India and Kenya both gained independence from British colonial rule in the mid-20th century. India experienced both violent and non-violent resistance movements seeking self-governance, culminating in its partition into India and Pakistan. Kenya's path to independence involved the violent Mau Mau uprising against British colonial powers in the 1950s and 1960s. Both countries struggled with internal divisions along ethnic or religious lines during the decolonization process and worked to establish stable governments and economies following independence.

1. DECOLONIZATION OF INDIA AND KENYA
Angélica Guerra

2. INDIA
 Became British
colonial possession in
1858.
 Non-settler colony.
 Swadeshi Movement
 Partition

3. INDIA

4. INDIA BACKGROUND
 British and Indians disagreed about home
rule
 Gandhi attempted to create a free India
through a non-violent movement.
 Indians wanted political power.
 Violent occasions such as Jallianwala Bagh
Massacre. British tried to rid Indian meetings.
 India was broken up into Hindu/Muslim state.

5. KENYA
 Became British colonial
possession in 1895.
(Officially a colony in
1920)
 Settler colony.
 Mau Mau (violent
uprising).
 Gained their
independence in 12
October 1963.

6. KENYA

7. KENYA BACKGROUND
 British made a railway to Uganda. (Britain was
far more interested in it).
 Objective was to connect Uganda with Indian Ocean
for trade.
 Mau Mau resistance against British colonial
power.
 Independence:
 Negotiations for independence between British and
Kenyan leaders.
 Jomo Kenyatta – first prime minister.
 Video of Mau Mau rebellion

8. VIOLENT | NON-VIOLENT RESISTANCE
MAU MAU UPRISING SWADESHI MOVEMENT
• 1952-1960
•Anti-colonial group challenging colonial
power.
•Violently repressed by British army and
anti Mau Mau.
•Sometimes set government supporters
on fire. Or killed them.
•11,000 Africans dead.
•Conflict caused a split between the
European colonials (in Kenya) and the
Home Office.  The conflict set stage
for Kenyan independence.
• Fought non-violently for
independence.
•Occasionally riots broke out (where
violence took place).
• Gandhi fasted in order to maintain
people under control. (and no more
violence)
•Burning of cloth  Britain is the main
supplier of cloth
•They supported Britain in WWI although
stopped to during WW2.
•Quit India movement
• There was violence in both countries, in a way.
•Although India gained its independence “non-violently” it had some outbreaks of
violence. Kenya was very violent.
•There were divisions of people.

9. NATIONALIST EXPLANATION
 Kenya: Mau Mau rebellion
 Jomo Kenyatta
 India: Swadeshi movements
 National leaders were who
caused independence.
 Jawaharlal Nehru,
Mohandas Gandhi, Patel,
Azad.
 Nationalism began to grow
 Resistance was more
organized in India.
 India had various
movements
 Kenya only had Mau Mau
uprising.

10. METROPOLITAN EXPLANATION
 Wars: WW2, Cold War, helped decolonization.
 1960s Years of Africa  Britain would have no longer use
for Kenya.
 After the first elections Jomo Kenyatta won, the British
worked with him to make Kenya one of the most stable
countries in Africa .
 Britain negotiated with India over independence. They would
rather not have a communist India.
 Britain still remained as No. 1 trade partner of India

11. INTERNATIONALIST EXPLANATION
 UN intervention with partition of India and
Pakistan
 The 1960s were the years where most of
African colonies gained their independence.
 India supported Britain during WW1,but due
to not gaining their rights, the did not support
them during WW2.

12. POST COLONIALISM
KENYA INDIA
•Gained independence
•End of Mau Mau rebellion.
•Not technologically advanced at all and
were forced to industrialize after the
other nations of the world.
•Jomo Kenyatta was the first prime
minister.
•India was partitioned.
•Pakistan and India
•Muslims and Hindus
•Gandhi assassinated by a Hindu for his
efforts to unite Hindus and Muslims
•Violence between Hindus and Muslims
in the border mainly.
•War between India and Pakistan after
the death of Gandhi
•Nehru first prime minister.
•Strength of decolonization went up after WWII
•Suffered splits between populations within the same colony after decolonizing
•Lacked crutial advancements in technology and industry  behind other countries

13. GAYATRI SPIVAK
 “The subaltern has no voice.”
 Main points of Colonialism.
 Colonies usually don’t have a say in the political and
economic decisions of its country.
 Britain has control over both colonies (India and Kenya)
 Indians and Kenyans have no voice.
 Rebellion arises in both countries
 Indian has non-violent resistance, while Kenya has a
very violent uprising.
 Subaltern gains voice, but with different
methods.

14. BENEDICT ANDERSON
 “Imagined Communities”
 Britain colonized India, where two different
cultures were found.
 India was divided by religion; Muslim and Hindu.
 In Kenya there were tribes, the one with most
population was the Kiyukus
 The split into groups of people; imagined
communities, not only by religions but also
political and other beliefs.

15. A. G. HOPKINS
 “Decolonization must be understood broadly
as a process of globalization”
 Each country to have home rule.
 Have power over themselves.
 That is what India and Africans countries wanted
from the British.
 This way they would participate in political
matters and be able to Globalize.

16. FANON
 “Nationalism is paradoxical to liberation”
 Basically saying that growing nationalism would
not gain the people actual freedom.
 Nationalism arises to violence, where many who
want to be free die.
 Kenya, Mau Mau resistances was very violent as so
was the British reaction to the resistance.
 India, Nationalizing against the British got many
people killed, (i.e. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre)

17. ANNALES SCHOOL
 “History must be redefined outside of
national parameters.”
 The 1960s were the years of Africa. Therefore
Kenya was not to be an exception to gaining
independence.
 India gained independence, but new problems
arose such as the partition of India, based on
religious differences.

18. WORLD SYSTEM THEORY
 Core, Semi-periphery, Periphery
 Core: Britain
 Semi-Periphery: India
 Periphery: Kenya