IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document presents a new control scheme for a STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) to improve power quality in a grid-connected wind energy system. A STATCOM equipped with a battery energy storage system is connected at the point of common coupling between the wind farm and the grid. The STATCOM control scheme uses a hysteresis current control technique to inject compensating current and regulate the grid voltage. Simulation results show the STATCOM can mitigate reactive power demand and harmonics, as well as respond quickly to changes in load to help regulate voltage and current waveforms at the point of connection to the grid.
STATCOM for Improved Dynamic Performance of Wind Farms in Power Grid IJMER
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to
improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the
STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject the reactive power with power grid. Therefore,
the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring
the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or
wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller. The dynamic model of
the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed. To validate the
powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to
different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller
in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
LOW CAPACITANCE CASCADED H BRIDGE MULTILEVEL BASED STATCOMASWATHYSANAND1
This project aims at a new low capacitance cascade H-Bridge multilevel inverter based StatCom. This system is able to operate with extremely low dc capacitance values.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
ELECTRICAL POWER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT OF GRID INTERFACED WITH WIND POWER SYSTE...MamtaRathod4
The document presents a presentation on power quality improvement in a grid connected wind energy system using STATCOM. The objectives of the proposed scheme are reactive power compensation, unity power factor, sinusoidal source current, reduced total harmonic distortion, maintained voltage profile, and effective response from the STATCOM controller. The system is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink and includes a wind turbine, nonlinear load, STATCOM connected to a battery energy storage system. Simulation results show the STATCOM is able to mitigate power quality issues and reduce harmonic distortion from 24.62% to 3.5%.
These slides present the introduction to FACTS devices. Later we will discuss about its modelling and control aspect applications. This comes under the topic on power electronics application in smart and microgrid systems.
This document presents a multi-objective fuzzy-genetic algorithm approach for optimal placement and sizing of shunt Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers. The objectives are to maximize the distance to voltage instability, minimize voltage deviations, and minimize the size of the FACTS controller. Membership functions are developed for each objective and a fitness function is defined based on the membership functions. The approach is tested on the IEEE 14-bus system and results show that placing a STATCOM at bus 9 provides the best improvement in voltage stability and profile.
Statcom control scheme for power quality improvement of grid connected wind e...Kinnera Kin
This project aims to improve power quality for a grid-connected wind energy system using a STATCOM. The objectives are to maintain unity power factor at the source, meet reactive power needs of the wind generator and non-linear load, and provide fast response using hysteresis current control for the STATCOM. MATLAB/Simulink software is used to simulate the system both with and without STATCOM. The simulation results show that with STATCOM, harmonic distortion is eliminated in the load current and power quality is maintained at the point of common coupling.
This document presents a new control scheme for a STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) to improve power quality in a grid-connected wind energy system. A STATCOM equipped with a battery energy storage system is connected at the point of common coupling between the wind farm and the grid. The STATCOM control scheme uses a hysteresis current control technique to inject compensating current and regulate the grid voltage. Simulation results show the STATCOM can mitigate reactive power demand and harmonics, as well as respond quickly to changes in load to help regulate voltage and current waveforms at the point of connection to the grid.
STATCOM for Improved Dynamic Performance of Wind Farms in Power Grid IJMER
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to
improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the
STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject the reactive power with power grid. Therefore,
the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring
the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or
wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller. The dynamic model of
the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed. To validate the
powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to
different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller
in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
LOW CAPACITANCE CASCADED H BRIDGE MULTILEVEL BASED STATCOMASWATHYSANAND1
This project aims at a new low capacitance cascade H-Bridge multilevel inverter based StatCom. This system is able to operate with extremely low dc capacitance values.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
ELECTRICAL POWER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT OF GRID INTERFACED WITH WIND POWER SYSTE...MamtaRathod4
The document presents a presentation on power quality improvement in a grid connected wind energy system using STATCOM. The objectives of the proposed scheme are reactive power compensation, unity power factor, sinusoidal source current, reduced total harmonic distortion, maintained voltage profile, and effective response from the STATCOM controller. The system is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink and includes a wind turbine, nonlinear load, STATCOM connected to a battery energy storage system. Simulation results show the STATCOM is able to mitigate power quality issues and reduce harmonic distortion from 24.62% to 3.5%.
These slides present the introduction to FACTS devices. Later we will discuss about its modelling and control aspect applications. This comes under the topic on power electronics application in smart and microgrid systems.
This document presents a multi-objective fuzzy-genetic algorithm approach for optimal placement and sizing of shunt Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers. The objectives are to maximize the distance to voltage instability, minimize voltage deviations, and minimize the size of the FACTS controller. Membership functions are developed for each objective and a fitness function is defined based on the membership functions. The approach is tested on the IEEE 14-bus system and results show that placing a STATCOM at bus 9 provides the best improvement in voltage stability and profile.
Statcom control scheme for power quality improvement of grid connected wind e...Kinnera Kin
This project aims to improve power quality for a grid-connected wind energy system using a STATCOM. The objectives are to maintain unity power factor at the source, meet reactive power needs of the wind generator and non-linear load, and provide fast response using hysteresis current control for the STATCOM. MATLAB/Simulink software is used to simulate the system both with and without STATCOM. The simulation results show that with STATCOM, harmonic distortion is eliminated in the load current and power quality is maintained at the point of common coupling.
The document is a presentation summarizing an IEEE paper about strategies and optimization of STATCOM control for mitigating voltage unbalance in three-phase three-wire systems. It discusses three control strategies - voltage controlled current source, voltage controlled voltage source, and modified voltage controlled voltage source. It analyzes each strategy's operating point optimization and shows their control can effectively mitigate voltage unbalance through simulations and experimental results. The strategies allow the STATCOM to compensate for unbalanced voltage while absorbing minimal active power.
This document presents an overview of reactive power compensation. It defines reactive power compensation as managing reactive power to improve AC system performance. There are two main aspects: load compensation to increase power factor and voltage regulation, and voltage support to decrease voltage fluctuations. Several methods of reactive power compensation are discussed, including shunt compensation using capacitors and reactors, series compensation, static VAR compensators (SVCs), static compensators (STATCOMs), and synchronous condensers. SVC and STATCOM technologies are compared, with STATCOMs having advantages of smaller components, better control, and transient response.
Ieee 2015 2014 power electronics project titlespowerprojects
We offer IEEE 2014 power electronics projects, IEEE 2015 power electronics projects for B.E, M.E, B.Tech, M.Tech final year students in engineering colleges. We provide all project support with project training.
This document describes a study on implementing Vernier mode operation of a STATCOM to regulate the terminal voltage of a 3-phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) supplying power to resistive and inductive loads. A thyristor switched reactor and STATCOM are used to control the voltage. Mathematical modeling of the system is presented and simulations in MATLAB/Simulink are performed. Experimental results on a laboratory model show that the STATCOM is able to mitigate terminal voltage drops of the SEIG during different load conditions and provide voltage regulation.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Automatic power factor correction units use capacitor banks to improve power factor in electrical systems. They monitor power factor and switch capacitors in and out as needed to maintain power factor above a set value. This improves voltage regulation, reduces transmission costs, and allows the same real power to be delivered with less apparent power. The key components are a reactive power control relay, connection points, slow-blow switches, contactors, a capacitor bank, and control transformer. Maintenance involves checking connections, capacitance, current, voltage, and fuses.
An adaptive power oscillation damping controller by statcom with energy storageLeMeniz Infotech
An adaptive power oscillation damping controller by statcom with energy storage
To Get this projects Call : 9566355386 / 99625 88976
Visit : www.lemenizinfotech.com / www.ieeemaster.com
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
NEW STATCOM CONTROL SCHEME FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN WIND FARM.sannuthi yaramapu
Now a days we are facing so many problems with power quality issues. So in order to mitigate these problems and to improve the power quality we are using new STATCOM control scheme in wind farm.
POWER QUALITY ISSUE WITH GRID CONNECTED WIND ENERGY SYSTRMRavijesh Kumar
The document discusses power quality issues that arise when connecting wind energy systems to the electric grid. Fluctuations in wind power generation can cause problems like voltage sags, swells, and harmonics. The document proposes using a STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) together with a battery energy storage system to regulate the voltage and compensate for reactive power changes, improving power quality at the point where the wind system connects to the grid. Simulation results show the system is effective at relieving stress on the main power supply and improving power quality.
Design of self tuning pi controller for statcom using bats echolocation algor...g.kumaravel
The document describes a study that designed a self-tuning PI controller for a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) using a Bats Echolocation Algorithm (BEA). A STATCOM is a Flexible AC Transmission Systems device that helps maintain power system stability. The proposed BEA was used to optimize the PI controller gains to regulate the load bus voltage for a power system configuration that included a STATCOM. Digital simulations showed the self-tuning PI controller using the BEA had a faster dynamic response in maintaining the load bus voltage compared to a fixed gain PI controller, especially for a non-linear load.
automatic power factor correction reportamaljo joju e
The document describes a project to develop an automatic power factor correction system using a microcontroller. Power factor is an important measure of efficiency in power systems but decreases with increasing inductive loads. The project aims to design a microcontroller-based control system that can monitor power factor and switch capacitor banks in and out to maintain a high power factor close to unity. This will reduce losses in the power system and increase efficiency for both consumers and suppliers. The system design includes current and voltage sensors, a zero-crossing detector, microcontroller calculation of power factor, and relays to switch capacitors banks to compensate for inductive loads.
A Matlab/Simulink Model for the control scheme utilized to improve power qual...AM Publications
the wind energy generation, utilization and its grid penetration in electrical grid are increasing worldwide. The
integration of wind energy into the power system is to minimize the environmental impact on conventional plant but the injection
of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The wind generated power is always fluctuating due to its time
varying nature and causing stability problem. The power quality is determined on the basis of measurements and the norms
followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission standard, IEC-61400. The influence
of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation
of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to
national/international guidelines. The project demonstrates the power quality problem due to installation of wind turbine with
the grid. In this proposed scheme Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery
energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate the harmonics. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the real power
source under fluctuating wind power. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for
power quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. The effectiveness of the
proposed scheme relives the main supply source from the reactive power demand of the load and the induction generator. The
development of the grid co-ordination rule and the scheme for improvement in power quality norms as per IEC-standard on the grid has been presented.
Analysis of Power Factor Improvement Techniques in case of Non Linear System ...Kaustubh Nande
The presentation provides a brief overview of the technology employed to eliminate the power factor reduction caused by non linear loads in the network.
Simulation and Analysis of a D-STATCOM for Load Compensation and Power Facto...IJMER
Power Generation and Transmission is a complex process, requiring the working of many
components of the power system in tandem to maximize the output. One of the main components to form
a major part is the reactive power in the system. It is required to maintain the voltage to deliver the
active power through the lines. Loads like motor loads and other loads require reactive power for their
operation. To improve the performance of ac power systems, we need to manage this reactive power in
an efficient way and this is known as reactive power compensation. In developing countries like India,
where the variation of power frequency and many such other determinants of power quality are
themselves a serious question, it is very vital to take positive steps in this direction.
The work presented here illustrates a method to compensate for the load reactive power using a
DSTATCOM
A DSTATCOM injects a current into the system to provide for the reactive component of the load
current. The validity of proposed method and achievement of desired compensation are confirmed by
the results of the simulation in MATLAB/ Simulink.
The document discusses STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator), which is a shunt connected reactive power compensation device capable of generating and absorbing reactive power using a voltage source converter. It can improve power system performance by providing dynamic voltage control, damping power oscillations, improving transient stability, and controlling voltage flickering and reactive/active power. The principle of operation involves using a voltage source converter to generate a balanced set of three sinusoidal voltages to exchange reactive power with the system by varying the amplitude and phase angle of the output voltage.
Three main microgrid control strategies are described:
1. Master-slave mode where one DG acts as the voltage/frequency master and others follow as slaves under P/Q control.
2. Peer-to-peer mode where all DGs use droop control to cooperatively regulate voltage and frequency without a master.
3. Combined mode using aspects of both by assigning control roles based on DG type.
This document discusses reactive power compensation in power systems. It defines reactive power as power that is temporarily stored and returned to the source due to inductive loads. Reactive power compensation is needed to improve power factor, reduce losses, improve voltage regulation and stability. The main compensation techniques discussed are synchronous condensers, shunt compensation using capacitors connected in parallel, and series compensation using capacitors connected in series to reduce line inductive reactance. The document provides examples of transmission lines with shunt and series compensation and concludes that reactive power compensation is important for improving AC system performance.
power quality improvement in distrution system using D statcom7867867869
The document discusses using a D-STATCOM device to improve power quality issues in distribution systems, such as voltage sags, harmonic distortion, and low power factor. A D-STATCOM injects current into the system using a voltage source converter to regulate voltage and mitigate sags. It can also absorb or generate reactive power to improve power factor and eliminate current harmonics. Simulation results showed the D-STATCOM is effective at mitigating voltage sags and improving power factor when combined with an LCL passive filter.
The document discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). It defines FACTS as power electronic devices used to improve controllability and increase power transfer capability of AC transmission systems. It describes several types of FACTS devices including static var compensators (SVCs), static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs), and unified power flow controllers (UPFCs). The document compares the characteristics of SVCs and STATCOMs, noting STATCOMs provide faster response time, require less space, and can exchange real power, while SVCs have lower losses.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the buckling behavior of thin aluminum cylindrical shells with different types of geometric imperfections. Buckling tests were conducted on plain shells and shells with longitudinal or circumferential dents. Finite element analysis was also performed using ANSYS. It was found that plain shells buckled at a higher load than dented shells. Shells with longitudinal dents buckled at a higher load than shells with circumferential dents. The computational results matched well with the experimental data, with some models predicting up to a 14% increase in the buckling load. The study provides insights into how different imperfection patterns affect the buckling strength of thin cylindrical shells.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document is a presentation summarizing an IEEE paper about strategies and optimization of STATCOM control for mitigating voltage unbalance in three-phase three-wire systems. It discusses three control strategies - voltage controlled current source, voltage controlled voltage source, and modified voltage controlled voltage source. It analyzes each strategy's operating point optimization and shows their control can effectively mitigate voltage unbalance through simulations and experimental results. The strategies allow the STATCOM to compensate for unbalanced voltage while absorbing minimal active power.
This document presents an overview of reactive power compensation. It defines reactive power compensation as managing reactive power to improve AC system performance. There are two main aspects: load compensation to increase power factor and voltage regulation, and voltage support to decrease voltage fluctuations. Several methods of reactive power compensation are discussed, including shunt compensation using capacitors and reactors, series compensation, static VAR compensators (SVCs), static compensators (STATCOMs), and synchronous condensers. SVC and STATCOM technologies are compared, with STATCOMs having advantages of smaller components, better control, and transient response.
Ieee 2015 2014 power electronics project titlespowerprojects
We offer IEEE 2014 power electronics projects, IEEE 2015 power electronics projects for B.E, M.E, B.Tech, M.Tech final year students in engineering colleges. We provide all project support with project training.
This document describes a study on implementing Vernier mode operation of a STATCOM to regulate the terminal voltage of a 3-phase self-excited induction generator (SEIG) supplying power to resistive and inductive loads. A thyristor switched reactor and STATCOM are used to control the voltage. Mathematical modeling of the system is presented and simulations in MATLAB/Simulink are performed. Experimental results on a laboratory model show that the STATCOM is able to mitigate terminal voltage drops of the SEIG during different load conditions and provide voltage regulation.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Automatic power factor correction units use capacitor banks to improve power factor in electrical systems. They monitor power factor and switch capacitors in and out as needed to maintain power factor above a set value. This improves voltage regulation, reduces transmission costs, and allows the same real power to be delivered with less apparent power. The key components are a reactive power control relay, connection points, slow-blow switches, contactors, a capacitor bank, and control transformer. Maintenance involves checking connections, capacitance, current, voltage, and fuses.
An adaptive power oscillation damping controller by statcom with energy storageLeMeniz Infotech
An adaptive power oscillation damping controller by statcom with energy storage
To Get this projects Call : 9566355386 / 99625 88976
Visit : www.lemenizinfotech.com / www.ieeemaster.com
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
NEW STATCOM CONTROL SCHEME FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN WIND FARM.sannuthi yaramapu
Now a days we are facing so many problems with power quality issues. So in order to mitigate these problems and to improve the power quality we are using new STATCOM control scheme in wind farm.
POWER QUALITY ISSUE WITH GRID CONNECTED WIND ENERGY SYSTRMRavijesh Kumar
The document discusses power quality issues that arise when connecting wind energy systems to the electric grid. Fluctuations in wind power generation can cause problems like voltage sags, swells, and harmonics. The document proposes using a STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) together with a battery energy storage system to regulate the voltage and compensate for reactive power changes, improving power quality at the point where the wind system connects to the grid. Simulation results show the system is effective at relieving stress on the main power supply and improving power quality.
Design of self tuning pi controller for statcom using bats echolocation algor...g.kumaravel
The document describes a study that designed a self-tuning PI controller for a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) using a Bats Echolocation Algorithm (BEA). A STATCOM is a Flexible AC Transmission Systems device that helps maintain power system stability. The proposed BEA was used to optimize the PI controller gains to regulate the load bus voltage for a power system configuration that included a STATCOM. Digital simulations showed the self-tuning PI controller using the BEA had a faster dynamic response in maintaining the load bus voltage compared to a fixed gain PI controller, especially for a non-linear load.
automatic power factor correction reportamaljo joju e
The document describes a project to develop an automatic power factor correction system using a microcontroller. Power factor is an important measure of efficiency in power systems but decreases with increasing inductive loads. The project aims to design a microcontroller-based control system that can monitor power factor and switch capacitor banks in and out to maintain a high power factor close to unity. This will reduce losses in the power system and increase efficiency for both consumers and suppliers. The system design includes current and voltage sensors, a zero-crossing detector, microcontroller calculation of power factor, and relays to switch capacitors banks to compensate for inductive loads.
A Matlab/Simulink Model for the control scheme utilized to improve power qual...AM Publications
the wind energy generation, utilization and its grid penetration in electrical grid are increasing worldwide. The
integration of wind energy into the power system is to minimize the environmental impact on conventional plant but the injection
of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The wind generated power is always fluctuating due to its time
varying nature and causing stability problem. The power quality is determined on the basis of measurements and the norms
followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission standard, IEC-61400. The influence
of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation
of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to
national/international guidelines. The project demonstrates the power quality problem due to installation of wind turbine with
the grid. In this proposed scheme Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery
energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate the harmonics. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the real power
source under fluctuating wind power. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for
power quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. The effectiveness of the
proposed scheme relives the main supply source from the reactive power demand of the load and the induction generator. The
development of the grid co-ordination rule and the scheme for improvement in power quality norms as per IEC-standard on the grid has been presented.
Analysis of Power Factor Improvement Techniques in case of Non Linear System ...Kaustubh Nande
The presentation provides a brief overview of the technology employed to eliminate the power factor reduction caused by non linear loads in the network.
Simulation and Analysis of a D-STATCOM for Load Compensation and Power Facto...IJMER
Power Generation and Transmission is a complex process, requiring the working of many
components of the power system in tandem to maximize the output. One of the main components to form
a major part is the reactive power in the system. It is required to maintain the voltage to deliver the
active power through the lines. Loads like motor loads and other loads require reactive power for their
operation. To improve the performance of ac power systems, we need to manage this reactive power in
an efficient way and this is known as reactive power compensation. In developing countries like India,
where the variation of power frequency and many such other determinants of power quality are
themselves a serious question, it is very vital to take positive steps in this direction.
The work presented here illustrates a method to compensate for the load reactive power using a
DSTATCOM
A DSTATCOM injects a current into the system to provide for the reactive component of the load
current. The validity of proposed method and achievement of desired compensation are confirmed by
the results of the simulation in MATLAB/ Simulink.
The document discusses STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator), which is a shunt connected reactive power compensation device capable of generating and absorbing reactive power using a voltage source converter. It can improve power system performance by providing dynamic voltage control, damping power oscillations, improving transient stability, and controlling voltage flickering and reactive/active power. The principle of operation involves using a voltage source converter to generate a balanced set of three sinusoidal voltages to exchange reactive power with the system by varying the amplitude and phase angle of the output voltage.
Three main microgrid control strategies are described:
1. Master-slave mode where one DG acts as the voltage/frequency master and others follow as slaves under P/Q control.
2. Peer-to-peer mode where all DGs use droop control to cooperatively regulate voltage and frequency without a master.
3. Combined mode using aspects of both by assigning control roles based on DG type.
This document discusses reactive power compensation in power systems. It defines reactive power as power that is temporarily stored and returned to the source due to inductive loads. Reactive power compensation is needed to improve power factor, reduce losses, improve voltage regulation and stability. The main compensation techniques discussed are synchronous condensers, shunt compensation using capacitors connected in parallel, and series compensation using capacitors connected in series to reduce line inductive reactance. The document provides examples of transmission lines with shunt and series compensation and concludes that reactive power compensation is important for improving AC system performance.
power quality improvement in distrution system using D statcom7867867869
The document discusses using a D-STATCOM device to improve power quality issues in distribution systems, such as voltage sags, harmonic distortion, and low power factor. A D-STATCOM injects current into the system using a voltage source converter to regulate voltage and mitigate sags. It can also absorb or generate reactive power to improve power factor and eliminate current harmonics. Simulation results showed the D-STATCOM is effective at mitigating voltage sags and improving power factor when combined with an LCL passive filter.
The document discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). It defines FACTS as power electronic devices used to improve controllability and increase power transfer capability of AC transmission systems. It describes several types of FACTS devices including static var compensators (SVCs), static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs), and unified power flow controllers (UPFCs). The document compares the characteristics of SVCs and STATCOMs, noting STATCOMs provide faster response time, require less space, and can exchange real power, while SVCs have lower losses.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the buckling behavior of thin aluminum cylindrical shells with different types of geometric imperfections. Buckling tests were conducted on plain shells and shells with longitudinal or circumferential dents. Finite element analysis was also performed using ANSYS. It was found that plain shells buckled at a higher load than dented shells. Shells with longitudinal dents buckled at a higher load than shells with circumferential dents. The computational results matched well with the experimental data, with some models predicting up to a 14% increase in the buckling load. The study provides insights into how different imperfection patterns affect the buckling strength of thin cylindrical shells.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study on the preparation, characterization, and application of polyvinylidene fluoride-polystyrene (PVDF/PS) ultrafiltration membranes. The membranes were prepared using a phase inversion technique with PVDF and PS polymers and the additive polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP). The effects of PS composition and PVP concentration on membrane properties like shrinkage ratio, water flux, water content, and porosity were analyzed. Membranes with higher PS and PVP showed lower shrinkage ratio but higher water flux, water content, and porosity. The PVDF/PS membranes were also able to effectively separate heavy metal ions like zinc and copper from water streams.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection of a micropolar fluid near a stagnation point on a vertical stretching sheet, accounting for radiation and mass transfer. The governing equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and solved numerically. Parameters such as material property, radiation, magnetic field, and velocity ratio are varied to analyze their effects on velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, heat and mass transfer rates. It is observed that the micropolar fluid can reduce drag forces and act as a cooling agent, and that radiation effects are important for flows at high temperatures.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
1) The document examines the effects of adding sawdust to clay samples on their insulating properties.
2) Key properties tested include linear shrinkage, solid density, apparent porosity, and thermal conductivity.
3) The results showed that adding up to 40% sawdust improved the clay samples' insulating properties by reducing shrinkage and density while increasing porosity, and lowering thermal conductivity.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes several circuit-level techniques for reducing leakage current in cache memories, including gated-Vdd, gated-ground, drowsy caches, and asymmetric SRAM cells. Gated-Vdd and gated-ground work by adding transistors to gate the supply voltage or ground in unused sections of the cache, reducing leakage through stacking effects. Drowsy caches put unused cache lines in a low-power "drowsy" mode instead of fully powering them off. Asymmetric SRAM cells use different threshold voltages for transistors to reduce leakage when certain bit values are stored. The techniques provide varying levels of leakage reduction from 40-97% but can increase access time or circuit area as tradeoffs
The document examines some engineering properties of dika nut (Irvingia gabonensis) kernels at two moisture content levels. Samples were collected and dried to moisture contents of 13.75% (Sample A) and 8.74% (Sample B). The physical properties measured for both samples included size, weight, geometric dimensions, surface area, sphericity, volume and density. Sample A generally had higher property values than Sample B. The coefficient of static friction was also measured, with the highest values on plywood and lowest on glass. Mechanical tests found the force to fracture Sample A was 25N (axial), 12.5N (longitudinal) and Sample B was 37.5N, 27.5
This document discusses challenges with defining Building Information Modeling (BIM). It begins by reviewing two frameworks for Computer Integrated Construction and how one framework incorporates BIM. It then examines how BIM is defined differently by various organizations, individuals, and perspectives. Key challenges are that there is no single, agreed upon definition of BIM, and different interpretations can lead to misunderstandings among project stakeholders. The document argues it is difficult to realize all benefits of BIM without a common understanding of what it is and what it is capable of.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
El discurso conmemora el bicentenario de la masacre del 2 de agosto de 1810 en Quito, cuando las tropas coloniales españolas ejecutaron a más de 300 patriotas ecuatorianos que luchaban por la independencia. El presidente rinde homenaje a los mártires que dieron sus vidas para liberar al Ecuador del colonialismo español y destaca la importancia de continuar su lucha para lograr la justicia, equidad e inclusión a través de la revolución ciudadana. Finalmente, convoca al pueblo ecuatoriano a traba
Construcción de-un-estado-democrático-para-el-buen-vivirRobert Gallegos
Este documento analiza las principales transformaciones del Estado ecuatoriano entre 2007 y 2012 a raíz de la recuperación de su autoridad pública. Se divide en tres partes: la primera examina el retorno del Estado a la esfera pública tras años de desmantelamiento neoliberal, la segunda analiza el Estado en los territorios y la descentralización, y la tercera trata sobre la gestión eficaz y transparente del Estado. El documento incluye varios ensayos académicos que exploran estos temas y evalúan positivamente los esfuerzos
El documento describe el proceso de entrega de vehículos Toyota en la sede 223. Incluye la recepción del vehículo, alistamiento de documentos, bienvenida al cliente, entrega de documentos y obsequios, revisión exterior e interior del vehículo con el asesor, y una despedida donde el cliente queda satisfecho con su nueva Toyota.
Panorama de negócios – maestra (fernando real)TriunfoRi
O documento discute a cabotagem no Brasil, incluindo sua importância para a economia brasileira, participantes do mercado, desafios e oportunidades. Ele também fornece detalhes sobre os serviços de cabotagem da empresa Maestra.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It notes that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise has also been shown to enhance self-esteem and quality of life.
This document summarizes a study on using STATCOM to mitigate source current harmonics in a grid-connected wind generating system. A Bang-Bang controller based on hysteresis current control is developed for the STATCOM. Simulation results using MATLAB/SIMULINK show that integrating a wind farm with the grid introduces harmonics to the source current. However, connecting STATCOM at the point of common coupling significantly reduces the total harmonic distortion and keeps it within allowed limits. The Bang-Bang controller injects compensating currents from the STATCOM to make the source current harmonic-free and improve power quality.
Transient Stability Enhancement of Grid by Using Fuzzy Logic Based StatcomIOSR Journals
This document discusses enhancing transient stability of the power grid using a fuzzy logic controlled static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). A STATCOM regulates voltage by injecting or absorbing reactive power. It consists of a voltage source converter, control unit, and DC capacitor. The control unit uses fuzzy logic control, abc to dq transformation, phase locked loop, and regulators to control the STATCOM terminal voltage and maintain the grid voltage during transients. Simulations show the fuzzy logic controller provides faster response and is more robust than a PI controller. Detailed explanations are provided of the STATCOM components and control techniques.
Shunt Compensation for Power Quality Improvement using a STATCOM ControllerIDES Editor
This paper addresses the issue of the modeling
and analysis of STATCOM controller. The transient
analysis and modeling is performed with the state-of-theart
digital simulator PSCAD 4.2.1. Simulation were
carried out for both cases where, STATCOM was
connected into the system and not, with simulation
interval 3-5 sec. The aim of the STATCOM is to provide
good power quality at the point of common coupling
(PCC). Some simulation results are presented, which
shows the compensation effectiveness of the STATCOM
controller at the connected bus.
Voltage Stabilization of a Wind Turbine with STATCOM Using Intelligent Contro...ijeei-iaes
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind System is investigated. The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly reactive power with power grid. Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the wind system at suddenly step up or down in wind speed is obtained with STATCOM. This paper describes a complete simulation of voltage regulation of a wind system using STATCOM. Conventional control technique as proportional plus integral controller , and intelligent techniques as FLC and ANFIS are used in this work. The control technique is performed using MATLAB package software. The dynamic response of uncontrolled system is also investigated under wide range of disturbances. The voltage regulation by using STATCOM whose output is varied so as to maintain or control output voltage in the system. The dynamic response of controlled system is shown and comparison between the uncontrolled system and the controlled system is described to assure the validity of the proposed controller. Also comparison between the proposed control methods scheme is presented. To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controllers, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability and voltage.
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
This document discusses improving power quality using a STATCOM under various loading conditions. It first provides background on power quality issues and defines STATCOM. It then describes the system topology which includes a wind energy generation system connected to the grid along with a STATCOM and battery energy storage system. Two control schemes for the STATCOM are proposed: Bang-Bang current control and fuzzy logic control. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are presented for various cases including balanced/unbalanced linear and non-linear loads, showing the STATCOM is able to mitigate power quality issues and regulate voltage.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a research paper about using a STATCOM to improve power quality for a grid-connected wind energy system supplying both balanced and unbalanced nonlinear loads. The paper introduces power quality issues caused by wind generation systems and describes how a STATCOM connected to a battery energy storage system can mitigate these issues. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that the STATCOM is able to regulate voltage and current waveforms at the point of common coupling and maintain unity power factor for both types of loads.
The document discusses using a Static Compensator (STATCOM) connected to a point of common coupling along with a battery energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate power quality issues when injecting wind power into the electric grid. STATCOM regulates voltage by rapidly injecting or absorbing reactive power to stabilize the grid during fluctuations from wind power. BESS helps sustain real power by charging and discharging. Simulation results show the STATCOM maintains unity power factor at the source and compensates for nonlinear loads and reactive power demand, fulfilling power quality norms. Potential applications of STATCOM include voltage control and compensating large load variations.
Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined on the basis of measurements and the norms followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission standard, IEC-61400. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to national/international guidelines. The paper study demonstrates the power quality problem due to installation of wind turbine with the grid. In this proposed scheme STATic COMpensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the real power source under fluctuating wind power. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for power quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme relives the main supply source from the reactive power demand of the load and the induction generator. The development of the grid co-ordination rule and the scheme for improvement in power quality norms as per IEC-standard on the grid has been presented.
SIMULATION OF IMPROVEMENT OF POWER QUALITY USING STATCOM-CONTROL SCHEME WITH ...ijiert bestjournal
The use of wind energy generation in electrical gri d is increasing worldwide. Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The generated wind power is always not constant due to its time varying nature and causing stability problems. This weak interconnection of wind generating source in the el ectrical network affects the power quality and reliability. In this paper the power quality pr oblem due to installation of wind turbine with the grid is determine. In this proposed scheme Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling to reduce t he power quality problems. The STATCOM gives reactive power support to wind genera tor and also load. The proposed system maintains the grid voltage free from distort ion and harmonics. In this paper the effect of STATCOM is presented. The behavior of STATCOM is studied under reactive l oading condition.
The document discusses injecting wind power into the electric grid and improving power quality. It proposes connecting a static compensator (STATCOM) with a battery energy storage system (BESS) at the point of common coupling to mitigate power quality issues caused by fluctuating wind power. The STATCOM maintains the source voltage and current in phase and supports the reactive power demand of the wind generator and load. Simulation results show the STATCOM cancels harmonic parts of the load current and maintains unity power factor, fulfilling power quality standards.
Real and Reactive Power Compensation by using Diode Clamped Multilevel Invert...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using a diode-clamped multilevel inverter based STATCOM to provide both real and reactive power compensation on a transmission line. A STATCOM is a shunt connected device that can regulate voltage and provide reactive power support. A diode-clamped multilevel inverter is proposed for the STATCOM due to its ability to generate stepped voltage waveforms with lower harmonic distortion compared to a two-level inverter. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink show that the multilevel inverter based STATCOM can effectively regulate the voltage and maintain stability of the load while supplying real and reactive power to the transmission line.
1.compensation of reactive power using d statcom in grid interfaced pv systemEditorJST
This document summarizes a research paper on using a D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) with an LCL passive filter to compensate for reactive power and improve power quality in a grid-interfaced photovoltaic (PV) system. The D-STATCOM injects current to mitigate voltage fluctuations. Simulation results show improvements in three-phase output voltage at the transmission and distribution levels as well as increased power generation from both the transmission system and PV system. In conclusion, the integration of FACTS devices like the D-STATCOM can help maintain desired power quality standards while reducing distortions and improving the power factor.
The document presents a STATCOM control scheme for improving power quality in a grid-connected wind energy generation system. A battery energy storage system is integrated with the STATCOM to help stabilize the grid during fluctuations in wind power. The control scheme is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Results show the STATCOM is able to maintain unity power factor at the point of common coupling, reducing harmonics to below 0.01% and frequency oscillations to less than 1%. This allows the system to meet power quality standards while supporting the wind generator and loads on the grid.
Steady State Operation And Enhancement Of Transient Stability In Hydel Power...IJMER
In this paper, the effect of STATCOM for improving the stability and steady state operation of
the hydel power system is investigated. The STATCOM is used to control power flow of power system by
injecting appropriate reactive power during dynamic state. Simulation results show that STATCOM not
only considerably improves transient stability but also compensates the reactive power in steady state.
Therefore STATCOM can increase reliability and capability of AC transmission system. To illustrate the
performance of the FACTS controller (STATCOM), a three machine nine bus, Multi-Machine Power
System has been considered.
STATCOM Based Wind Energy System by using Hybrid Fuzzy Logic ControllerIJMTST Journal
The influence of the hybrid system in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, voltage deviation, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC). The STATCOM provides reactive power support to hybrid system and load. These voltage fluctuations can be eliminated with the help of advanced reactive power compensator device such as SVC and STATCOM. This work focus on design, modeling and analysis of FACTS device in wind farm interconnected with grid during fault. These devices can be controlled by Synchronous Reference Frame theory. The performance is analyzed with the help of PI controller and Fuzzy logic technique. by using Matlab/Simulink Model.
Real-Time simulation of static synchronous condenser for compensation of reac...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a real time simulation stability of power system by static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), also known as astatic synchronous condenser (STATCON) in modern platform real-time simulator named (RT-LAB) using the latest INTEL quad-core processors to simulate a relatively large power system In our work, We have to study the problem of controlling voltage and reactive power in electric system by STATCOM. All the simulations for the above work have been carried out using MATLAB/Simulink and RT-LAB. Various simulations have given very satisfactory results and we have successfully improved the voltage by injecting a FACTS device, which is the STATCOM, the Studies and comparisons of real-time simulation results of the power system without and with STATCOM connected illustrate the effectiveness and capability of STATCOM in improving voltage stability in the power system.
The document presents information on STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator), a type of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) device. It begins with an objective to improve reliability, flexibility, response and accuracy in power systems. It then introduces STATCOM as a shunt controller that generates or absorbs reactive power without energy storage by circulating current among AC system phases using a voltage source converter. The basic principle, components, operation and control of STATCOM are described. Comparison is made between STATCOM and synchronous condenser, with advantages of STATCOM listed. The conclusion states that STATCOM allows a power system to be made more reliable, flexible, fast and accurate.
REDUCING SOURCE CURRENT HARMONICS DUE TO BALANCED AND UN-BALANCED VOLTAGE VAR...IJCI JOURNAL
This document summarizes a research paper that examines reducing current harmonics due to voltage variations using a fuzzy-controlled D-STATCOM. It begins with an introduction that describes the increasing need for power quality improvements and custom power devices. It then provides details on the principal and control strategy of a D-STATCOM, which uses a voltage source converter to inject current and regulate voltage. The proposed method uses an instant power theory with fuzzy logic control of the D-STATCOM to generate reference currents, providing better compensation than a proportional-integral controller. Simulation results showed the fuzzy control approach more accurately compensated for distorted currents and reactive power under both steady and transient states.
This document summarizes a research paper about using a Z-Source Inverter (ZSI) based STATCOM to enhance power quality in a thirty bus power system. It first provides background on power quality issues and how Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices like STATCOMs can help address them. It then describes the components and operation of a conventional STATCOM and introduces the ZSI as an alternative inverter topology. The research presented in the paper models and simulates a thirty bus system both with and without a ZSI-based STATCOM to study improvements in voltage regulation and reactive power compensation.
An Approach of D-STATCOM in Single Phase System with Power Quality ImprovementIJERA Editor
The paper describes the design of D-STATCOM in single phase for voltage interruption mitigation of fault in an unbalance system. Speed of response is higher than static var compensator (SVC) and harmonic emission is less than SVC that is why D-STATCOM is used in place of static var compensator. It validates the performance of D-STATCOM for improving power quality and harmonics. It provides a guide for utilities to have an appropriate choice of FACTS devices for enhancing stability. The work proposes a two pulse STATCOM configurations in which voltage source inverter uses IGBT as a switching device have been simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Accordingly, simulation is first carried out to illustrate use of D-STATCOM in mitigating voltage interruption in single phase. The scope of the paper is to explore the D-STATCOM in single phase. Normally, D-STATCOM is not used in single phase, so an attempt has been made to introduce DSTATCOM in single phase load or household applications. Simulation results of 3KVAR D-STATCOM validate that integrated D-STATCOM with 230V, 91μF capacitor is suited for single phase system with voltage interruption mitigation capacit
An Approach of D-STATCOM in Single Phase System with Power Quality Improvement
Dc25617623
1. N. Sreekanth, N. Pavan Kumar Reddy / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.617-623
PI & Fuzzy Logic Based Controllers STATCOM for Grid
Connected Wind Generator
N. Sreekanth1, N. Pavan Kumar Reddy2
1
Asst. Professor (SL), 2 Asst. Professor
Dept. of EEE, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract-
When integrated to the power system, because of mismatch of their characteristics grid
large wind farms pose stability and control performance and stability is affected. Therefore,
issues. A thorough study is needed to identify transmission system operators (TSO) were forced to
the potential problems and to develop impose New requirements for the connection of
measures to mitigate them. Although Wind Turbine Generators to the power network.
integration of high levels of wind power into an This way, TSOs try to that all regulatory actions,
existing transmission system does not require a which are needed for maintaining grid stability,
major redesign, it necessitates additional control are still performed on a satisfactory level, when
and compensating equipment to enable recovery renewable energy is introduced into the system. On
from severe system disturbances. In this paper the other hand certain devices like Flexible AC
the STATCOM control scheme for the grid Transmission Systems (FACTS) were developed
connected wind energy generation system for in order to dynamically control and enhance
power quality improvement is simulated using power system performance. Stability is the key
MATLAB/SIMULINK in power systems block aspect for introducing FACTS devices. Therefore
set. Fuzzy based controller is designed to one of the present day concerns is employment of
improve the source current in STATCOM. A FACTS devices for enhancing wind farm
marked reduction in the Total Harmonic performance with respect to the grid codes and
Distortion is observed in source current of Wind power system stability.
Power Generation System (WPGS) with the
incorporation of Fuzzy controller. In this paper, we are presenting the work
carried out in designing the Fuzzy logic controller
Index Terms- Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC), Static for switching operation of STATCOM, a member of
Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Total FACTS family. A simple control strategy of
Harmonic Distortion (THD), Wind Power STATCOM is adopted where the measurement
Generation System (WPGS). of rms current at the source terminal is needed.
Then the performance of conventional PI
I. INTRODUCTION controller and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) are
Growing concern for limited fossil fuels investigated. Simulation results show that Total
reserves and CO2 emission reduction stimulated Harmonic Distortion (THD) in source current is
development of the renewable energy sector. drastically reduced fuzzy controller is included in
Especially, wind energy sector experienced huge the STATCOM control circuit. Simulation work has
thrust in recent years due to clean and been done using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
economical energy generation. As an example,
in European Union, in 2008 one third of the II. Static Synchronous Compensator
23.85GW power generation was from wind turbine (Statcom)
generators (WTG). As induction generator, which The STATCOM is a shunt-connected
is the major source of reactive power, is connected reactive-power compensation device that is capable
with a wind turbine to generate electricity, the of generating and/ or absorbing reactive power
compensation of reactive power is necessary in and in which the output can be varied to control
order to maintain rated voltage in the network. the specific parameters of an electric power system.
Integration of wind energy into power systems It is in general a solid-state switching converter
on such a large scale is not straightforward. capable of generating or absorbing independently
Power system and its operation was concerned controllable real and reactive power at its output
with conventional power plants where terminals when it is fed from an energy source
synchronous generators were directly coupled to or energy-storage device at its input terminals.
the grid. Wind power plants have different Specifically, the STATCOM, which is a
characteristics from the conventional ones. Thus, voltage-source converter which when fed from a
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2. N. Sreekanth, N. Pavan Kumar Reddy / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.617-623
given input of dc voltage, produces a set of 3-phase Compensator (SVC). The maximum
ac-output voltages, each in phase with and compensation current in a STATCOM is
coupled to the corresponding ac system independent of the system voltage. A STATCOM
voltage through a relatively small reactance (which provides dynamic voltage control and power
is provided by either an interface reactor or the oscillation damping and improves the system‘s
leakage inductance of a coupling transformer). The transient stability. By controlling the phase angle,
dc voltage is provided by an energy-storage the flow of current between the converter and the ac
capacitor. system are controlled. A STATCOM was chosen
as a source for reactive power support because
A STATCOM can improve power-system it has the ability to continuously vary its
Performance like: susceptance while reacting fast and providing
1. The dynamic voltage control in voltage support at a local node. Fig. 1 shows the
transmission and distribution systems, block diagram of the STATCOM controller.
2. The power-oscillation damping in power-
transmission systems,
3. The transient stability;
4. The voltage flicker control; and
5. The control of not only reactive power but also
(if needed) active power in the connected line,
requiring a dc energy source.
Furthermore, a STATCOM does the
following:
1. It occupies a small footprint, for it replaces Fig. 1 Basic STATCOM control scheme
passive banks of circuit elements by compact
electronic converters; A STATCOM injects almost a
2. It offers modular, factory-built equipment, sinusoidal current Io of variable magnitude at a
thereby reducing site work and Commissioning point of connection. The injected current is almost
time; and in quadrature with the line voltage V, thereby
3. It uses encapsulated electronic converters, emulating an inductive or a capacitive
thereby minimizing its environmental impact. reactance at the point of connection with the
transmission line. The functionality of the
A STATCOM is analogous to an ideal STATCOM model is verified by regulating the
synchronous machine, which generates a reactive current flow through it this is useful to
balanced set of three sinusoidal voltages at the generate or absorb reactive power for regulating
fundamental frequency with controllable the line voltage of the bus where the
amplitude and phase angle. This ideal STATCOM is connected.
machine has no inertia, is practically
instantaneous, does not significantly alter the Similarly when the system voltage is
existing system impedance, and can internally higher than the converter voltage, the system ―sees‖
generate reactive (both an inductive reactance connected at its terminal.
Capacitive and inductive) power. Hence, the STATCOM ―sees‖ the system as the
capacitive reactance and the STATCOM is
Control Scheme: operating in an inductive mode. The current flows
The STATCOM is a static var generator from the ac system to the STATCOM, resulting in
whose output can be varied so as to maintain or the device absorbing reactive power. For an
control certain specific parameters of the electric inductive operation the current lags the ac voltage
power system. The STATCOM is a power by an angle of 90 degrees, by assuming that
electronic component that can be applied to the converter losses are neglected.
dynamic control of the reactive power and the grid
voltage. The reactive output power of the
compensator is varied to control the voltage at
given transmission network terminals, thus
maintaining the desired power flows during
possible system disturbances and contingencies.
STATCOMs have the ability to address
transient events at a faster rate and with better
performance at lower voltages than a Static Var
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3. N. Sreekanth, N. Pavan Kumar Reddy / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.617-623
power electronics, as a converter is connected to the
Fig. 2 A STATCOM operated in inductive and stator winding and another converter is connected to
capacitive modes. the grid. Thus the total power delivered by the wind
power is transmitted by an HVDC link.
If the amplitude of the STATCOM
output voltage and the ac system voltage are In this paper, the configuration of wind
equal, the reactive current is zero and the generator is based on constant speed topologies with
STATCOM does not generate or absorb reactive pitch control turbine. The induction generator is
power. Since the STATCOM is generating or used in the proposed scheme because of its
absorbing only reactive power the output voltage of simplicity, it does not require a separate field circuit,
the converter, and the ac system voltage V are in it can accept constant and variable loads, and has
phase when neglecting circuit losses. The ac natural protection against short circuit. The available
current magnitude can be calculated by using the power of wind energy system is given by the
following equation equation,
Pwind = ρA (3)
= (1)
Where ρ (kg/m3) is the air density, A (m2)
By assuming current flows from converter to the ac is the area swept out by turbine blade, is the
system. X is represented as the coupling transformer wind speed in m/s. It is not possible to extract all
leakage reactance. The corresponding reactive kinetic energy of wind, thus it extracts a fraction of
power exchanged can be expressed as power in wind, called power coefficient Cp of the
wind turbine, and is given by the following equation
Q= (2) = (4)
where Cp is the power coefficient, depends
Where angle α is the angle between the ac system
on type and operating condition of wind turbine.
bus voltage and the converter output voltage.
This coefficient can be expressed as a function of tip
speed ratio and pitch angle. The mechanical power
Iii. Wind Energy Generating System produced by wind turbine is given by the following
The working principle of the wind equation
turbine includes the following conversion
processes: the rotor extracts the kinetic energy
from the wind creating generator torque and =π (5)
the generator converts this torque into electricity and
feeds it into the grid. Presently there are three main Iv. Test System Model
turbine types available. They are The STATCOM based current control
voltage source inverter injects the current into the
Squirrel-cage induction generator grid in such a way that the harmonics are reduced in
Doubly fed induction generator. source current and their phase-angle with respect to
Direct-drive synchronous generator. source voltage has a desired value. The injected
current will cancel out the reactive part and
The first one which is the simplest and harmonic part of the load and induction generator
oldest system consists of a conventional directly current, thus it improves the power factor and the
grid-coupled squirrel cage induction generator. The power quality. To accomplish these goals, the grid
slip, and the resultant rotor speed of the Generator voltages are sensed and are synchronized in
varies with the amount of power generated . generating the current command for the inverter.
The rotor speed variation is small, approximately The proposed grid connected system is implemented
1% to 2%, and hence this is normally referred to as for power quality improvement at point of common
a constant speed turbine. The other two generating coupling (PCC), as shown in Fig. 3.
systems are variable –speed systems. In the doubly
fed induction generator, a back to back voltage
source converter feeds the three phase rotor
winding, resulting that the mechanical and
electrical rotor frequency are decoupled and the
electrical stator and rotor frequency can match
independently of the mechanical rotor speed. In
the direct-drive synchronous generator, the
generator is completely decoupled from the grid by
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4. N. Sreekanth, N. Pavan Kumar Reddy / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.617-623
. controller‖. The controller uses a hysteresis current
controlled technique. Using such technique, the
controller keeps the control system variable between
boundaries of hysteresis area and gives correct
switching signals for STATCOM operation. The
control system scheme for generating the switching
signals to the STATCOM is shown in Fig. 4 and
Fig. 5. The control algorithm needs the
measurements of several variables such as three-
phase source current, DC voltage, inverter current
with the help of sensor. The current control block
receives an input of reference current and actual
current are subtracted so as to activate the operation
of STATCOM in current control mode.
Fig. 3 Grid connected system for power quality In three-phase balance system, the RMS
improvement voltage source amplitude is calculated at the
sampling frequency from the source phase voltage
V. Modelling Of Statcom (Vsa ,Vsb ,Vsc) and is expressed, as sample template
(a) Using conventional PI Voltage Regulator Vsm, sampled peak voltage, as in (6).
1/2
Vsm= { (6)
The STATCOM control block diagram is The in-phase unit vectors are obtained from
shown in Fig. 4. The voltage regulator is of AC source—phase voltage and the RMS value of
proportional plus integral type. unit vector , , as shown in (7).
= ; = ; = (7)
The in-phase generated reference currents
are derived using in-phase unit voltage template as,
in (8)
=I. ; =I. ; =I. (8)
Where I is proportional to magnitude of
filtered source voltage for respective phases. This
ensures that the source current is controlled to be
Fig. 4 STATCOM model with PI – Voltage
sinusoidal. The unit vectors implement the
Regulator block diagram
important function in the grid connection for the
synchronization for STATCOM. This method is
(b) Using FLC Voltage Regulator with FLC Bang-
simple, robust and favorable as compared with other
Bang controller
methods.
FLC voltage regulator is fed by one input
that is voltage error (Ve). This gives the
Bang-Bang Current Controller:
appropriate Reactive source current (Is), which is
Bang-Bang current controller is
required to the system. It is shown in Fig. 5.
implemented in the current control scheme. The
reference current is generated as in (5) and actual
current are detected by current sensors and are
subtracted for obtaining a current error for a
hysteresis based bang-bang controller. Thus the
ON/OFF switching signals for IGBT of STATCOM
are derived from hysteresis controller.
The switching function for phase ‗a‘ is
expressed as equation (9).
< ( - HB) =0
Fig. 5 STATCOM model with FLC- Voltage > ( - HB) =1 (9)
Regulator block diagram
Where HB is a hysteresis current-band, similarly the
VI. Control Circuit switching function can be derived for phases ―b‖
The control scheme approach is based on and ―c‖.
injecting the currents into the grid using ―bang-bang The control scheme is simulated using
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5. N. Sreekanth, N. Pavan Kumar Reddy / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.617-623
SIMULINK in power system block set. The system This paper focuses on fuzzy logic control
parameter for given system is given Table I. The based on mamdani's system. This system has four
system performance under dynamic condition is main parts. First, using input membership
also presented. functions, inputs are fuzzified, then based on rule
bases and inference system, outputs are produced
TABLE I and finally the fuzzy outputs are defuzzified and
SYSTEM PARAMETERS applied to the main control system. Error of
S. Parameters Ratings inputs from is chosen as input.
N Fig. 6 shows input and output
o membership functions. To avoid miscalculations
1. Grid Voltage 3-Phase, 415V,50Hz due to fluctuations in wind speed and the effects of
2. Induction 3.5KVA, 415V,50Hz,P=4, noise on data, triangular membership functions
motor/generator Speed=1440rpm,Rr=0.1Ω, are chosen to have smooth and constant region
Rs=0.15Ω,Ls=Lr=0.06H in the main points.
3. Line series 0.05mH
Inductance
4. Inverter DC Link
Parameters Voltage=800V,DC
Link Capacitance=100µF,
Switching
Frequency=2kHz
5. IGBT rating Collector Voltage=1000V,
Forward
Current=50A,Gate Input membership function
Voltage=20V,Power
Dissipation=310w
6. Load Parameter Non-Linear Load=25kw
Vii. Fuzzy Control
Fuzzy logic controller, approaching the
human reasoning that makes use of the tolerance,
uncertainty, imprecision and fuzziness in the
decision-making process, manages to offer a very
satisfactory performance, without the need of a Output membership function
detailed mathematical model of the system, just by
incorporating the expert‘s knowledge into fuzzy Fig. 6 Input and output membership functions of
rules. In addition, it has inherent abilities to FLC voltage regulator
deal with imprecise or noisy data; thus, it is
able to extend its control capability even to VIII Simulation Results
those operating conditions where linear control The wind energy generating system is
techniques fail (i.e., large parameter connected with grid having the nonlinear load. It is
variations). observed that the source current on the grid is
affected due to the effects of nonlinear load and
FLC voltage regulator is fed by one wind generator, thus purity of waveform may be lost
input that is voltage error (Ve). The rules for the on both sides in the system. The three phase injected
proposed FLC voltage controller are: current into the grid from STATCOM will cancel
i) If ‗Ve‘ is ‗ENVVH‘ Then ‗I‘ is ‗INVVH‘ out the distortion caused by the non-linear load and
ii) If ‗Ve‘ is ‗ENVH‘ Then ‗I‘ is ‗INVH‘ wind generator. Fig. 7 shows the source current
iii) If ‗Ve‘ is ‗ENH‘ Then ‗I‘ is ‗INH‘ waveform of the test system without STATCOM
iv) If ‗Ve‘ is ‗ENM‘ Then ‗I‘ is ‗INM‘ and the Fig. 8 shows the corresponding FFT analysis
v) If ‗Ve‘ is ‗ENL‘ Then ‗I‘ is ‗INL‘ waveform. From FFT analysis, it is observed that
vi) If ‗Ve‘ is ‗EZ‘ Then ‗I‘ is ‗IZ‘ the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the source
vii) If ‗Ve‘ is ‗EPL‘ Then ‗I‘ is ‗IPL‘ current waveform of the test system without
viii) If ‗Ve‘ is ‗EPM‘ Then ‗I‘ is ‗IPM‘ STATCOM is 26.92%.
ix) If ‗Ve‘ is ‗EPH‘ Then ‗I‘ is ‗IPH‘
x) If ‗Ve‘ is ‗EPVH‘ Then ‗I‘ is ‗IPVH‘
xi) If ‗Ve‘ is ‗EPVVH‘ Then ‗I‘ is ‗IPVVH‘
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6. N. Sreekanth, N. Pavan Kumar Reddy / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.617-623
Fig. 11 Source current waveform of the test system
Fig. 7 Source current waveform of the test system with FLC based STATCOM
(without STATCOM)
Fig. 12 FFT analysis of source current waveform of
Fig. 8 FFT analysis of source current waveform of the test system with FLC based STATCOM
the test system (without STATCOM)
Fig. 9 shows the source current waveform
of the test system with PI controller based
STATCOM and the Fig. 10 shows the
corresponding FFT analysis waveform. From FFT
analysis, it is observed that the THD of the source
current waveform of the test system with PI
controller based STATCOM is 2.92 %.
Fig. 11 shows the source current waveform
of the test system with FLC based STATCOM and
the Fig. 12 shows the corresponding FFT analysis
waveform. From FFT analysis, it is observed that
Fig. 9 Source current waveform of the test system the THD of the source current waveform of the test
with PI controller based STATCOM system with FLC based STATCOM is 1.42 %.
Thus, it is observed that there is a further reduction
in the THD value of the source current waveform.
IX Conclusion
In this paper fuzzy logic controller based
STATCOM is presented for grid connected Wind
Energy Generating System. The proposed FLC
based STATCOM have improved the power quality
of source current significantly by reducing the THD
from 26.92% to1.42 %. It is clearly presented that
STATCOM with FLC gives better performance than
STATCOM with conventional PI controller.
Fig. 10 FFT analysis source current waveform of the
test system with PI controller based STATCOM
622 | P a g e
7. N. Sreekanth, N. Pavan Kumar Reddy / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.617-623
REFERENCES N. PAVAN KUMAR REDDY
[1] Sharad W. Mohod, Mohan V. Aware,‖ A received B.Tech degree and M.Tech
STATCOM-Control Scheme for Grid degree from JNTU Hyderabad.
Connected Wind Energy System for Power Presently working as Assistant
Quality Improvement, IEEE SYSTEMS Professor (SL) in Sree Vidyanikethan
JOURNAL, VOL. 4, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER Engineering College, Tirupathi.
2010,
[2] EWEA,‖ Wind Energy Statistics‖, 2008.
[3] Claudio L.Souza et. al.,: "Power System
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[5] Mrs. M. Mohammadha Hussaini & Dr.
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[7] H. Karimi-Davijani, A. Sheikholeslami,
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AUTHORS
N. SREEKANTH received B.Tech
degree and M.Tech degree from JNTU
Hyderabad. Presently working as
Assistant Professor (SL) in Sree
Vidyanikethan Engineering College,
Tirupathi, since 2006.
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