1) In 1878, Eadweard Muybridge conducted an experiment to settle a bet about whether a galloping horse has all four feet off the ground at the same time. By taking sequential photographs of a running horse, he discovered they do briefly, and also that displaying photographs rapidly in sequence creates the illusion of motion, laying the foundation for motion pictures.
2) In the late 1800s, various inventors developed early movie technologies like the zoetrope and praxinoscope that used spinning disks to create the illusion of movement, as well as the first movie cameras and projectors. Thomas Edison greatly improved movie technology and established early film production.
3) By the late 1890
The earliest 'movie theatres' were converted churches or halls, showing one-reelers (a 10-12 minute reel of film - the projector's reel capacity at the time). The primitive films were usually more actualities and comedies.
Sting Operation and Investigation slideshareNEERAJPANGHAL2
This presentation consists of Sting Operation and Investigation power point presentation made by Neeraj Panghal. This presentation has been uploaded to Slideshare by Neeraj. This ppt. is purely a work of mine.
The earliest 'movie theatres' were converted churches or halls, showing one-reelers (a 10-12 minute reel of film - the projector's reel capacity at the time). The primitive films were usually more actualities and comedies.
Sting Operation and Investigation slideshareNEERAJPANGHAL2
This presentation consists of Sting Operation and Investigation power point presentation made by Neeraj Panghal. This presentation has been uploaded to Slideshare by Neeraj. This ppt. is purely a work of mine.
The history of Cinema spans over a hundred years, from the latter part of the 19th century to the present day and beyond. Motion pictures developed gradually from a carnival novelty to one of the most important tools of communication and entertainment, and mass media in the 20th century.
Motion picture films have had a substantial impact on the arts, technology, and politics. This slide will take you through the evolution of the Cinema and the how the story telling narrative changed over years.
The presentation talks about the filmmaking movements in the history of world cinema. it highlights the french style of characterization which potrayals the psychological depth in the story progression
This presentation was created in 2009 for a high school film production class and updated in 2020. It provides a visual accompaniment to a classroom lecture on Film History. This module covers the period from the beginnings of photography through the early days of exhibition including projectors and projection techniques.
In 2020 as a result of the Coronavirus Pandemic, I recorded a video of this presentation. Here is the link:https://youtu.be/GQuJJ8QkHQE Please feel free to use it in your classrooms.
Part 3 of 4
This presentation was designed for a high school film production class - it provides a visual accompaniment to a lecture on Film History. This module covers the period from the introduction of sound through the end of the studio system with an aside about the McCarthy hearings of the 1950's.
In 2020 as a result of the Coronavirus Pandemic, I recorded a video of this presentation. Here is the link: https://youtu.be/S_KiKhAS9pA Please feel free to use it in your classrooms.
This presentation was created for film production classes - it provides a visual accompaniment to a lecture on Film History. This module covers the period from the beginnings of the silent era through the creation of the MPPA and includes a brief side trip to explore the impact of McCarthyism.
In 2020 as a result of the Coronavirus Pandemic, I recorded a video of this presentation. Here is the link:https://youtu.be/5BjcJF4XN7c Please feel free to use it in your classrooms.
This presentation was designed for a high school film production class - it provides a visual accompaniment to a lecture on Film History. This module covers the period from the beginnings of photography through the early days of exhibition. Projectors and projection techniques are featured.
In 2020 as a result of the Coronavirus Pandemic, I recorded a video of this presentation. Here is the link:https://youtu.be/GQuJJ8QkHQE Please feel free to use it in your classrooms.
The history of Cinema spans over a hundred years, from the latter part of the 19th century to the present day and beyond. Motion pictures developed gradually from a carnival novelty to one of the most important tools of communication and entertainment, and mass media in the 20th century.
Motion picture films have had a substantial impact on the arts, technology, and politics. This slide will take you through the evolution of the Cinema and the how the story telling narrative changed over years.
The presentation talks about the filmmaking movements in the history of world cinema. it highlights the french style of characterization which potrayals the psychological depth in the story progression
This presentation was created in 2009 for a high school film production class and updated in 2020. It provides a visual accompaniment to a classroom lecture on Film History. This module covers the period from the beginnings of photography through the early days of exhibition including projectors and projection techniques.
In 2020 as a result of the Coronavirus Pandemic, I recorded a video of this presentation. Here is the link:https://youtu.be/GQuJJ8QkHQE Please feel free to use it in your classrooms.
Part 3 of 4
This presentation was designed for a high school film production class - it provides a visual accompaniment to a lecture on Film History. This module covers the period from the introduction of sound through the end of the studio system with an aside about the McCarthy hearings of the 1950's.
In 2020 as a result of the Coronavirus Pandemic, I recorded a video of this presentation. Here is the link: https://youtu.be/S_KiKhAS9pA Please feel free to use it in your classrooms.
This presentation was created for film production classes - it provides a visual accompaniment to a lecture on Film History. This module covers the period from the beginnings of the silent era through the creation of the MPPA and includes a brief side trip to explore the impact of McCarthyism.
In 2020 as a result of the Coronavirus Pandemic, I recorded a video of this presentation. Here is the link:https://youtu.be/5BjcJF4XN7c Please feel free to use it in your classrooms.
This presentation was designed for a high school film production class - it provides a visual accompaniment to a lecture on Film History. This module covers the period from the beginnings of photography through the early days of exhibition. Projectors and projection techniques are featured.
In 2020 as a result of the Coronavirus Pandemic, I recorded a video of this presentation. Here is the link:https://youtu.be/GQuJJ8QkHQE Please feel free to use it in your classrooms.
Discover the History of Motion Picture with this presentation. This was a presentation I delivered for my Intro to Mass Communications & Media course I took at Reinhardt University.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. “The motion picture today is
the greatest medium of
expression the world has ever
known. [It is] capable of giving
life and form to all ideas,
practical and emotional ...Its
only limitation [is] human
ingenuity.
John Seitz, ASC, 1930."
Film History
…and it all started over a bet
3. Film History
In 1878 Eadweard Muybridge,
an English photographer, was
hired to settle a wager. Former
CA Governor, Leland Stanford,
believed that a galloping horse
had all four feet off of the
ground at the same time but his
friends claimed that this was
impossible. The problem was
that galloping hooves move too
fast for the eye to see.
4. Film History
To settle the bet indisputable
proof was needed. In an
effort to settle the issue once
and for all an experiment
was set up in which a rapid
sequence of photos was taken
of a running horse. When the
pictures were developed it
was found that the horse did
indeed have all four feet off
the ground for a split-second.
5. Film History
Why is this significant?
In doing this experiment they
found out something else —
something that becomes
obvious from the illustrations
of the horse on the left.
That discovery would soon
make the $25,000 wager look
like pocket change.
6. Film History
When a series of still images
of a moving object are
viewed at high speed the
illusion of motion is created.
In the case of Muybridge’s
series of still photos, when
they were presented
sequentially at 0.1 second
intervals they created the
illusion of continuous motion.
This is Muybridge’s actual footage
7. Film History
Later, we would give
impressive names to the two
factors that created this
illusion of motion — the
illusion that lies at the base of
both motion pictures and
television.
This is Muybridge’s actual footage
8. Film History
The Phi Phenomenon
explains why, when your
view a series of slightly
different still photos or
images in rapid succession,
an illusion of movement is
created in the transition
between the images.
This is Muybridge’s actual footage
9. Film History
Persistence of Vision is the
phenomenon that explains
why the intervals between
the successive images merge
into a single image as our
eyes hold one image long
enough for the next one to
take its place.
This is Muybridge’s actual footage
10. Film History
In the illustration on the left
an illusion of motion is
created, even when pictures
are presented at a slow rate.
Motion picture projectors
present images much faster,
at 24-frames per-second. This
high speed makes the
transition between images
virtually invisible.
This is Muybridge’s actual footage
11. Film History
The roots of photography
precede Muybridge’s first
footage by hundreds of
years. The Camera
Obscura, also known as a
pinhole image, is a natural
optical phenomenon that
occurs when an image of a
scene on the one side of a screen is projected through a small
hole in that screen as an inverted image (seen left to right and
upside down) on the opposite wall.
12. Film History
In the 1600’s, the “Magic Lantern”
used a concave mirror in back of a
light source to direct the light
through a small sheet of glass - a
"slide" that bore the image - and
outward through a lens at the
front of the apparatus. The lens
was adjusted to focus the slide onto
a projection screen, which could be
simply a white wall. It was a
popular form of entertainment.
13. Film History
The phénakisticope was the first
widespread animation device
that created a fluent illusion of
motion. A series of drawings are
viewed through slots in a
spinning disk thereby creating
the effect. Dubbed "Fantascope"
by its inventors, it has been
around since the 1830’s.
14. The phénakisticope was the first
widespread animation device
that created a fluent illusion of
motion. A series of drawings are
viewed through slots in a
spinning disk thereby creating
the effect. Dubbed "Fantascope"
by its inventors, it has been
around since the 1830’s.
Film History
15. Film History
The Zoetrope and the
Praxinoscope also had
spinning disks to give
the illusion of motion.
The final invention
necessary for the
advent of motion
pictures came along at
about the same time.
16. Film History
In 1822, Frenchman Joseph
Nicepce was the first to
produce a basic photographic
image. But, in 1839 Louis
Daguerre patented a process
that could actually be
considered photography.
His photos were referred to
as daguerreotypes.The earliest known photograph - 1822
17. Film History
There were inherent problems
with this process. The only
way to capture images was to
make metal plates light-
sensitive by painting them
with a liquid solution while
you were in a darkroom. You
would need to expose them in
a camera before they dried
and then return to the
darkroom to develop them.
An 1837 Daguerreotype photograph
18. Film History
An inventor by the name of
Hannibal Goodwin greatly
simplified the process in
1889, when he developed a
transparent, pliable film base
called celluloid.
The next step was to create
long strips of film where a
series of still pictures could
be captured in rapid
succession.
Film now comes in lengths up to 1000’
19. Film History
Cameras and projectors were
developed that could do this
at a rate of 16 frames per-
second. (The rate was later
moved up to 18 frames, and
eventually to 24 FPS.)
A few years later, George
Eastman standardized film
widths for cameras and
projectors to 16 and 35 mm.
George Eastman and Thomas Edison
20. Film History
Once standardized, motion
picture film was 35mm wide
and had sprocket holes on
each side. Gear teeth fit into
these holes to pull the film
through cameras and
projectors at a steady rate.
Sound was added later on
one side of the film next to
the sprocket holes.
George Eastman’s 35mm Film Format
21. Film History
Soon, a host of devices were
invented to entertain anyone
who wanted (for a price) to
watch "moving images."
Unfortunately, all of these
devices had the disadvantage
of only having an audience of
one. A viewer would look
through a peephole at a
series of drawings or photos
presented in rapid sequence.
Thomas Edison’s Kinetograph
22. Film History
The Edison profits came
from the sale of machines
and prints, not from
exhibition to the general
public. . . . From the Edison
viewpoint, one machine for
every viewer was more to be
desired than a hundred or
more viewers for every
machine.
Kinetoscope Parlor in 1899
23. Film History
As he had with the
phonograph, Edison
misjudged how the market
was to develop. He thought
the money was in the
kinetograph and the
kinetoscope; he didn’t think
people would want to sit in
audiences to see an image on
a screen.
Thomas Edison’s Kinetograph
24. Film History
This turned out to be a major
miscalculation. According to
popular belief, it was the
Lumière brothers in France
who first did what Edison
didn't want to do - to create a
projector that could show
motion pictures on a screen
for an audience. They called
it the cinematographe.
The Lumiere Cinematographe 1896
25. Film History
In 1895, the Lumieres shot a
series of 30 to 60 second films
that they showed in a Paris
cafe and charged a one-franc
admission to see.
These films covered such
fascinating topics as a man
falling off a horse and a child
trying to catch a fish in a
fishbowl.
26. Film History
While the Lumière films
were “actualities” shot
outdoors on location,
Edison’s films featured circus
or vaudeville acts that were
shot in a small studio before
a stationary camera,. In both
cases the films were
composed of a single
unedited shot with little or no
narrative content.
The Lumiere film café circa 1895
27. Film History
Edison eventually saw the
light and devised his own
camera and projector but he
didn't have much confidence
in the long-range value of
motion pictures. When he
paid for patents, he didn't
pay the extra $150 to secure
the international copyright, a
mistake that would cost him
millions in the coming years.
An early US Edison “nickelodeon”
28. Film History
Meanwhile, numerous
inventors from around the
world introduced their own
"movie machines." In fact, so
many motion picture devices
appeared at about the same
time that no one person can
truly be credited with the
invention.Alfred Wrench’s Cinematographe 1898
29. Film History
During this time, vaudeville
(small theaters that featured
short dramatic skits, comedy
routines, and song and dance
numbers) was quite popular.
In order get one-up on the
competition and fill in time
between acts, vaudeville
theaters started featuring
short films.A vaudeville theater in the early 1900’s
30. Film History
As the 1900s dawned,
vaudeville expanded into
nickelodeons, which were
small storefront-type theaters
that featured films
(accompanied by piano music
and sound effects) along with
one or two vaudeville
acts. As the name suggests,
admission was only a nickel.A vaudeville theater in the early 1900’s
31. Film History
As films got more popular
and longer, the vaudeville
acts disappeared from the
nickelodeons and the motion
picture theater was born - if
you can call a small room
with wooden benches a
motion picture theater. As
their popularity grew, films
had to be changed often.A nickelodeon in the early 1900’s
32. Film History
In the early days, film action
resembled a short stage play.
The action was continuous
and uninterrupted. This
allowed a new film to be
released every few days.
Within a couple of years
there were thousands of
nickelodeons in operation
leading to a worldwide boom
in the exhibition of films.
Pioneers of Film Production
33. Film History
In the early days, film action
resembled a short stage play.
The action was continuous
and uninterrupted. This
allowed a new film to be
released every few days.
Within a couple of years
there were thousands of
nickelodeons in operation
leading to a worldwide boom
in the exhibition of films.
Pioneers of Film Production
34. Film History
Obviously, early studios had
to turn out large numbers of
films to meet the demand.
The studios of the early 1900s
were appropriately called
"film factories." At that time
they were primarily located
in New York and New Jersey
but that would soon change.
Georges Méliès film studio circa 1905
35. Film History
Edison’s New Jersey studio
was affectionately dubbed
the “Black Mariah”. It
featured hot metal walls and
an attached darkroom for
processing the exposed
footage.
Edidon’s “Black Mariah”
36. Film History
Rumor has it that the whole
idea of cutting from one
scene to a another resulted
from a director on a tight
schedule. Due to a camera
malfunction, a scene was lost
and there wasn’t time to
shoot it all over again. To
keep from falling behind he
left out the missing footage.Pioneers of Film Editing
37. Film History
After viewing "the mistake,"
it was concluded that the
"lost" footage wasn't really
necessary and the jump in
action actually speeded
things along. By the late
1800s, it was accepted
practice to stop and
reposition the camera and to
cut directly to a totally
different scene to tell a story.
Pioneers of Film Editing
38. Film History
In 1903, Edwin S. Porter, an
employee of Thomas Edison,
shot the first narrative film,
The Great Train Robbery. The
film featured a dramatic
story line and cross cutting
between different locations
and camera angles. It had 14
scenes and lasted 12 minutes,
making it an epic of its day.Pioneers of Film Editing
39. Film History
In 1903, Edwin S. Porter, an
employee of Thomas Edison,
shot the first narrative film,
The Great Train Robbery. The
film featured a dramatic
story line and cross cutting
between different locations
and camera angles. It had 14
scenes and lasted 12 minutes,
making it an epic of its day.Pioneers of Film Editing
40. Film History
Actually, Porter “borrowed”
some of his ideas from some
European directors - and in
particular from a Frenchman
named Georges Méliès, who
is credited with virtually
inventing special effects with
his film, Trip to the Moon.
Crude by today’s standards,
the film wowed audiences in
1902.
Trip to the Moon introduced Special Effects
41. Film History
One of the very first films
produced in the United
States, called The Kiss, was
based on a scene from the
stage play, "The Widow
Jones." Groups tried to get
the film banned because it
showed a man and a woman
kissing - something that
moralists of the time thought
was obscene.
The Kiss that started an uproar
42. Film History
Responding to public and
political pressure of the day,
the U.S. Supreme Court
officially denied motion
pictures the same First
Amendment freedom that
was being given to the press,
literature, and the theater.
They used the argument that
films were amusements and
not artistic works.
The Kiss that started an uproar
43. Film History
As a result of the Supreme
Court decision, most states
elected boards to make sure
that films shown in their area
adhered to their particular
view of morality. Almost 50
years later, the Supreme
Court finally reversed itself,
allowing films the same First
Amendment protection as
other mass media.
The Kiss that started an uproar
44. Film History
At this point there still wasn't
sound or color. Dialogue
appeared as full-frame text
on the screen after actors
spoke their lines. Later, the
dialogue was superimposed
over the picture, as shown
here. The advantage of this
was that it was easy to dub
dialogue into any language
for other countries.
Subtitles ruled the theaters for 30 years
45. Film History
The celluloid film was wound
on reels, as shown on the
left. Since the reels only held
about 12 minutes of film,
they regularly had to be
changed during filming.
If the production was longer
than one reel, there was an
intermission while the reels
were switched.
Antique projection booth
46. Film History
Later, two projectors were
used so that the film reels
could be alternated between
projectors, making an instant
switchover possible. Today,
continuous projection is
possible with one projector
since the reels are edited
together and fed from a
turntable mechanism.
Contemporary projection booths