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This document provides a history of cinema and discusses important developments and innovations in the medium. It covers the early innovations that enabled motion pictures, pioneers like Méliès and Griffith who developed editing techniques, experimental filmmakers like Dalí and Buñuel. It also summarizes the introduction of sound films and major directors from various countries, the rise of special effects with digital technology, and the growth of video and digital art.
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de Beaufort AA ch10
- 1. 1 Cinema and Digital Arts
- 2. First experimental color film Screened under pretenses of advertisement during suppressive Nazi regime Cinema is a mass art closely monitored by those in authority. Creative people have been making experimental films for generations. Oskar Fischinger. Circles. 1933–34. Film still.
- 3. 1 The Birth of Cinema Cinema • Production of movies as an art or an industry • Logical extension of photography Illusion of motion made possible by persistence of vision Eadweard Muybridge • Commissioned to capture horse’s legs to settle bet made by Leland Stanford The Horse in Motion • Proved Stanford correct • Documentation improved by faster exposure mechanisms Zoöpraxiscope • First primitive cinema
- 4. 1 The Birth of Cinema Film • First practical film camera invented in 1891 (Edison Labs) Used a long strip of film • Electric motor fed through a camera at 16 frames per second Cinema a popular entertainment medium by 1890s • Short movies, usually less than 10 minutes long • Few accepted cinema as an artform • Film camera seemed like a mere recording device • Early filmmakers tried to make movies look like filmed theatrical performances • Early films were silent projections Eadweard Muybridge. The Horse in Motion. 1878. Photographs.
- 5. 1 Silent Cinema: Innovations and Techniques Power of cinema comes from ability to reconstruct time Cinematography • The art of photography and camerawork in filmmaking Georges Méliès • Pioneered dissolves between scenes • Voyage to the Moon • Astronauts find a culture on the moon Films enjoyed worldwide attention Georges Méliès. Le Voyage dans la lune. (Voyage to the Moon). 1902. Film still.
- 6. 1 Film editing In which the editor selects the best shots from raw footage and reassembles them into meaningful sequences DW Griffith Used parallel editing First to use close-up, long shot D. W. Griffith. Intolerance (The Modern Story). 1916. Film still (Belshazzar's Feast).
- 7. 1 Sergei Eisenstein Further developed Griffith’s techniques Skillful use of montage Combining a number of brief shots to represent distinct but related subject matter The Battleship Potemkin Realistic portrayal of tragic event Close-ups and long shots gave audiences a sense of fear and tragedy Sergei Eisenstein. Battleship Potemkin. 1925. Selected frames from “Odessa Steps” sequence. Film stills
- 8. 1 Dalí and Buñuel, Un Chien Andalou Silent with musical accompaniment Sequence of seemingly irrational events Overall theme of unrealized sexual desire Inspired hallucinogenic feel of later music videos Salvador Dalí and Luis Buñuel. Un Chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog). 1929. Film still
- 9. 1 From the Talkies to the Seventies • Hollywood Production site for vast majority of the world’s movies in the 1930s Motion Picture Production Code Attempt to regulate moral content of film Forbade profanity, nudity, sexual activity, drug use, interracial relationships, criticism of clergy Gone with the Wind fined $5,000 for "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn." Films lacking MPPCA approval had no chance of wide distribution. • Citizen Kane, 1941 Landmark in cinema Orson Welles coauthored script, directed, played leading role Thinly veiled biography of William Randolph Hearst Unprecedented cinematic devices Extreme angles Clever editing Orson Welles. Citizen Kane. 1941. Film still
- 10. 1 Film noir Brooding black-and-white films usually dealing with murder Popular in 1940s Hollywood The dark side of the American Dream Raymond Chandler Detective stories Detour Main character ends up a murder suspect Edgar G. Ulmer. Detour. 1945. Film still
- 11. 1 Foreign directors making groundbreaking movies Akira Kurosawa Japanese Adapted European plays and stories through his own vision of traditional Japanese theater Throne of Blood Retells Macbeth in ancient Japanese setting Western directors have adapted or remade Kurosawa’s movies Akira Kurosawa. Throne of Blood. 1957. Film still
- 12. 1 Foreign directors making groundbreaking movies Federico Fellini, La Dolce Vita Told non-Hollywood stories Foreshadowing today’s critiques of mass media Advent of the world paparazzi, from character Paparazzo Federico Fellini. La Dolce Vita. 1961. Film still.
- 13. 1 Experimental Cinema By 1960s, artists who made movies considered work “underground” Separation between artists and directors as complete as it would ever be Stan Brakhage Early leader in underground cinema movement Began painting directly on raw film and then scratching through it Filmed birth of a child in 1959 Subject forbidden by Production Code Dog Star Man Most famous movie No clear plot- theme of the creation of the universe Stan Brakhage. Dog Star Man. 1964. Film still.
- 14. 1 Experimental Cinema Kenneth Anger, Scorpio Rising Experimental but influenced mainstream Documents rituals of a Brooklyn motorcycle gang “Biker movie” genre Kenneth Anger. Scorpio Rising. 1964. Film still
- 15. 1 • The Seventies Decline of Production Code in 1960s – greater freedom Directors re-thought old genres Robert Altman, The Long Goodbye Robert Altman. The Long Goodbye. 1973. Film still.
- 16. 1 The Seventies Blaxploitation movement Studios employed African- American directors and actors Gordon Parks, Shaft Proved successful with white audiences as well Showed gritty urban life in Harlem with new clarity Gordon Parks. Shaft. 1971. Film still
- 17. 1 Special Effects and Digital Cinema Special effects Merge old techniques with new technology of computers George Lucas and Lucasfilm Ltd. Increased use of computers in editing Pan’s Labyrinth, Guillermo del Toro Spanish-American production Intersection of fantasy and reality Exhibits imagination helping us cope with adversity Guillermo del Toro. Pans Labyrinth. 2006. Film still.
- 18. 1 Special effects Shift from traditional film to digital cinematography is nearly complete Star Wars Episode I–The Phantom Menace, 1999 First to combine film and digital cinematography Strongly influenced the adoption of digital projection equipment in theaters • Evolution to digital has important implications • Special effects draw audience interest • Facilitated by speed of digital production Facilitates uniform worldwide distribution Ridley Scott, Prometheus • Shot using multiple digital cameras Opened in 49 countries over a ten-day period Scenes seamlessly blend human actors with digital animation Ridley Scott. Prometheus. 2012. Movie still.
- 19. 1 Motion capture Actors wear special suits Motions recorded Plotted to 3-D software for animation
- 20. 1 • Virtual reality is latest technical innovation in cinema Movies either animated or shot live with three-dimensional cameras Viewers wear headsets to see action in panorama Many viewable on smartphones Janicza Bravo, Hard World for Small Things Puts viewer in back seat of a convertible as it drives through South Central Los Angeles Janicza Bravo. Hard World for Small Things. 2016. Still from VR movie.
- 21. 1 Video Art Unique characteristics of video Instant feedback Inexpensive cassettes Storage Erased Re-recorded Early videos were simple No editing was possible Medium best suited for private screenings for small groups • Nam June Paik, Video Flag Z 84 television screens resembling American flag Old Hollywood films flicker across screens Nam June Paik. Video Flag Z. 1986. Multimedia, television sets, videodiscs, videodisc players, and Plexiglas modular cabinet. 74” × 138” × 18-1/2”.
- 22. 1 Digital Video Art New technologies of flat screens and DVDs Line between video art and cinematography has blurred Matthew Barney, CREMASTER Cycle Elaborately symbolic storylines Apprentice passes through obstacles at the Guggenheim Museum Matthew Barney. CREMASTER 3. 2002. Production still.