.B.P.,BRUNO GIOVANNI FACCIA MACCHIATA,D’AGOSTINO VINCENZO,CARDINALE GIUSEPPA,RICCOBONO CATERINA,UVA MARIA,IMPASTATO GIOVANNI,CONIGLIO MARIA CONCETTA
Assessore lo bello commissione ambiente è assolutamente vero che risulta un...Pino Ciampolillo
ANZA’,TOLOMEO,SANSONE,GULLO,INTERLANDI,ITALCEMENTI,ZUCCARELLO,D’ANGELO,ANGELA BIANCHETTI, ELETTRODOTTO, ENEL, Erin Brockovich, Gianluca Rossellini, Giusy Pollino, induzione magnetica, ITALCEMENTI, Luigi Maximilian Caligiuri, PACE DEL MELA, SACELIT, TRALICCI, TUMORI,BRUNO, CUTINO, ENEA,ELEZIONI AMMINISTRATIVE 2009, BODY CENTER,ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE,LUCIDO MARIA STELLA, LOTTIZZAZIONE LA PALOMA, LUCIDO, MAFIA, PALAZZOTTO, POMIERO, PORTOBELLO, RISO, UFFICIO TECNICO COMUNALE,VOTO DI SCAMBIO,AIELLO MARIA,AIELLO PAOLO,BATTAGLIA ROSALIA,CARDINALE,CUTINO MARCELLO,GIUCASTRO,GUTTADAURO,LUCIDO SALVATORE,BOLOGNA, PAL_azzotto,PELOSO,CALTANISETTA,PORTOBELLO,Riso Napoleone,Riso Rosaria,ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE,REGGIO CLABRIA,SCIOGLIMENTO CONSIGLIO COMUNALE,MAFIA,INFILTRAZIONI MAFIOSE,COPACABANA,POMIERO,BRUNO
Roberto Cappelletti, LUCIDO ANTONINO RISO NAPOLEONE LUCIDO MARIA STELLA BODY CENTER ENEA CIMITERO DECADENZA AREA LOTTO 7 A DETERMINA DEL 3 SETTORE N.40, LUCIDO ANTONINO RISO NAPOLEONE LUCIDO MARIA STELLA BODY CENTER ENEA CIMITERO DECADENZA AREA LOTO 7 A DET DEL 1 SETT N.157
SENTENZA 864 2013,BRUNO FRANCESCO,BRUNO PIETRO,MOROSINI,STEFANO GALLINA,ENEA VINCENZO,ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE,SAN LORENZO 1,SAN LORENZO 2,LO BONO VINCENZO,RENAULT 18/TL,8 GIUGNO 1982,TAORMINA GIUSEPPE,ENEA PIETRO,ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE, FIAT 124 BIANCA,D’AGOSTINO BENEDETTO BENNY,MUTOLO,NAIMO,ONORATO,PROCEDIMENTO PENALE 4538 1993 R.G.N.R.,LO PICCOLO,RICCOBONO,MICALIZZI,BRUNO PIETRO,ADDIO PIZZO 5,COPACABANA,BADALAMENTI,VASSALLO GIUSEPPE,TROJA ANTONINO,BRUNO GIUSEPPE, SCALICI SALVATORE,COSTA CORSARA,AIELLO GIUSEPPE BENITO,ALIMENA GIUSEPPALO CICERO,POMIERO GIUSEPPE,LUCIDO,CATALDO,CARDINALE,B.B.P.,BRUNO GIOVANNI FACIAMACCHIATA,D’AGOSTINO VINCENZO,CARDINALE GIUSEPPA,RICCOBONO CATERINA,UVA MARIA,IMPASTATO GIOVANNI,CONIGLIO MARIA CONCETTA,
Piano aria sicilia capitolo 7 da pag 219 a pag 233 piano direttore ass.to t...Pino Ciampolillo
ANZA’,TOLOMEO,SANSONE,GULLO,INTERLANDI,ITALCEMENTI,ZUCCARELLO,D’ANGELO,ANGELA BIANCHETTI, ELETTRODOTTO, ENEL, Erin Brockovich, Gianluca Rossellini, Giusy Pollino, induzione magnetica, ITALCEMENTI, Luigi Maximilian Caligiuri, PACE DEL MELA, SACELIT, TRALICCI, TUMORI,BRUNO, CUTINO, ENEA,ELEZIONI AMMINISTRATIVE 2009, BODY CENTER,ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE,LUCIDO MARIA STELLA, LOTTIZZAZIONE LA PALOMA, LUCIDO, MAFIA, PALAZZOTTO, POMIERO, PORTOBELLO, RISO, UFFICIO TECNICO COMUNALE,VOTO DI SCAMBIO,AIELLO MARIA,AIELLO PAOLO,BATTAGLIA ROSALIA,CARDINALE,CUTINO MARCELLO,GIUCASTRO,GUTTADAURO,LUCIDO SALVATORE,BOLOGNA, PAL_azzotto,PELOSO,CALTANISETTA,PORTOBELLO,Riso Napoleone,Riso Rosaria,ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE,REGGIO CLABRIA,SCIOGLIMENTO CONSIGLIO COMUNALE,MAFIA,INFILTRAZIONI MAFIOSE,COPACABANA,POMIERO,BRUNO
Roberto Cappelletti, LUCIDO ANTONINO RISO NAPOLEONE LUCIDO MARIA STELLA BODY CENTER ENEA CIMITERO DECADENZA AREA LOTTO 7 A DETERMINA DEL 3 SETTORE N.40, LUCIDO ANTONINO RISO NAPOLEONE LUCIDO MARIA STELLA BODY CENTER ENEA CIMITERO DECADENZA AREA LOTO 7 A DET DEL 1 SETT N.157
SENTENZA 864 2013,BRUNO FRANCESCO,BRUNO PIETRO,MOROSINI,STEFANO GALLINA,ENEA VINCENZO,ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE,SAN LORENZO 1,SAN LORENZO 2,LO BONO VINCENZO,RENAULT 18/TL,8 GIUGNO 1982,TAORMINA GIUSEPPE,ENEA PIETRO,ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE, FIAT 124 BIANCA,D’AGOSTINO BENEDETTO BENNY,MUTOLO,NAIMO,ONORATO,PROCEDIMENTO PENALE 4538 1993 R.G.N.R.,LO PICCOLO,RICCOBONO,MICALIZZI,BRUNO PIETRO,ADDIO PIZZO 5,COPACABANA,BADALAMENTI,VASSALLO GIUSEPPE,TROJA ANTONINO,BRUNO GIUSEPPE, SCALICI SALVATORE,COSTA CORSARA,AIELLO GIUSEPPE BENITO,ALIMENA GIUSEPPALO CICERO,POMIERO GIUSEPPE,LUCIDO,CATALDO,CARDINALE,B.B.P.,BRUNO GIOVANNI FACIAMACCHIATA,D’AGOSTINO VINCENZO,CARDINALE GIUSEPPA,RICCOBONO CATERINA,UVA MARIA,IMPASTATO GIOVANNI,CONIGLIO MARIA CONCETTA,
Diffida a aia italcementi tavolo tecnico d'angelo giorgioPino Ciampolillo
Oggetto: Decadenza, per inosservanza prescrizioni, decreto 693 18 luglio 2008
Il Sottoscritto Coordinatore del Comitato Cittadino Isola Pulita con la presente intende ribadire quanto dichiarato nel corso della riunione del Tavolo tecnico tenutosi presso il 1° Servizio VIA-VAS di questo Assessorato, avente ad oggetto “Procedura A.I.A. Impianto IPPC ditta Italcementi S.p.a.”:
.
Considerato che la procedura di autorizzazione integrata ambientale, in particolare per I cementifici, ha diverse funzioni, quelle di maggior interesse sono le seguenti:
a) verifica puntuale delle autorizzazioni ambientali esistenti per ricondurle ad una unica
autorizzazione tenendo conto del principio della applicazione della prevenzione e riduzione dell’inquinamento, al fine di raggiungere l’obiettivo di un elevato livello di protezione ambientale e della popolazione.
b) Verifica della applicazione delle migliori tecnologie disponibili (sulla base di linee guida
redatte per conto della Commissione della Unione Europea ed a livello nazionale) atte a
ridurre gli impatti ambientali e, tenendo conto delle caratteristiche tecnologiche e la durata
di vita tecnica dell’impianto, la previsione di prescrizioni atte a ricondurre l’impianto, ove
necessario, a raggiungere prestazioni idonee entro tempi certi.
c) La fissazione di limiti emissivi per le diverse matrici ambientali di interesse (emissioni,
scarichi, rumore, ecc) che tengano conto delle tecnologie disponibili e applicabili al caso in esame ma anche delle caratteristiche ambientali della area limitrofa all’impianto. In tal caso possono essere prescritti limiti inferiori a quelli stabiliti dalle norme nazionali applicabili all’impianto e anche limiti inferiori alle prestazioni ottenibili dall’applicazione delle migliori tecnologie ove le criticità locali siano tali da renderle necessarie. continua su:
http://isoladellefemmineitalcementieambiente.blogspot.com/
http://tutelaariaregionesicilia.blogspot.it/
Piano aria sicilia capitolo 2 da pag 60 a pag 119 climatica tesi ferrara p...Pino Ciampolillo
Il Piano regionale per la qualità dell'aria presentato dalla regione Sicilia nel 2007 somiglia stranamente a quello del Veneto. Semplice coincidenza?
E' da un pò che in Sicilia non si respira più la stessa aria. Da Palermo a Gela, da Catania a Caltanisetta ci sono segnali di cambiamento che vengono dalla società civile, dai commercianti, dagli industriali che si ribellano contro la mafia e il pizzo. Anche la burocrazia regionale se n'è accorta. Per questo nel "Piano Regionale di Coordinamento per la tutela della qualità dell'aria", pubblicato sulla Gazzetta Ufficiale della Regione Siciliana, sono state introdotte importanti novità. Ora siamo più europei e lo conferma il rigido clima dell'isola. In più abbiamo un "bacino aerologico padano" e "piste ciclabili lungo gli argini dei fiummi e dei canali" presenti nei centri storici dei comuni siciliani. A leggere il piano in questione si può fare a meno anche dell'autonomia, dato che anche il Parlamento , l'Assemblea Regionale, è diventato un normale Consiglio regionale come quello del Veneto.
http://tutelaariaregionesicilia.blogspot.it/2013/11/blog-post_28.html
Bilancio previsione 2010 entrate isola delle femmine (2)Pino Ciampolillo
ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE IN MUTANDINE!!!!!
I responsabili di questo disastro economico finanziario del Comune di Isola delle Femmine hanno un nome e cognome in PRIMIS : Il PROFESSORE Gaspare Portobello nella sua funzione di Sindaco l’Assessore Paolo Aiello Assessore ai lavori Pubblici Il Dottore Riso Napoleone l’assessore allo sport (no non vogliamo parlare della Palestra del Comune) oltre che alla cultura il Dottore Geologo Marcello Cutino assessore all’IGIENE AMBIENTALE (liberare il paese dalle tante discariche di rifiuti a cielo aperto sparse per il paese). A seguire, come responsabili del “crac”, troviamo tutto il gruppo della lista “PROGETTO ISOLA”.
Ecco chi deve pagare i danni che hanno arrecato all’intera Comunità di Isola delle Femmine!
LA CORTE DEI CONTI LA RELAZIONE DI SCIOGLIMENTO DEL CONSIGLIO COMUNALE DI ISOLA DELLE FEMMINE BILANCI FASULLI TRIBUTI EVASI
CORTE DEI CONTI COMANDANTE CROCE UFFICIO... di isolapulita
Debiti fuori bilancio per oltre 600 mila euro e passività potenziali per 2,3 milioni, anticipazione di cassa per oltre un milione di euro, riscossione dei proventi da recupero dell’evasione quasi nulla, residui attivi e passivi fuori controllo, debiti nei confronti dell’Ato Palermo 1 per 4,9 milioni “per i quali non si riscontra in bilancio una cifra corrispondente di residui passivi”. Continua su….
http://nuovaisoladellefemmine.blogspot.it/2013/11/la-corte-dei-conti-la-relazione-di.html
On.le ciaccio il piano dell'aria approvato nel 2007 è stato copiato da quello...Pino Ciampolillo
Audizione dell'Assessore regionale per il territorio e per l'ambiente e del direttore generale dell'ARPA Sicilia in relazione al piano regionale di risanamento della qualità dell'aria.
Commissione QUARTA - Ambiente e Territorio 26 settembre 2013
La seduta inizia alle ore 11.00.
Il PRESIDENTE dichiara aperta la seduta e riferisce che sul tema relativo al piano regionale di risanamento della qualità dell’aria sono state intraprese numerose attività e auspica che si raggiungano dei risultati, vista la presenza dell’Assessore per il territorio e per l’ambiente.
L’onorevole CIRONE ricorda gli atti ispettivi che ha presentato e la risoluzione approvata in Commissione. Dichiara che si tratta di un tema molto delicato che coinvolge interessi sensibili, quale la salute.
Rammenta dell’incontro che la Commissione ha tenuto presso il comune di Melilli e la grave situazione che interessa la popolazione della provincia di Siracusa, che attendono risposte concrete e risolutive avverso i fattori inquinanti causati dall’industrializzazione.
L’onorevole SORBELLO, in relazione alla zona di Siracusa, considera prioritari due obiettivi: da una parte la necessità della rivisitazione dell’autorizzazione integrata ambientale e dall’altra la opportunità di programmare una nuova collocazione delle centraline, in grado di monitorare costantemente gli agenti inquinanti.
Nonostante consideri apprezzabile l’attività svolta da parte della Provincia di Siracusa e dall’ARPA, allo stato attuale, un’area di 10 chilometri è interessata da emissioni di sostanze altamente pericolose provenienti dalle industrie che sono ivi insediate.
Il dott. LICATA di BAUCINA, dirigente generale ARPA Sicilia, rinvia alle dichiarazione già espresse nella seduta n. 56 dell’11 luglio scorso circa il piano regionale di risanamento della qualità dell’aria, ricordando che l’ARPA ha stipulato con l’assessorato del territorio un protocollo per fornire i dati utili per l’adeguamento del piano al decreto legislativo 13 agosto 2010, n. 155. Sulla problematica riguardante la zona di Siracusa comunica che ha trasmesso al Ministero dell’ambiente una nota con la quale viene chiesta una rivisitazione dell’AIA nella zona de qua. Tuttavia, non essendo organo competente ad inoltrare tale istanza è stata trasmessa all’assessorato del territorio affinchè provvedano.
Il sig. GENCHI, CGIL, osserva che sei anni fa Legambiente denunciava che il piano regionale sulla qualità dell’aria era il prodotto di un copiato dal piano della Regione Veneto. Nonostante una particolare attenzione mediatica, non è susseguito alcun intervento. Infatti, il piano contiene dei riferimenti che non risultano compatibili con il territorio siciliano,anzi, vi sono rinvii a territori pianeggianti e percorsi che appartengono continua….
http://tutelaariaregionesicilia.blogspot.it/2013/09/audizione-dellassessore-regionale-per_24.html
Propozycja sektora bankowego w zakresie rozwiązania kwestii kredytów w CHFEYPoland
Propozycja sektora bankowego w zakresie rozwiązania kwestii kredytów w CHF. Jest to rozwiązanie prezentowane podczas Forum Bankowego, 11 marca 2015 roku.
Zostało ono wypracowane w ramach grupy roboczej:
Związek Banków Polskich, przedstawiciele banków przy wsparciu firmy doradczej EY oraz kancelarii White & Case.
CONDIZIONI ECONOMICHE DEL COMUNE E GESTIONE DEL PATRIMONIO
Dagli elementi raccolti nel corso dell’accesso si ricava che il Comune di Isola delle Femmine versa in una situazione economico-finanziaria piuttosto difficile, in parte dovuta alla progressiva riduzione dei trasferimenti provenienti dallo Stato e dalla Regione Siciliana, che ha determinato il ricorso ad anticipazioni di cassa dalla banca che gestisce il servizio di tesoreria comunale, ed in parte dalla inefficienza di tutto il sistema di riscossione dei tributi che ha determinato, tra l’altro, anche il consolidarsi di un crescente indebitamento nei confronti della societa’ che gestisce il servizio di raccolta e trasferimento in discarica dei rifiuti solidi urbani per conto dell’ATO PA1 al quale il Comune appartiene.
Le criticita’ del funzionamento del servizio di riscossione dei tributi, inoltre, sono state ascritte - secondo ripetute e convinte dichiarazioni dei funzionari responsabili del Comune - all’esito negativo del rapporto gia’ instaurato con la societa’ TRIBUTI ITALIA s.p.a. - la cui condotta criminale ha avuto peraltro notazioni di rilievo nazionale
Tratto da Relazione allegata al decreto di Scioglimento del Consiglio Comunale di Isola delle Femmine Gazzetta Ufficiale 279 29 novembre 2012 da pag 55 a pagina 60
http://nuovaisoladellefemmine.blogspot.com/2012/11/relazione-prefettizia-dellacommissione.html
http://nuovaisoladellefemmine.blogspot.it/2013/11/la-corte-dei-conti-la-relazione-di.html
PIANI QUALITA' DELL'ARIA INDICI DEI PIANI REGIONI SICILIA ABRUZZO LOMBARDIA C...Pino Ciampolillo
Piano Aria Prot 1777 29 4 2009 La Commissione ispettiva SENZA Relazione conclusiva per prolungata Assenza per Malattia di Uno dei Suoi Componenti e per dimissioni Assessore Interlandi pro tempore, Assessore Interlandi istituisce la commissione di verifica del Piano Regione Sicilia qualità aria e ambiente nota 5672 22 novembre 2007 Piano adottato con D.A. 176/GAB 9.8.07
FASCICOLO FONTI DEL COPIATO DEL PIANO ARIA REGIONE SICILIA TUTELA QUALITA ARIA AMBIENTE APPR CON D.A. 176GAB 9 8 07
A CURA DEL COMITATO CITTADINO ISOLA PULITA di Isola delle Femmine
http://tutelaariaregionesicilia.blogspot.it/
http://lapiazzaisolana.wordpress.com/
http://isoladellefemmineitalcementieambiente.blogspot.it/
CONDIZIONI ECONOMICHE DEL COMUNE E GESTIONE DEL PATRIMONIO
Dagli elementi raccolti nel corso dell’accesso si ricava che il Comune di Isola delle Femmine versa in una situazione economico-finanziaria piuttosto difficile, in parte dovuta alla progressiva riduzione dei trasferimenti provenienti dallo Stato e dalla Regione Siciliana, che ha determinato il ricorso ad anticipazioni di cassa dalla banca che gestisce il servizio di tesoreria comunale, ed in parte dalla inefficienza di tutto il sistema di riscossione dei tributi che ha determinato, tra l’altro, anche il consolidarsi di un crescente indebitamento nei confronti della societa’ che gestisce il servizio di raccolta e trasferimento in discarica dei rifiuti solidi urbani per conto dell’ATO PA1 al quale il Comune appartiene.
Le criticita’ del funzionamento del servizio di riscossione dei tributi, inoltre, sono state ascritte - secondo ripetute e convinte dichiarazioni dei funzionari responsabili del Comune - all’esito negativo del rapporto gia’ instaurato con la societa’ TRIBUTI ITALIA s.p.a. - la cui condotta criminale ha avuto peraltro notazioni di rilievo nazionale
Tratto da Relazione allegata al decreto di Scioglimento del Consiglio Comunale di Isola delle Femmine Gazzetta Ufficiale 279 29 novembre 2012 da pag 55 a pagina 60
http://nuovaisoladellefemmine.blogspot.com/2012/11/relazione-prefettizia-dellacommissione.html
http://nuovaisoladellefemmine.blogspot.it/2013/11/la-corte-dei-conti-la-relazione-di.html
Tar roma si pronuncia sulla liceita' dello scioglimento del consiglio comunal...Pino Ciampolillo
Il Tribunale Amministrativo Regionale per il Lazio
- “I collegamenti degli amministratori comunali con le cosche dominanti del reggino, accertati grazie alle operazioni di polizia giudiziaria sopra menzionate, sono un esempio della aggressione della mafia al livello istituzionale più alto del governo cittadino”;
-“In quasi tutte le ripartizioni burocratiche … è stata rilevata una traccia indelebile di collegamento con le cosche locali”, “in molti servizi … la presenza incombente e pervasiva delle famiglie mafiose del territorio”;
- “A fronte di tale generalizzata e opprimente presenza, l’Amministrazione non è risultata avere alcuna iniziativa utile e concreta di contrasto, non avendo prodotto alcun atto di seria opposizione al fenomeno criminale”.
Di talchè, secondo l’Autorità prefettizia, è “chiaro” che la situazione descritta “rientra … nei dettami di cui all’art. 143 del D.Lgs. n. 267/2000, come modificato dall’art. 2 – comma 30 – della legge 15.7.2009, n. 94, rinvenendosi quegli elementi <> di condizionamento criminale previsti dalla legge”.
La proposta riferisce come tale situazione sia stata, tra altro, oggetto di indagine da parte della Procura della Repubblica in seguito al decesso del responsabile del settore finanze e tributi, per l'accertamento di eventuali responsabilità connesse all'asserita dolosa alterazione di dati contabili e di bilancio, relativamente al periodo 2008-2010…………….
http://nuovaisoladellefemmine.blogspot.it/2013/06/isola-delle-femmine-gli-ex.html
Tar roma si pronuncia sulla liceita' dello scioglimento del consiglio comunal...Pino Ciampolillo
Il Tribunale Amministrativo Regionale per il Lazio
- “I collegamenti degli amministratori comunali con le cosche dominanti del reggino, accertati grazie alle operazioni di polizia giudiziaria sopra menzionate, sono un esempio della aggressione della mafia al livello istituzionale più alto del governo cittadino”;
-“In quasi tutte le ripartizioni burocratiche … è stata rilevata una traccia indelebile di collegamento con le cosche locali”, “in molti servizi … la presenza incombente e pervasiva delle famiglie mafiose del territorio”;
- “A fronte di tale generalizzata e opprimente presenza, l’Amministrazione non è risultata avere alcuna iniziativa utile e concreta di contrasto, non avendo prodotto alcun atto di seria opposizione al fenomeno criminale”.
Di talchè, secondo l’Autorità prefettizia, è “chiaro” che la situazione descritta “rientra … nei dettami di cui all’art. 143 del D.Lgs. n. 267/2000, come modificato dall’art. 2 – comma 30 – della legge 15.7.2009, n. 94, rinvenendosi quegli elementi <> di condizionamento criminale previsti dalla legge”.
La proposta riferisce come tale situazione sia stata, tra altro, oggetto di indagine da parte della Procura della Repubblica in seguito al decesso del responsabile del settore finanze e tributi, per l'accertamento di eventuali responsabilità connesse all'asserita dolosa alterazione di dati contabili e di bilancio, relativamente al periodo 2008-2010…………….
http://nuovaisoladellefemmine.blogspot.it/2013/06/isola-delle-femmine-gli-ex.html
COMMISSIONE AMBIENTE REGIONE SICILIA AUDIZIONE PER RIMOZIONE DAL SITO DEL PIA...Pino Ciampolillo
Piano Aria Prot 1777 29 4 2009 La Commissione ispettiva SENZA Relazione conclusiva per prolungata Assenza per Malattia di Uno dei Suoi Componenti e per dimissioni Assessore Interlandi pro tempore, Assessore Interlandi istituisce la commissione di verifica del Piano Regione Sicilia qualità aria e ambiente nota 5672 22 novembre 2007 Piano adottato con D.A. 176/GAB 9.8.07
FASCICOLO FONTI DEL COPIATO DEL PIANO ARIA REGIONE SICILIA TUTELA QUALITA ARIA AMBIENTE APPR CON D.A. 176GAB 9 8 07
A CURA DEL COMITATO CITTADINO ISOLA PULITA di Isola delle Femmine
http://tutelaariaregionesicilia.blogspot.it/
http://lapiazzaisolana.wordpress.com/
This document provides an overview of international political economy (IPE). It discusses the meaning and nature of IPE, focusing on the political and economic dimensions. It outlines three major theoretical perspectives on IPE: mercantilism/economic nationalism, liberalism, and Marxism. Differences in national political economy systems are examined through case studies of the US, Japan, and Germany. Finally, core issues in IPE governance are discussed, specifically international trade and the role of the World Trade Organization.
GLOBALIZATION and The Globalization Paradox: Why Global Markets, States, and ...tesfa7
is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide (en.m.Wikipedia.org). The authors of the articles discussed that;
Impacts of Globalization on developing and developed countries
Faire economic distribution and employment opportunities
National government demands to frame their policy aligned with international environmental laws and regulations
This document provides an overview of international political economy. It discusses key concepts like IPE being the study of relationships between governments and businesses. It outlines three major theoretical perspectives on IPE: liberalism, Marxism, and mercantilism. It also examines some contemporary IPE theories and provides detailed descriptions of the American and Japanese national political economy systems.
Global Trends_PPT_ Chapter 3.pptx aau 2024workinehamanu
This document provides an overview of international political economy (IPE). It discusses key debates around the role of the state in domestic and international economic governance. At the international level, it examines how trade, investment and finance should be governed and the role of institutions like the IMF, World Bank and WTO. It then covers the main theoretical perspectives in IPE - mercantilism/nationalism, liberalism and Marxism. The document also analyzes influential national political economy systems like the US and Japanese models before examining core issues in IPE like international trade, investment and finance and their governing institutions.
Governance and the economy in Asia and the United States institutions instrum...Caroline Servat
This document discusses governance and economic development in Asia and the United States. It covers several key points:
1) State capitalism has proven successful for economic development in countries like China, South Korea, and Singapore, but it can lead to corruption, inequality, and reduced innovation over time.
2) Many Western countries and some Asian countries implemented reforms to transition to more democratic governance and market-oriented economies in response to these issues.
3) The US underwent three waves of political, economic and administrative reforms between 1880-2000 to reduce corruption and move away from state capitalism, including breaking up political machines, establishing regulatory agencies, and later privatizing industries.
This document discusses the relationship between international business and politics. It explains that political changes often precede and enable economic changes, using examples from Eastern Europe and Asia. As countries transition to market-driven economies and privatize state assets, new opportunities arise for multinational enterprises. However, different political ideologies and economic systems, such as democracy versus totalitarianism and market versus centrally planned economies, create different environments for international business. The document also examines forms of economic integration like free trade areas, customs unions, and common markets that aim to increase regional trade.
This document provides an overview of International Political Economy (IPE). It discusses the meaning and nature of IPE, including that IPE studies the relationships between governments, businesses, and social forces across history and geographical areas. It outlines three major theoretical perspectives on IPE: liberalism, Marxism, and mercantilism/nationalism. For each perspective, it provides details on their views of the role of the state, trade, and the economy. The document also discusses contemporary theories of IPE including hegemonic stability theory, structuralism, and the developmental state approach.
This document discusses the concept of "good governance" in development policy. It argues that development is fundamentally political and that effective administration alone cannot generate sustainable development. While competent administration is important, development requires a strong state capable of managing political interests and generating support for reforms. The experience of structural adjustment lending in the 1980s highlighted the importance of political will and capacity for implementing economic changes, as reforms inevitably create both winners and losers. However, current orthodoxy focuses too narrowly on technical solutions and fails to adequately consider the political dynamics of development.
This document provides an overview and introduction to Dependency Theory. It discusses:
- The origins of Dependency Theory under Raul Prebisch in response to unequal economic growth between rich and poor countries.
- Core propositions of Dependency Theory including that underdevelopment results from external influences that favor rich countries over poor ones in a dependent relationship.
- Debates around whether dependency results more from capitalism or disparities in power between countries.
- The policy implications of Dependency Theory, which rejects growth models based on rich countries and favors self-reliance over greater integration into the global economy by poor states.
This document provides an overview of three major development theories: modernization theory, dependency theory, and world systems theory.
1. Modernization theory emerged in the 1950s and viewed development as a linear process where traditional societies modernize by adopting Western values like industrialization, capitalism, and secularism. It was criticized for being ethnocentric and ignoring that development can occur through different paths.
2. Dependency theory arose in the 1950s-1960s as an alternative to modernization theory. It argues that underdeveloped countries are not backward but rather dependent on developed countries that exploit them as suppliers of cheap labor and raw materials. This hinders their development and benefits core nations.
3. World systems theory,
Global education and current trends from social abstract for the paperAmarwaha
The last century intense with a dream and aspirations and major social experiments has ended with general collapse of initiative for social transformation and total disillusionment with efforts of ‘development’ of the so called ‘developing’ nations. The so called victorious ideology-capitalism- has sought to consolidate its triumph with a call for ‘globalization’ for freeing of market, for unchecked hunting by private capital within and across nations with total disregard for the sovereignty rights of nations across the world. Globalization did not develop evenly: indeed, it was accompanied by inequality and conflict. The global development of economic and social relations has been paralleled by wide disparities between North and South.
Globalization Essay: The Role of State, The University of Cambridge, Mphil in...Milena Milicevic
This document provides a 3154 word summary of a student paper on whether developing countries need a strong and effective state to take advantage of opportunities in global markets. It begins by outlining the key factors that contribute to an effective state, including strong performance by various public and private actors working together. It then discusses how developing countries often need to improve governance to become more competitive globally. While an effective state is important, the role of the state declines in neo-liberal capitalism. The document examines the historical use of protectionism by now-developed countries and challenges for developing countries in globalization. It concludes by noting various policy challenges for developing country governments, such as gradual liberalization and managing monetary issues.
The document discusses several theories related to development and underdevelopment, including neoliberalism, dependency theory, and world systems theory. It provides background on the key figures and concepts within dependency theory, such as Andre Gunder Frank and Fernando Henrique Cardoso. It also summarizes Wallerstein's world systems theory, which divides countries into cores, semi-peripheries, and peripheries. Modernization theory is discussed as well, including its assumptions about development as a progressive, homogenizing process. Criticisms of these theories are noted, such as that development is not necessarily unidirectional and traditional and modern values can co-exist.
GLOBAL EDUCATION AND CURRENT TRENDS FROM SOCIAL-abstract for the paperamita marwaha
Globalization is an economic, social, cultural, and environmental process that has led to increasing global integration and interdependence. It has driven major changes through technological innovations, broader political changes, and economic policies over the past decades. However, globalization has also been accompanied by inequality and conflicts between nations. Education can help address some of the controversies around globalization by promoting global awareness, sustainable development, human rights, democracy, and peace. Global education aims to develop attitudes and skills to avoid indifference, consider interdependencies among nations, and encourage responsible action to address global challenges.
Globalization has led to the rise of civic society in developing countries as a counterbalance to unregulated markets. Civil societies now propose interventions to ease the negative impacts of globalization. However, most NGOs in developing countries lack proper legal frameworks and funding sources, limiting their effectiveness. The author analyzes the cases of Mexico and Romania to understand how to establish legal frameworks and global philanthropic standards that support civil society organizations and enable them to act as a balance to state power during periods of economic globalization.
Reimposing imperial domination in the global south through the mechanism of p...Alexander Decker
This document discusses how imperial domination is reimposed in the global south through public policy mechanisms. It uses Nigeria as an example, arguing that Nigeria succumbed to IMF imposed structural adjustment programs that led to increased poverty and debt rather than development. The document outlines how the new globalized international system operates through market forces rather than direct political control, allowing northern countries to indirectly control policy in the south through organizations like the IMF and World Bank. It asserts that these organizations promote northern economic interests through policies that negatively impact growth in the global south.
This document discusses issues and problems with defining and measuring democracy, particularly in developing nations. It argues that while many definitions of democracy exist, in practice there is a dominant form - liberal democracy - that is used to evaluate developing nations. This risks oversimplifying other regime types and excluding important contextual factors. Measuring democracy is difficult due to many complex variables, so the focus should be on reducing barriers like international influence that push developing nations towards the dominant model for political and economic reasons rather than democratic progress.
Reagan's image as a likable president helped him politically. He was nicknamed the "Teflon president" as bad press did not stick to him. On domestic policy, Reagan cut taxes and regulations for businesses but faced pushback trying to cut welfare programs. His economic policies increased budget deficits. His focus was more on foreign policy where he took a hardline anti-communist stance against the Soviet Union.
Similar to Developmental state and africa elly series 2013.Should Africa Learn from Asia or USA? (20)
Political economy, Asian tigers success, Causes of Africa's poor economic performance, 'begging bowel' of Africa, poverty amidst wealth, foreign aid is a prison.
Political dynasties exist worldwide, including in democracies, where families exert disproportionate political influence. Research shows that politicians who serve longer terms are more likely to have relatives enter politics as well. Many countries have prominent political dynasties, such as the Bushes and Kennedys in the US, Nehru-Gandhi family in India, and Park family in South Korea. Dynastic politicians often enjoy name recognition and campaign advantages over non-dynastic opponents. However, political dynasties can also weaken accountability and governance by prioritizing self-serving interests over citizens' needs. In African countries still developing democratic institutions, independent electoral commissions are important to ensure fairness when close relatives of former leaders
This document is a special edition issue of "Trade and Economic Development in Uganda" focusing on the social market economy and sustainable development. It contains articles from various authors on topics related to Uganda's economic performance and challenges, the concept of the social market economy and how it could inspire Uganda, the importance of inclusive growth and citizens' participation in the budget process. The issue also discusses the roles of national development planning, the private sector, and youth perspectives in Uganda's economic development.
This document discusses reasons why Africa has failed to achieve sustained economic growth and development. It argues that Africa needs sustained rapid economic growth through economic transformation and increasing exports rather than relying on aid. It presents the "Asian model" of prioritizing growth over democracy as an alternative model for Africa to follow. Some of the key reasons identified for Africa's lack of growth include lack of strong leadership, weak institutions, overreliance on foreign aid, small trade and export volumes, and copying of policies from developed countries without consideration of Africa's unique circumstances.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
Your Go-To Press Release Newswire for Maximum Visibility and Impact.pdfPressReleasePower4
This downloadable guide explains why press releases are still important for businesses today and the challenges you might face with traditional distribution methods. Learn how [Your Website Name] offers a comprehensive solution for crafting compelling press releases, targeting the right media outlets, and maximizing visibility.
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
The Biggest Threat to Western Civilization _ Andy Blumenthal _ The Blogs.pdfAndy (Avraham) Blumenthal
Article in The Times of Israel by Andy Blumenthal: China and Russia are commonly considered the biggest military threats to Western civilization, but I believe that is incorrect. The biggest strategic threat is a terrorist Jihadi Caliphate.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
Developmental state and africa elly series 2013.Should Africa Learn from Asia or USA?
1. 1
Developmental state and Africa’s present level of growth
Elly Twineyo Africa’s Political Economy Essays 10 May 2013
By
Elly Twineyo Kamugisha
Author: Why Africa Fails: The Case for Growth before Democracy, 2012;
Founder: African Centre for Trade and Development (ACTADE) – a think-tank;
Consultant at Uganda Management Institute (UMI)
For Comments: ellytk@gmail.com / info@twineyo.com
Is Africa currently in the developmental stage? Is it on its way to economic success and
ultimately development and liberal democracy?
Does the role of the state in the development of East Asian countries offer good examples for
Africa?
Is the state in developed countries supporting or subsiding key private companies in their
economies?
Let us start with the two views of Thomas Hobbes of 1651 and Rothbard of 1973. Thomas
Hobbes described life without government as „nasty, brutish, and short‟ and went further to
that the law and order provided by the government was a necessary component of civilized
life. On the other hand, Rothbard (1973) argues that the private sector could effectively
undertake all of the functions usually done by government.
The view that the state should play a leading role in the economic development of
developing countries was central to development economics up and until late 1970s. The „Big
Push‟ theory of industrialization (which was put forward by Paul Rosenstein-Rodan 1943 and
Tibor Scitovsky1954) gave a crucial role to the state - as a coordinator of complementary
investment decisions in the developmental process. Alexander Gerschenkron (1966),
constructed his theory of late development around the rising need for state involvement in
industrial financing that is supposed to arise from the continuous increase in the minimum
efficient scale of production owing to the nature of the modern technical progress. His
central argument is that late industrialization requires heavy capital investments and that in
order to obtain such capital, countries such as France, Germany, and Russia were prompted
to generate new institutional mechanisms for generating savings.
Absence of such a nationalistic developmental state as found in the early development of
capitalist Europe or Japan – Meiji Japan was identified as the major cause for the
underdevelopment of several poor countries1. It should be note that the idea of centrality of
1 See Paul Baran ( 1957), “The Political Economy of Growth”, monthly Review Press, New York
2. 2
the state in economic development was not invented by the early development economics
of the 1950s and or the 1960s. There had been a similar view of the role of the state that had
been put forward by the German historical school represented by Friedrich List. Friedrich List
had been influenced by the American economists of the 18th century including Alexander
Hamilton. Some others trace these ideas on the role of the state and economic development
far back to the 16th century mainly to England and Venice (now in Italy)2.
Richard A. Musgrave widely regarded as the founder of modern public finance and an
adviser on fiscal policy and taxation to governments from Washington to Bogota to Tokyo3
sees the state playing an important role. HE considered the role of the state in three parts:
stabilization; distribution; and allocation. He also considers public goods which have to be
provided by the state partly because of the existence of negative externalities and market
failure. According to Musgrave4, the government has three economic functions, which
include stabilization, distribution and allocation. The first two functions are usually beyond the
control of the state or local government and are managed at the national level of
government. The third function, allocation, is the basic concern of the local government. The
allocation function can be defined in simple words as the provision of socially desirable public
goods.
Gunner Myrdal writing in Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations (1968)5argued
that the major reason for the economic stagnation of many developing countries lay in the
absence of a „hard state‟ that can surmount conservative interests in favour of social reforms
and economic transformation. The Asian countries of Singapore, Taiwan, Malaysia, and South
Korea seem to have heard his message. They undertook to and developed their countries
originally with benevolent leaders, with less liberal democracy. The state originally played a
key role including establishing and owning big companies. China has followed suit. It is
realizing high levels of growth under their so-called social market economic system.
In the late 1970s, there was a U-turn on the developmental state across all social sciences,
and particularly the economists who began advocating individualism, liberal markets
(„opening up markets‟), and a small state or contraction of the state. These were neoliberal
ideas. In academia the Keynesian justifications for state intervention were replaced by both
the monetarist theory6 and the rational expectations „revolution, and meanwhile in the
political arena Margaret Thatcher (UK) and Ronald Reagan (US) led the „barrel‟ to reduce
public spending. Thatcher heralded the sale and divestiture of state owned enterprises.
2 Chang Ha-Joon (1999), “The Economic Theory of the Developmental State”, in Woo-Cummings, M., (ed.): The
Developmental State, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London.
3Source: http://news.ucsc.edu/2007/01/1026.html (accessed on 12/10/13)
4http://www.essie.ufl.edu/~fnaja/chapter4.html ( accessed on 12/10/13)
5 Gunner Myrdal (1968), Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations, New York: Twenty-First Century Fund.
6Heavily supported by Milton Friedman and the so called Chicago School of Economists
3. 3
Liberalization and depoliticization
With regard to policy proposals, since the late 1970s and mainly in the 1990s, the current focus
of economic growth and development has focused on two closely interrelated concepts
total liberalization an economic aspect, and depoliticization (with its implied „no state
regulation‟) as a political aspect.
The role of the price mechanism dates back to Adam Smith‟s suggestion of the „invisible
hand‟. The forces of demand and supply should determine quantity demanded and quantity
supplies and quality. Quality is related to the price and affordability. Class comes to raise the
price of branded goods and most goods of ostentation. If conditions in the market were
perfect and buyers and sellers had perfect information about where to buy, the quality, and
prices, there would be not major problem with the „invisible hand‟. However, in developing
countries (and even in rich countries), information asymmetry indeed exists. This does not
permit the efficiency of markets. Therefore, liberalization or opening of markets (“getting the
prices right”) may not provide a solution for the growth of developing countries in Africa.
Right prices in neoliberal economics means those prices that prevail in a totally unregulated
domestic or international market. In the domestic market “getting the prices right” means
deregulation of product and factor markets. It means no government regulation, at all, of the
market. It means, among others, divestiture of state owned enterprises. With regard to
international trade, “getting the prices right” means opening of trade and competing as a
country and its businesses with the rest of the world. Opening up may have to consider the
principle of asymmetry with regard to international trade.
The principle of asymmetry in trade matters a lot. Asymmetry in trade negotiations and
relations refers to „less than equal‟ realization that some countries are more developed than
others. During trade negotiations, this fact should be considered. For example when
negotiating the levels of liberalization, the EU should open up more of its economy than
African countries. Tussie & Saguier (2011), while there may be degrees of asymmetry between
forces, we apply the term to the circumstances in which there is a significant disparity
between contending parties, no consideration of such disparity and no fair chance of
matching up forces in the process. By using the concept of asymmetry we assume that there
is more than a mere high level of interdependence in these relations. We are hence
concerned with absolute rather than relative asymmetry. As a result of such asymmetry the
trade agreements (FTAs) not only cover the reduction or elimination of tariffs and other non-
tariff barriers on the trade of goods and services, but they also cover broader elements of
4. 4
interest to developed countries such as investment rules, intellectual property rights and so on
(Tussie & Saguier (2011:2)7.
Depoliticization: political determination of economic outcomes is viewed as mainly leading to
either social waste (including rent-seeking and corruption) or minority interests of those non-
democratic leaders over the majority interest. While the majority contributes taxes, labour,
and produce children used in the military and police, they usually suffer poverty and ill-
treatment by the small click of the elites who capture and use power for selfish ends. Because
of this, there is a lot of literature under the disciplines of politics and economics and powerful
forces that recommends depoliticization. They see the liberalized market as the way to
disciplining such minority selfish interests. Markets should be self-regulating. While we agree
the minority interests have taken over from the majority in African countries, we can‟t
wholesale confirm that liberalization is the answer.
The World Bank (2005), “Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform”
has found that liberalization is not a panacea for rapid and sustained growth in developing
countries. Some countries that liberalized have achieved high levels of growth but some have
not. There more factors to consider than just market liberalization. Undeveloped markets may
not just growth and lead to development by immediately opening wholesale. We note in this
book that there hardly any „opened up‟ economies in the world. The EU and USA are in a
marathon negotiating trade and investment agreements in all the corners of the world. Why
this? They know that their and other countries markets are not open.
Nobel laureate in Economics and former Chief Economist The World Bank, Joseph Stiglitz has
written that lack of regulation is the price of inequality in USA8. He argues that left on their
own devices, markets are neither efficient nor stable and will tend to accumulate money in
the hands of the few rather than engender competition. Stiglitz argues that a free and
competitive market is highly beneficial to society at large, but that it needs government
regulation and oversight to remain functional. Without constraint, dominant interests use their
leverage to make gains at the expense of the majority. Concentration of power in private
hands, Stiglitz believes, can be just as damaging to the functioning of markets as excessive
regulation and political control9.
7Tussie, D., and Marcelo Saguier, M., (2011), “The Sweep of Asymmetric Trade Negotiations: Overview”, Region,
Regionness and Regionalism in Latin America: Towards a new synthesis; Serie Working Paper 130, Abril 2010 (To be
published in S Bilal, P de Lombaerde and Tussie (eds) The Sweep of Asymmetric Trade Negotiations: Problems, Processes
and Prospects. Ashgate 2011
8 Joseph Stiglitz (2012): The Price of Inequality. W.W. Norton & Co., Inc.
9Thomas B. Edsall “Separate and Unequal: The Price of Inequality by Joseph E. Stiglitz”
source:http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/books/review/the-price-of-inequality-by-joseph-e-stiglitz.html?_r=0 (
accessed on 12/8/13))
5. 5
We are not suggesting import substitution massively supported by developing countries in
Africa and probably with even donor funds. We are observing that during the process of
growth, industrialization and later development and democracy, developed countries of Asia
were not always free markets and liberal democracies. We have also shown that it the same
stages that the rich and developed countries followed. We have given two example of how
USA and UK to demonstrate how they developed both politically and economically.
The most important ingredient in growth and development is political leadership and
institutions. Without these two there is no direction in the economy and the politics are messy.
Such an economy cannot „see its head up‟. As they say „the fish starts to rot from its head‟.
A look at the East Asian Economies and rapid growth and development
The emergence of the power of Neo-liberalism and the tendency to view the role of the state
in a narrow focus has ruled the world mainly since late 1970s. They assert that the government
should mainly tax business and individuals – but play no role in the private sector. They forget
that in most developing countries, there exists market failure all the time. Robert Wade (1990)
writing in Governing the Markets10that Asian advanced countries such as Taiwan grew under
a „hard state‟ role. Wade shows that in Taiwan, public investment was equal to around a half
of the national investment. Let us look at Singapore which has been viewed as one where its
leaders seldom picked winners. There is a big role of the state in the mobilization of public
savings. From a public savings perspective, however, Singapore‟s massive public savings of
18.5 percent of GDP suggests a powerful promotional stance, in which the state single-
handedly created a pool of total savings larger than most nations can create through both
public and private savings11.
Look at South Korea which claimed that it was a free market economy when it grew rapidly.
Let us look that the country before the Asian economic crisis of 199/8. Population growth rate
were low around at 2.16 per annum between 1950 -73 at 1.25 per annum from 1973 to 199812.
Between 1950 and 1998, the absolute number of population increased from 20.8 million to
46.4 million. This is an increase of 25.6 million in 48 years. By 1950 it has a total GDP of US$16
million and it had reached US$56.4 million in 1998. This is an increase of US$ 40.4 in 48 years. By
1996, it was the 12th largest economy in the world and had become a member of the OECD
(the first of the Asian tigers to be admitted). Specifically, its annual average growth rate of
GNP was about 10 per cent between 1965 and 1980. Let us observe that if we exclude the
OPEC members and the command economies (centrally planned economies), it had the fifth
10Wade, R., (1990): Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialization.
Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press
11 Krieckhaus, J., (2004): “In Praise of the State”, Issues & Studies 40, no. 1:46-60.
12 Maddison Angus, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD (2001: 218)
6. 6
highest growth rate of real GNP in the 1960s and in the 1970s, and for some part of the
1980s13. Amsden (1989:9) quotes that in 1986 the Fortune list of the top 500 private non-oil
companies included 10 from South Korea and only 10 from the rest of all the developing
countries combined. We note that this spectacular growth came at some cost of the highly
exploited class. We also observe that along the growth path, mostly the working class in never
well remunerated. The poor remuneration changes with a period of time last at time more
than decades. The trade unions begin to demand for the right compensation.
The credit for its current prosperity goes to General Park Chung-hee who in 1961 led a
military coup which established a strong state intervention in the economy oriented to the
goal of rapid industrialization. He is credited with Miracle of the Han River symbolizing the
miracle of industrialization and development. His rule–lasting 18 years until his assassination by
his head of intelligence in 1979 was a key growth and development period of South Korea. It
was during this period that it graduated from the third to the „advanced‟ economies.
Throughout Park‟s period, the 1980s and 1990s, the Korean state was the engine that was
powering industrialization and economic growth. According to Rodrik (1994:61) after
President Park took over in a military coup on 16 May 1961, the scope of export subsidization
was greatly enlarged. The subsidy on export credits was increased and exporters were
exempted from the commodity tax and the business activity tax14.
What did the Park regime do to boost industrialization and growth?
The state undertook the following during this period:
i) It allocated resources for investment, undertook price controls, and regulated capital
movements; most especially for offshore investments. Because of the legislation that
had been passed in the 1960s, there was control of cash outflow. Any unauthorized
overseas transfer of US$ 1 million or more was handed a minimum sentence of 10 years
in prison and a maximum death sentence15.
ii) The state shared risk and undertook and overwrote research and development
especially in the development of the electronics industries. It is also was critically
present supporting the semiconductor industry.
iii) The state supported planning via the Economic Planning Board (EPB). The EPB was
given unprecedented powers with regard to planning for the economy. So in a
nutshell there was national (state) planning common to the command economies of
the East. The CEO of the EPB was elevated to the rank of Deputy Prime Minister a rank
13 See Sung YK, (1990:5), “The Economic Development of the Republic of South Korea 1965-1981” in Lau, L., (ed.),
Models of Development: A Comparative Study of Economic Growth in South Korea and Taiwan. San Francisco, CA: ICS
Press
14 Rodrik, D., (1994), “Getting interventions right: how South Korea and Taiwan grew rich”, NBER Working Papers No. 4964
15 This law was still important and feared into the 1980s – even though the state began to lose its ability to control capital
to the same degree as before. See Amsden, A., (1989:17), “ Asia‟s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization”,
New York: oxford University Press
7. 7
that made this position second in the government hierarchy. Park regime nationalized
the banking system (5 months after his coup). It should be mentioned that by 1970, the
state controlled exactly 96.4 per cent of the country‟s total financial assets.
General Park‟s assassination was followed by another military coup led by Chun Doo-hwan.
However, Chun‟s own chosen successor Roh Tae-woo, started a political reform process that
led to the consolidation of pluralistic democracy after 1992.
Overall in addition to import protection, export promotion measures were also used to further
industrial development for South Korea. These included subsidized credit, tax breaks, export
processing zones, bonded manufacturing warehouses, duty drawbacks, privatization of
customs administration and direct export subsidies (UN 2013: 128)16.
Let’s look at Taiwan: This is another Asian economy that grew rapidly. According to Lau
(2002)17, Taiwan began its industrialization drive after Hong Kong and before South Korea as a
result of rising wage rates in Japan, and subsequently Hong Kong, and quota restrictions
imposed by the U.S. and subsequently Europe on textile exports. It started with a high
population density and with unfavourable resource endowment. It does not have the
resources endowment that almost all the undeveloped Africa has. In the last century, its real
GNP per capita has grown approximately US$ 6 billion to over and above US$ 300 billion; and
from slightly more than US$700 to almost US$13,000 (in 2000 prices), achieving rates of growth
of more than 8 percent and 6 percent per annum respectively18. It was not affected by the
East Asian currency crisis of 1997/8 because of its large foreign exchange reserves and a low
external debt.
Taiwan pioneered some important economic policies by any developing country during its
growth. The most important policies for this book include land reform, promotion of family
planning, export–oriented industrialization, and reliance on the private sector to ultimately
stimulate growth. Land reform issues are intricate and often cause brawls but Taiwan was
able to reform land systems because it was partly implemented by reformers who themselves
did not own any land and did not want any land for themselves. The Joint Commission for
Rural Reconstruction (JCRR) played an important role in the land reform in this country.
In Africa, efforts at land reforms have failed because the most interested parties are those
allegedly instituting the land reforms.
16 UN (2013: 128), Human Development Report 2013: The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World
17Lau, L-J, (2002), “Taiwan as a Model for Economic Development”. Source:
http://www.stanford.edu/~ljlau/Presentations/Presentations/021004.PDF (accessed on 12/14/13)
18Lau, L-J, (2002), “Taiwan as a Model for Economic Development”. Source:
http://www.stanford.edu/~ljlau/Presentations/Presentations/021004.PDF (accessed on 12/14/13)
8. 8
The World Bank now agrees that the countries of East Asia intervened in their economies (it
was not always free market economy)19. With the break-out of the 2007/08 global financial
crisis, the world got to understand that problems of market failure are not restricted to the
developing countries but also the developed one.
Role of the state in developed countries after 2008 global financial crisis
The state in USA and UK began to bail out private companies to avoid the collapse of these
economies. Amidst some murmurs from the citizens, the president of USA ordered the state
bailout AIG (one of America‟s biggest insurers) at initially US$ 85 billion, and US$ 182 billion in
total20. Some experts blame government for having failed to keep a keen eye of the firms.
That government failed on its role of regulation. This said, what emerges is that the
government came in to protect AIG in order to avoid its collapse posing a danger to the
financial system. Appraising the efforts to stabilize the economy 5 years later, this is what the
economic advisors said21:
As the world‟s largest insurer, AIG was too interconnected with other major financial firms
and the consequences of its failure during a period of acute financial stress would have
sent a tremendous shock through the global economy.
Observers predicted any federal bailout of AIG would have resulted in substantial losses to
the American taxpayers from US$36-US$45 billion. Central Budget Office (CBO) at one
point estimated that the AIG bailout would cost taxpayers US$36 billion, while other
estimates showed losses north of US$45 billion.
Lacking any viable alternatives, the federal government stepped in to commit more than
US$182 billion to stabilize AIG during the financial crisis. Without existing tools to resolve a
large, complex financial firm like AIG, the Federal Reserve provided up to US$85 billion of
funding support through a credit facility to prevent the collapse of AIG in the fall of 2008,
and an additional US$37.8 billion was committed to AIG less than a month later. In
addition, Treasury committed US$70 billion in two TARP investment transactions in AIG.
The Administration took immediate steps to restructure AIG and accelerate the timeline for
AIG‟s repayment of the government‟s support.
The Administration pursued reforms to ensure that this type of bailout never occurs again.
As part of Wall Street Reform, the Administration sought to put in place a comprehensive
19 The World Bank (1993:9). The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press
20“The Financial Crisis: Five Years Later”, Executive Office of the President September 2013, Report was prepared by the
National Economic Council, the President‟s Council of Economic Advisers, the Domestic Policy Council, and the Office
of Management and Budget. (Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/20130915-financial-
crisis-five-years-later.pdf (accessed on 01/01/14))
21“The Financial Crisis: Five Years Later”, Executive Office of the President September 2013, Report was prepared by the
National Economic Council, the President‟s Council of Economic Advisers, the Domestic Policy Council, and the Office
of Management and Budget.(Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/20130915-financial-crisis-
five-years-later.pdf (accessed on 01/01/14))
9. 9
regulatory framework for derivatives, ensure policy makers and regulators have an
effective resolution regime for winding down failed financial institutions, reduce the
complexity and interconnectedness of the largest institutions, and give regulators the
authority to better regulate institutions whose failure would threaten the system.
Rather than lose tens of billions of dollars, the Administration successfully recouped the
federal government‟s full support for AIG, along with positive returns of nearly US$23 billion.
Despite widespread predictions that the American taxpayers stood to lose billions on its
US$182.3 billion of assistance to AIG, the Administration successfully recouped more than
US$205 billion, for a total positive return to the taxpayers of US$22.7 billion, while AIG‟s loan
to the Federal Reserve was fully repaid.
Key Wall Street reforms have been passed into law and are being implemented to
prevent the problems that arose with AIG from happening again, including the FSOC
designation of AIG for enhanced standards and oversight by the Federal Reserve.
According to this report22, Obama administration is not unique in supporting key companies.
The Bush administration also supported key auto companies.
The Bush Administration extended short-term loans to GM and Chrysler to keep the
companies afloat. Amid the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression, credit
markets were frozen and alternative sources of financing dried up, forcing GM and
Chrysler to either seek government support or face near certain liquidations. In response,
the Bush Administration extended short-term bridge loans to GM and Chrysler but left
open key decisions on how to address the crisis, in part to preserve flexibility for the
incoming Administration.
The collapse of GM and Chrysler would have had a cascading effect through the
American economy. Similar to other parts of our economy, the American automotive
industry has grown increasingly interconnected. The survival of the American auto
manufacturers was critical to the health of its suppliers, auto dealers, and the thousands of
small businesses in communities with high concentrations of auto workers. And because
Ford and other auto companies depended on those same suppliers, the collapse of GM
and Chrysler could have caused the failure of other auto companies as well. In fact,
observers estimated that the bankruptcy of GM and Chrysler could have resulted in1
million jobs lost.
This did not happen only in the US. The British government also supported key financial
companies. Britain‟s government offered banks like Royal Bank of Scotland, Barclays and
HSBC Holdings up to £50 billion, or $87 billion, to shore up their capital in exchange for
22“The Financial Crisis: Five Years Later”, Executive Office of the President September 2013, Report was prepared by the
National Economic Council, the President‟s Council of Economic Advisers, the Domestic Policy Council, and the Office
of Management and Budget.(Available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/20130915-financial-crisis-
five-years-later.pdf (accessed on 01/01/14))
10. 10
preference shares23. In fact this bailout money made the government an investor; what
Margaret Thatcher has minimized with liberalization and divestiture of state enterprises in
1990. As the then Prime Minister Gordon Brown said “Our plan is to buy shares in the banks
themselves and therefore we will have a stake in the banks. We are not simply giving
money.”24It will also provide a guarantee of about £250 billion to help banks refinance debt
and the Bank of England will double the amount it lends to banks under the special liquidity
scheme to £200 billion25.
We see that all economies „come into‟ the operations of the market to stabilize the economy
to avoid macroeconomic instability that affects growth of economies.
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The World Bank (1993): The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy. Oxford: Oxford University
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11. 11
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