1) The document examines the effects of adding sawdust to clay samples on their insulating properties.
2) Key properties tested include linear shrinkage, solid density, apparent porosity, and thermal conductivity.
3) The results showed that adding up to 40% sawdust improved the clay samples' insulating properties by reducing shrinkage and density while increasing porosity, and lowering thermal conductivity.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Clay is a mineral, belonging to phyllosilicate category.
Chemically it consists of aluminium silicate as a principal component along with variety of other metals like magnesium, calcium, potassium and varying level of watermolecules.
Atomic configuration of clays consists of alternating ‘sheets’ of tetrahedral SiO4 and octahedral AlO6 units formed by oxygen sharing
Organoclay is the organically modified pyllosillicate,derived from a naturally occuring clay mineral.
By exchanging the original inter layer cations for organo cations (typically alkylammonium ions) an organophillic surface is generated, consisting of covalently linked organic moieties.
The lamellar structure remains analoguos to the parent phyllosilicate.
Separation of the layers due to ion exchange from the initial interlayer spacing of as little as 3 Å in the case of Na + cations to the distances in the range of 10 - 40 Å as well as the change of chemical character of the clay surface , allows the insitu polymerisation or mixing with certain polymers to obtain what is known as nano composite.
Exfoliation of MMT and Mica with multifunctional amine copolymers
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This presentation is prepared in view of engineering chemistry syllabus. It is useful for Engineering, Sciences and their research to understand basics of chemistry.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Clay is a mineral, belonging to phyllosilicate category.
Chemically it consists of aluminium silicate as a principal component along with variety of other metals like magnesium, calcium, potassium and varying level of watermolecules.
Atomic configuration of clays consists of alternating ‘sheets’ of tetrahedral SiO4 and octahedral AlO6 units formed by oxygen sharing
Organoclay is the organically modified pyllosillicate,derived from a naturally occuring clay mineral.
By exchanging the original inter layer cations for organo cations (typically alkylammonium ions) an organophillic surface is generated, consisting of covalently linked organic moieties.
The lamellar structure remains analoguos to the parent phyllosilicate.
Separation of the layers due to ion exchange from the initial interlayer spacing of as little as 3 Å in the case of Na + cations to the distances in the range of 10 - 40 Å as well as the change of chemical character of the clay surface , allows the insitu polymerisation or mixing with certain polymers to obtain what is known as nano composite.
Exfoliation of MMT and Mica with multifunctional amine copolymers
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This presentation is prepared in view of engineering chemistry syllabus. It is useful for Engineering, Sciences and their research to understand basics of chemistry.
Applications of Engineered Bamboo as a Construction Material - delivered by Prof. Dongsheng Huang at the International Training Workshop on Sustainable Industrialization and Commercialization of NTFPs.
Basalt fiber which made from fibers of basalt rock is very much similar to the carbon and the fiber glass and have better physicomechanical properties and cheaper. One Kg of basalt reinforces is equal 9.6 Kg of the steel. They have many field applications and can replace many costly and rare materials. Its manufacturing process is very simple and raw materials are found virtually in every country. Basalt fibers offer the potential to solve the largest problem in the cement and concrete industry.
Basalt fiber is a material made from extremely fine fibers of basalt, which is composed of the minerals plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine. It is similar to fiberglass , having better physicomechanical properties than fiberglass, but being significantly cheaper than carbon fiber.
black basalt rock
basalt rocks for sale
basalt fiber price
basalt rock pictures
basalt rock color
basalt fiber for sale
basalt fiber suppliers
basalt fiber production
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
latest civil engineering seminar topics
Basalt fibre which made from fibres of basalt rock is very much similar to the carbon and the fibre glass and have better physicomechanical properties and cheaper. One Kg of basalt reinforces is equal 9.6 Kg of the steel. They have many field applications and can replace many costly and rare materials. Its manufacturing process is very simple and raw materials are found virtually every country. Basalt fibres offer the potential to solve the largest problem in the cement and concrete industry.
Basalt Fibre is a material which is made from the extremely fine fibres of the Basalt, which composed of Pyroxene, minerals plagioclase and Olivine. This is very much similar to the Carbon Fibre and the Fibre Glass, which is having better Physicomechanical properties than the fibre glass, but which is being significantly cheaper that the Carbon Fiber. It is also used as the fiber proof textile in the automotive industries and in the Aerospace and also can be used as a composite to produce the products such as the tripods.
Basalt is well known as the rock found in the virtually every country all around the world. Basalt Rock fibres has no toxic reaction with the air or water, are non combustible and the explosion proof. When in contact with the other chemicals they will produce no chemical reactions that may damage health or environment. The Basalt base composites can be replacing steel and known reinforced plastics. One Kg of basalt reinforces is equals to 9.6 Kg of the steel. There seems to be something quite poetic in using a fibre made from the natural rock to reinforce a material, which may quite reasonably being described as the artificial rock. Raw material for producing basalt fiber is the rock of a volcanic origin.
BASALT ROCK FIBER PRODUCTS; PRIMARY BASALT ROCK FIBER PRODUCTS; Continuous basalt fibers; Chopped fibers ; CBF roving; CBF yarns; SECONDARY BASALT ROCK FIBER PRODUCTS; Basalt rebar; Basalt geo-textile; Basalt mesh; Basalt fiber pipes; Basalt laminates; Advantages and Disadvantages of Basalt Fiber
Structural, Dielectric and Optical properties of Sputtered TiO2 nano-filmsIOSR Journals
Thin films of TiO2 were deposited on quartz and p-Si (100) substrates held at room temperature by sputtering of titanium target at various sputter powers in the range 80 - 200 W. The as-deposited films were annealed in air for an hour at 1023 K. The annealed films were characterized by using Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Surface morphology, dielectric and optical properties. The deposition rate of the films increased from 1.26 to 6.66 nm/min. with increase of sputter power from 80 to 200 W. TiO2 films formed at sputter power of 80 W and annealed at 1023 K were polycrystalline in nature with anatase phase crystallite size of 40 nm, dielectric constant of 10, optical band gap of 3.65 eV and refractive index 2.35.
Structural Properties of (SnO2)1-x(ZnO)xThin Films Deposited By Spray Pyrolys...IJAEMSJORNAL
Nano structure of mixed (SnO2)1-x(ZnO)x thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis technique at a substrate temperature of 400°C. The films deposited were 190 nm thickness. The XRD analysis for its structural characteristic has been performed. The average grain size was found to be between 21.27 and 15.80 nm.AFM Atomic Force microscope gives good information about the surface topography of the film.It is understood that the crystallinity of SnO2increases with increasing ZnO Vol.%.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Applications of Engineered Bamboo as a Construction Material - delivered by Prof. Dongsheng Huang at the International Training Workshop on Sustainable Industrialization and Commercialization of NTFPs.
Basalt fiber which made from fibers of basalt rock is very much similar to the carbon and the fiber glass and have better physicomechanical properties and cheaper. One Kg of basalt reinforces is equal 9.6 Kg of the steel. They have many field applications and can replace many costly and rare materials. Its manufacturing process is very simple and raw materials are found virtually in every country. Basalt fibers offer the potential to solve the largest problem in the cement and concrete industry.
Basalt fiber is a material made from extremely fine fibers of basalt, which is composed of the minerals plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine. It is similar to fiberglass , having better physicomechanical properties than fiberglass, but being significantly cheaper than carbon fiber.
black basalt rock
basalt rocks for sale
basalt fiber price
basalt rock pictures
basalt rock color
basalt fiber for sale
basalt fiber suppliers
basalt fiber production
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
latest civil engineering seminar topics
Basalt fibre which made from fibres of basalt rock is very much similar to the carbon and the fibre glass and have better physicomechanical properties and cheaper. One Kg of basalt reinforces is equal 9.6 Kg of the steel. They have many field applications and can replace many costly and rare materials. Its manufacturing process is very simple and raw materials are found virtually every country. Basalt fibres offer the potential to solve the largest problem in the cement and concrete industry.
Basalt Fibre is a material which is made from the extremely fine fibres of the Basalt, which composed of Pyroxene, minerals plagioclase and Olivine. This is very much similar to the Carbon Fibre and the Fibre Glass, which is having better Physicomechanical properties than the fibre glass, but which is being significantly cheaper that the Carbon Fiber. It is also used as the fiber proof textile in the automotive industries and in the Aerospace and also can be used as a composite to produce the products such as the tripods.
Basalt is well known as the rock found in the virtually every country all around the world. Basalt Rock fibres has no toxic reaction with the air or water, are non combustible and the explosion proof. When in contact with the other chemicals they will produce no chemical reactions that may damage health or environment. The Basalt base composites can be replacing steel and known reinforced plastics. One Kg of basalt reinforces is equals to 9.6 Kg of the steel. There seems to be something quite poetic in using a fibre made from the natural rock to reinforce a material, which may quite reasonably being described as the artificial rock. Raw material for producing basalt fiber is the rock of a volcanic origin.
BASALT ROCK FIBER PRODUCTS; PRIMARY BASALT ROCK FIBER PRODUCTS; Continuous basalt fibers; Chopped fibers ; CBF roving; CBF yarns; SECONDARY BASALT ROCK FIBER PRODUCTS; Basalt rebar; Basalt geo-textile; Basalt mesh; Basalt fiber pipes; Basalt laminates; Advantages and Disadvantages of Basalt Fiber
Structural, Dielectric and Optical properties of Sputtered TiO2 nano-filmsIOSR Journals
Thin films of TiO2 were deposited on quartz and p-Si (100) substrates held at room temperature by sputtering of titanium target at various sputter powers in the range 80 - 200 W. The as-deposited films were annealed in air for an hour at 1023 K. The annealed films were characterized by using Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Surface morphology, dielectric and optical properties. The deposition rate of the films increased from 1.26 to 6.66 nm/min. with increase of sputter power from 80 to 200 W. TiO2 films formed at sputter power of 80 W and annealed at 1023 K were polycrystalline in nature with anatase phase crystallite size of 40 nm, dielectric constant of 10, optical band gap of 3.65 eV and refractive index 2.35.
Structural Properties of (SnO2)1-x(ZnO)xThin Films Deposited By Spray Pyrolys...IJAEMSJORNAL
Nano structure of mixed (SnO2)1-x(ZnO)x thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis technique at a substrate temperature of 400°C. The films deposited were 190 nm thickness. The XRD analysis for its structural characteristic has been performed. The average grain size was found to be between 21.27 and 15.80 nm.AFM Atomic Force microscope gives good information about the surface topography of the film.It is understood that the crystallinity of SnO2increases with increasing ZnO Vol.%.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Aerogel is a synthetic porous ultralight material derived from a gel, in which the liquid component of the gel has been replaced with a gas. The result is a solid with extremely low density[1] and low thermal conductivity. Nicknames include frozen smoke,[2] solid smoke, solid air, or blue smoke owing to its translucent nature and the way light scatters in the material. It feels like fragile expanded polystyrene (Styrofoam) to the touch. Aerogels can be made from a variety of chemical compounds.[3]
Aerogel was first created by Samuel Stephens Kistler in 1931, as a result of a bet[citation needed] with Charles Learned over who could replace the liquid in "jellies" with gas without causing shrinkage.[4][5]
Aerogels are produced by extracting the liquid component of a gel through supercritical drying. This allows the liquid to be slowly dried off without causing the solid matrix in the gel to collapse from capillary action, as would happen with conventional evaporation. The first aerogels were produced from silica gels. Kistler's later work involved aerogels based on alumina, chromia and tin dioxide. Carbon aerogels were first developed in the late 1980s.[citation needed]
Aerogel does not have a designated material with set chemical formula but the term is used to group all the material with a certain geometric structure.[6]
This project discusses with Basalt fiber reinforced concrete. And the report present the art of knowledge of basalt fiber, it is relatively new material Basalt is an igneous rock. Basalt fiber reinforced concrete offers more characteristics such as lightweight and good fire resistance and strength. In future it is very beneficial for construction industry. Many applications of basalt fiber are residential industrial, highway and bridges. The information in this report has been compiled from reports of test programs by various researchers and represents current opinion.
Fundamentals, synthesis and applications of Al2O3-ZrO2 compositesTANDRA MOHANTA
When the word “Ceramic” comes to our mind, we usually associate them with plates, saucers, cups and mugs. But, the word “Ceramic” encompasses more than just the word “plates” or “saucers”. Indeed, ceramic materials are hard and inherently brittle, but this is just the tip of the iceberg. They have multifarious properties and have acquired a status of high technical importance in the field of scientific research. Ceramics are the soul of the modern day’s structural applications owing to their high mechanical and thermal stability under different challenging conditions. They exhibit remarkable properties such as high hardness, high wear resistance, high corrosion resistance, high elastic modulus, high melting point and the ability to retain high strength at elevated temperatures. Alumina (Al2O3) is one such remarkable ceramic material known for its unique optical, mechanical and electrical properties. But the brittle nature of Al2O3 limits its use in certain engineering applications. Therefore, the strength of Al2O3 and Al2O3- based ceramics can be enhanced by tailoring the microstructural design through the application of strategic techniques that may involve secondary phase particle inclusion (such as Zirconia, ZrO2)
Tensile strength characteristics of fanpalm under various exposure conditions
B32006009
1. Manukaji John U. / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.006-009
The Effects Of Sawdust Addition On The Insulating
Characteristics Of Clays From The Federal Capital Territory
Of Abuja
Manukaji John U.
Department Of Mechanical Engineering The Federal Polytechnic,Bida Niger State Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Insulating properties of clays from The layer is mainly gibbsite but with some substitution
Federal Capital of Abuja like linear shrinkage, of aluminum by magnesium.Manukaji (2004) A
solid density, apparent porosity and thermal variety of metallic ions (other than k+) provide weak
conductivity were characterized with a view of linkage between sheets. As a result of this weak
studying the effect of sawdust on them. The linkage water molecules are easily admitted between
results showed that the linear shrinkage sheets, resulting in a high shrinkage swelling
improved from an average of 8.57% for the three potential.Agha (1998)
samples for 0% sawdust to an average of 8.32% The degradation of micas (e.g. muscovite
with 40% addition of saw dust, bringing them and sericite) under marine conditions results in a
closer to the lower range of the international group of structurally similar minerals called illites.
standard of 7-10%. Solid density averaged These, feature as predominant minerals in marine
3.18g/cm3 with 0% saw dust and 2.91g/cm 3 with clays and shells, such as London clay and Oxford
40% saw dust, still bringing them closer to the clay. Mahmoud et al (2003). Some illites are also
international range of 2.3-3.5g/cm3. Apparent produced when in the weathering of orthoclase not
porosity averaged 13% with 0% saw dust and all of the potassium ions are removed. The
17% with 40% addition of saw dust bringing structures consist of three layer gibbsite sheets with
them closer to the acceptable range of 20-80%. k+ ions providing a bond between adjacent silica
while thermal conductivity averaged 0.493W/mok layers. The linkage is weaker than that in kaolinite,
with 0% saw dust and 0.134W/mok with 40% resulting in thinner and smaller particles. Li
saw dust thereby improving their insulating Zaigeng et al (2001)
properties. This 40% sawdust addition was
discovered to be the maximum under which INSULATING REFRACTORIES
mechanical strength and other refractory These are high porosity refractories having
properties of clay will remain stable. low thermal conductivity and high thermal
insulation properties suitable for minimizing heat
INTRODUCTION losses and maximizing heat conservation in
Clay is a natural earthy fine grained furnaces. They derive their low thermal conductivity
material, which is powdery when dry, plastic when from their pores, while their heat capacity is
wet and stone-like when baked Mohammed et al determined almost entirely by the solid component.
(2011). Most clays are crystalline, with a definite The insulating effect is principally the result of
repeating arrangement of atoms in them. The achieving a series of air spaces between an alternate
majority of them are made up of planes of oxygen series of solid boundaries. Other things being equal,
atoms, with silicon and aluminum atoms holding the the more pores present, and the less solid, the lower
oxygen together by ionic bonding .Brady et al will be the conductivity. Such correlations between
(1999) porosity and conductivity are therefore to be
Clay minerals have the ability to exchange expected. These refractories are produced from
ions. This mineral property of clays that causes ion fireclay, kieselguhr or asbestos, glass wool, slag
in solution to be fixed on the clay surface or within wool. Vermiculite are also used as insulating
internal sites applies to all types of ions, including materials at low temperatures. Ceramic fibres and
organic molecules. Hans(1994) wool are used for high temperature insulation. Foam
Depending on the source, there are four main groups ceramic fibres and wool are used for high
of clays namely montmorillonite-smectite, illite, and temperature insulation. Foam ceramic is a recent
chlorite. addition to this class of refractories.Olusola (1998)
Montmorillonite often results from the Insulation rarely adds to refractory life, and
further degradation of illite, but the weathering of indeed may even reduce it. It does however save
plagioclase feldspar in volcanic ash deposits also energy- the heat loss through many refractory
forms it. Essentially, the structure consists of three structures can be halved by judicious use of external
layer arrangements in which the middle octahedral insulation. Abifarin (1999) Insulating refractories
6|Page
2. Manukaji John U. / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.006-009
owe their low conductivity to their pores, while their insulating characteristics. Apart from the natural
heat capacity depends on the weight per unit volume occurring fire clays which has been adjudged an
of solids, and of course its specific heat.Obi (1998) insulating refractories, other clays can have their
One of the most widely used materials is diatomite, insulating characteristics improved by the addition
also known as kieselguhr, which is made up of a of materials like saw dust, rice husks and other farm
mass of skeletons of minute aquatic plants-deposited wastes. Akinbode (1996)
thousands of years ago on the beds of seas and For a refractory clay to have good insulating
lakes. Chemically this consists essentially of silica characteristics, it must have amongst others the
contaminated by clay and organic matter. Among following characteristics
the larger deposits are those of Denmark, Germany, (1) It must be highly porous
Portugal etc.Theraja et al (1999) (2) It must have low thermal conductivity
(3) It must have low solid density
Insulating refractories are a special class of (4) It must have a reasonably low linear shrinkage.
refractories produced to have a highly porous In this experiment therefore, the effects of saw dust
structure with air entrapped therein. The presence of addition on the above properties of the clay
air in this pores reduces the conductive capacity of specimens were studied and the results are shown in
the refractories and therefore increasing their the graphs below
EFFECT OF SAWDUST ADDITION ON LINEAR
SHRINKAGE AT 1200oC
9.4
9.2
LINEAR SHRINKAGE AT 1200oC
9
8.8
8.6
spc A
8.4
spc B
8.2
spc C
8
7.8
7.6
7.4
7.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
SAWDUST IN %
FIGURE 1
EFFECT OF SAWDUST ADDITION ON SOLID DENSITY
4
3.5
3
SOLID DENSITY
2.5
Spc A
2 Spc B
Spc C
1.5
1
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
SAWDUST IN %
FIGURE 2
7|Page
3. Manukaji John U. / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.006-009
EFFECT OF SAWDUST ADDITION ON % APPARENT
POROSITY AT 1200oC
20
APPARENT POROSITY AT 1200oC 18
16
14
12 Spc A
10 Spc B
8 Spc C
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
SAWDUST IN %
FIGURE 3
EFFECT OF SAWDUST ADDITION ON THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
0.6
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
0.5
0.4
Spc A
0.3 Spc B
Spc C
0.2
0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
SAWDUST IN %
FIGURE 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The effects of saw dust addition on the above international range of 20-80% Theraja et
properties of the clay specimens were studied and al(1999), Oaikhinan (1988).
the results are shown and discussed as follows. 4. The thermal conductivity of the samples
1. The linear shrinkage showed a steady decreased steadily from 0.491 – 0.134
reduction in value from 8.57 -8.32% as the W/mok as more sawdust was added making
quantity of sawdust addition increased the samples better insulators
thereby bringing the values closer to the Manukaji(2004)
lower values of the acceptable range of 7-
10% IEE(1992). CONCLUSION AND
2. The solid density of the samples reduced RECOMMENDATION
steadily from 3.18 -2.91 g/cm3 as the CONCLUSION
sawdust addition increased moving them (1) From the tests carried out on the addition of
closer to the lower acceptable range of 2.3- saw dust to the clay samples, it could be
3.5g/cm3 Ijagbemi (2002) concluded that properties like porosity, thermal
3. The apparent porosity increased in value conductivity, linear shrinkage and solid density
from 13- 17% in most of the samples of the clays from these locations improved
thereby bringing them closer to the significantly and can be varied to suit the
particular insulating property desired.
8|Page
4. Manukaji John U. / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.006-009
refractories. China’s refractories Volume
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER 10 number 1
WORK 9. Mohammed A. D. and Agbajelola D. O.
With the studies carried out, and the (2011) Characterization of some selected
analysis done of the accruing results, the following clay deposits in Benue State. A paper
recommendations for further studies and analysis is presented at the 2nd Biennial Engineering
hereby proposed. Conference. School of Engineering and
(1) Further studies on the insulating properties Engineering technology, Federal
of the clay samples could be carried out by University of Technology, Minna
analyzing the effects of the addition of rice 10. Mahmoud S., Ayman H and Mousa A
husks, ash and other farm wastes on the (2003) Pretreatment effects on the catalytic
clay samples. activity of Jordanian bentonite . Journal of
(2) An investigation should also be carried out the clay mineral society Volume 51
on the effects of the addition of bentonite number 1
on the clay samples. 11. Manukaji J.U.(2004) An investigation
(3) A study should also be carried out on how into the use of local clays as a high
the addition of graphite, coal and asbestors temperature insulator for electric cookers.
would reduce the linear shrinkage PhD Thesis mech. eng. dept. Federal
properties of the clay. University Of Technology, Minna
(4) Efforts should also be made to reduce the 12. Oaikhinan E.P (1988) Rheological
ferrous and ferric content of the samples properties of certain Nigerian clay.
thereby reducing their thermal Proceedings of the international ceramic
conductivity. conference Australia.
(5) Slag from iron extraction should be added 13. Olusola E O (1998) Investigation of
to the samples to improve their insulating Zungeru clay as refractory material for high
properties. temperature applications M. Eng. Thesis,
(6) Investigation should be made on the effects Dept. of mech. engrg. F. U. T. Minna
of the addition of foam-ceramic-fibres on 14. Obi V S (1995) Experimental analysis of
the insulating properties of the samples. clay for refractory purpose , B.Eng. Thesis,
Dept. of mech. engrg. F. U. T Minna pp
REFERENCES 34-48
1. Agha O A (1998) Testing of local 15. Theraja B. L. and Theraja A. K , (1999)
refractory clay for producing furnace lining Electrical technology, S. Chand and co.
bricks. M. Eng. Thesis: Mech. Eng. Dept. Ltd, New Delhi
F.U.T. Minna
2. Akinbode F O. (1996). An investigation
on the properties of termite hill as
refractory material for furnace lining:
Indian Foundry Journal. Pp 11-13
3. Abifarin M. S. (1999) Investigation on
local refractory materials for high
temperature applications, PhD Thesis
mech. eng. dept. Federal University Of
Technology, Minna
4. Brady N.C. and Ray R.W. (1999). The
Nature properties of soil, 20th Edition and
Pub Prentice-Hall Inc. New Jersey
5. Hans T. (1994) Industrial Minerals and
rocks, 6th Edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
6. IEE (1992) Wiring regulation requirement
for electrical installation BS7671 , 15th
Edition , A Mclay and co. Ltd Cardiff
7. Ijagbemi C.O.(2002) Development and
performance evaluation of a biomass clay
lined cookstove. Meng thesis , Department
of mechanical Federal University of
Technology Akure, Nigeria.
8. Li Zaigeng and Zhou Ningsheng (2001)
Technological advancement in the
preparation and application of monolithic
9|Page