David Ellsworth_Spatial variability in leaf N and detecting elevated carbon dioxide response in a Eucalyptus woodland ecosystem in the Cumberland Plain ('EucFACE')
This document discusses a study examining the spatial variability of leaf nitrogen (N) concentration in a Eucalyptus woodland ecosystem exposed to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels through a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment. It finds that the largest source of leaf N variability is between individual trees rather than between plots. Power analyses show the study is adequately powered to statistically detect a 15% decrease in leaf N or a 20% increase in leaf photosynthesis with the experimental design. The conclusions are that the FACE experiment can detect the predicted effects of elevated CO2 on plant physiology and help answer how increased CO2 may drive changes in forest canopy photosynthesis.
Forest Mitigation delivering carbon benefits | Mike Perksicarb
1) Forestry delivers multiple carbon and environmental benefits through sustainable forest management.
2) Forests sequester carbon through photosynthesis, locking carbon in trees and soils and providing ecosystem services.
3) Research shows that planting trees is a cost-effective way for the UK to mitigate carbon emissions and meet its climate targets, though upfront costs are high and benefits are long-term.
This document summarizes a study on the implications of biodiesel-induced land use changes for CO2 emissions. The study examined 12 case studies across tropical regions. The main findings were:
1) Converting high-carbon stock lands like peatlands or rainforests to biofuel production can result in "carbon debts" that may take decades or centuries to repay through CO2 savings from biofuel use.
2) The time needed to offset the carbon debt depends on the type of land converted and the yield of the biofuel crop. Oil palm generally had shorter repayment times than Jatropha or oil palm on peatlands.
3) Land use changes from biofuel production can neg
Why should tropical wetlands be part of climate change mitigation strategies?CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation specifically explores how tropical wetlands can be included in REDD+, a global scheme through which developed countries reward developing countries for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation. Because of the amount of carbon stored by wetlands, there are significant opportunities and challenges inherent in involving wetlands in REDD+.
This presentation was given during a symposium on ‘Sustaining Humans and Forests in Changing Landscapes’, organised by the IUFRO Working Group on Landscape Ecology. Around 200 people attended the symposium, which was held on 5–9 November 2012 in Concepcion, Chile.
OfficeTeam is a UK-based provider of office supplies and services dedicated to reducing environmental impact. It has various initiatives to increase recycling and reduce waste, emissions, and energy usage. These include recycling schemes for paper, toners, furniture and batteries, use of reusable packaging bags to reduce cardboard waste, and an electric vehicle fleet. OfficeTeam aims to further increase recycling and reuse rates and reduce business mileage and emissions in 2010.
Vanessa Haverd_Multiple observation types reduce uncertainty in Australia's t...TERN Australia
The document summarizes the carbon budget of Australia from 1990-2011. It finds that Australia's net biosphere production of 36 ± 35 TgC/year offsets 38% of fossil fuel emissions of 95 ± 6 TgC/year. Gross fire emissions account for 6% of net primary production. Land use change emissions are similar to net fire emissions and account for 1% of net primary production. Fossil fuel exports are approximately 1.5-2.5 times greater than territorial fossil fuel emissions. The interannual variability in net ecosystem production exceeds Australia's total carbon emissions from fossil fuels.
Forest in Scotland’s climate change targets | Wendy Aubreyicarb
1. Scotland has climate change targets to reduce CO2 emissions by 80% by 2050 and increase woodland cover to 25% by 2050 through planting 650,000 hectares of new forests.
2. Recent trends show that annual new planting and carbon sequestration have been increasing but remain below target levels.
3. Current projections indicate that Scotland will not meet its full targets for woodland expansion and associated carbon removal based on mid-range emission scenarios and recent planting rates.
Forest Mitigation delivering carbon benefits | Mike Perksicarb
1) Forestry delivers multiple carbon and environmental benefits through sustainable forest management.
2) Forests sequester carbon through photosynthesis, locking carbon in trees and soils and providing ecosystem services.
3) Research shows that planting trees is a cost-effective way for the UK to mitigate carbon emissions and meet its climate targets, though upfront costs are high and benefits are long-term.
This document summarizes a study on the implications of biodiesel-induced land use changes for CO2 emissions. The study examined 12 case studies across tropical regions. The main findings were:
1) Converting high-carbon stock lands like peatlands or rainforests to biofuel production can result in "carbon debts" that may take decades or centuries to repay through CO2 savings from biofuel use.
2) The time needed to offset the carbon debt depends on the type of land converted and the yield of the biofuel crop. Oil palm generally had shorter repayment times than Jatropha or oil palm on peatlands.
3) Land use changes from biofuel production can neg
Why should tropical wetlands be part of climate change mitigation strategies?CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation specifically explores how tropical wetlands can be included in REDD+, a global scheme through which developed countries reward developing countries for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation. Because of the amount of carbon stored by wetlands, there are significant opportunities and challenges inherent in involving wetlands in REDD+.
This presentation was given during a symposium on ‘Sustaining Humans and Forests in Changing Landscapes’, organised by the IUFRO Working Group on Landscape Ecology. Around 200 people attended the symposium, which was held on 5–9 November 2012 in Concepcion, Chile.
OfficeTeam is a UK-based provider of office supplies and services dedicated to reducing environmental impact. It has various initiatives to increase recycling and reduce waste, emissions, and energy usage. These include recycling schemes for paper, toners, furniture and batteries, use of reusable packaging bags to reduce cardboard waste, and an electric vehicle fleet. OfficeTeam aims to further increase recycling and reuse rates and reduce business mileage and emissions in 2010.
Vanessa Haverd_Multiple observation types reduce uncertainty in Australia's t...TERN Australia
The document summarizes the carbon budget of Australia from 1990-2011. It finds that Australia's net biosphere production of 36 ± 35 TgC/year offsets 38% of fossil fuel emissions of 95 ± 6 TgC/year. Gross fire emissions account for 6% of net primary production. Land use change emissions are similar to net fire emissions and account for 1% of net primary production. Fossil fuel exports are approximately 1.5-2.5 times greater than territorial fossil fuel emissions. The interannual variability in net ecosystem production exceeds Australia's total carbon emissions from fossil fuels.
Forest in Scotland’s climate change targets | Wendy Aubreyicarb
1. Scotland has climate change targets to reduce CO2 emissions by 80% by 2050 and increase woodland cover to 25% by 2050 through planting 650,000 hectares of new forests.
2. Recent trends show that annual new planting and carbon sequestration have been increasing but remain below target levels.
3. Current projections indicate that Scotland will not meet its full targets for woodland expansion and associated carbon removal based on mid-range emission scenarios and recent planting rates.
The document summarizes technologies for capturing and storing carbon dioxide emissions from power plants. It discusses CO2 sequestration projects in basalt formations in the Pacific Northwest. Nonisothermal reservoir simulations show how injection temperature affects the spread of dissolved CO2 in the reservoir. Legal hurdles for carbon capture and storage projects include resolving mineral rights and liability issues. Monitoring techniques are outlined to track the movement of injected CO2 over time.
This document discusses greenhouse gas accounting for land-based sectors. It covers accounting for national inventories, emissions trading schemes, offset projects, and life cycle assessments. Key points include that accounting methods must balance accuracy and cost while providing the right incentives. For offset projects, abatement must be additional, measurable, permanent, and avoid leakage. Uncertainty can be addressed through discounting estimates or modeling average carbon stocks over the long term. The goal is to reward intentional actions that reduce emissions on average.
There are three main reasons why more businesses do not pursue sustainability according to the document:
1) Businesses do not pay the full costs of pollution, so there is no financial incentive to reduce emissions. A price on carbon is needed to internalize these externalities.
2) Access to capital for investments in sustainability projects can be limited.
3) Lack of information, skills, and understanding of the opportunities also prevents more widespread adoption of sustainability practices.
The document summarizes a life cycle analysis of biomass feedstock recovery systems for bioenergy. It identifies the most common harvest systems, their costs, and conducts a life cycle inventory analysis. It analyzes residue recovery in the inland northwest US and thinned material chipping in the southeast US. The analysis finds that recovery system choice significantly impacts emissions, with in-situ burning generating more emissions than residue recovery. It also finds that feedstock accessibility and costs will be important factors in determining biomass supply.
Thermogravimetric analysis with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR) was used to analyze the pyrolysis and gasification of woody biomass, coal, and their mixtures. Yellow poplar, red oak, and Kingwood coal were tested individually and in various mixtures. The results showed that biomass decomposes at lower temperatures than coal, releasing gaseous products like CO2, CH4, CO, and H2O. Adding biomass to coal was found to enhance and stimulate the pyrolysis and gasification processes of coal. The study provides insight into how different biomass materials may influence the thermal decomposition of coal.
The NCS delivers carbon accounting and carbon management courses both online and through face to face workshops. The NCS developed Australia's first accredited short course in carbon accounting, and Australia's first Diploma of Carbon Management
Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from an oil palm plantati...CIFOR-ICRAF
Although nitrous oxide only makes up 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions, it has nearly 300 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide. In this presentation, CIFOR scientist Kristell Hergoualc’h explains results from collaborative research between CIFOR, ICRAF, CIRAD and PT Bakrie, which show that nitrogen fertiliser can exacerbate the production of soil nitrous oxide greenhouse gases when applied to oil palms grown on deep peat. She gave this presentation on 23 February 2012 at the International Conference on Oil Palm & Environment (ICOPE) held in Bali, Indonesia. The conference had the theme ‘Conserving forest, expanding sustainable palm oil production’.
Eleanor Carter-Silk Blue Carbon PhD Outlinebubbellie
This document outlines Eleanor Carter-Silk's PhD research on valuing the socio-economic benefits of the marine ecosystem service of gas and climate regulation. It provides background on ecosystem services and previous studies that have valued gas and climate regulation. Carter-Silk's project will develop a more accurate determination of how this regulating service changes under different scenarios to inform spatial planning and policy decisions. The project will model the full carbon cycle at local scales to establish how carbon is produced, buried, and exchanged between the atmosphere and oceans to quantify the economic value of changes in this regulating service.
Choosing the Clean Path for Fueling Our Transportation FutureLiz Barratt-Brown
The document discusses the environmental impacts and policy implications of expanding production of high-carbon fuels like tar sands and oil shale. It argues that developing these fuels undermines efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve climate goals. Tar sands extraction in particular has significant land use and water impacts. Increased reliance on high-carbon fuels could make an 80% reduction in transportation emissions by 2050 impossible and undermine energy security goals by locking in long-term dependence on oil. Alternative solutions are needed that reduce oil use and avoid environmentally destructive sources of fuel.
Advanced global trading lotus page 7 days 121209Mahmood Yaqub
Keep it Green provides tips on reducing one's carbon footprint in the new year from carbon market expert Franklin Connellan. Some tips include turning electronics off at the wall when not in use, checking your car's fuel efficiency and trading in old inefficient vehicles, using public transportation where possible, hanging clothes to dry instead of using a dryer, recycling items, planting trees for shade and carbon absorption, and regularly servicing appliances to improve efficiency. The article also discusses Lotus F1 Team's busy off-season preparations and driver Romain Grosjean continuing to race.
CCS Assessment in the Philippines - Carlo Arcilla and Raymond TanGlobal CCS Institute
This presentation was given as part of the CCS Ready workshop which was held in association with the 6th Asia Clean Energy Forum (20 – 24 June, Manila)
The workshop discussed the range of measures and best practices that can be implemented to prompt the design, permitting and construction of CCS projects when designing or building a new fossil fuelled energy or industrial plant.
The workshop hosted participants of the Asian Development Banks’ Regional Technical Assistance Program who updated the group on the outcomes of their individual projects.
This presentation provides an update on the current project being undertaken under the Asian Development Bank’s Regional Technical Assistance Program which aims to conduct an analysis of the potential for CCS, culminating in a road map for a CCS demonstration project in the Philippines.
The document provides scoring guidelines for the 2000 AP Environmental Science exam. It outlines the scoring criteria for question 1, including setting up calculations to determine energy usage, materials needed, and pollutants released from power plant operations. It also provides scoring details for questions 2-4, describing the points awarded for summarizing arguments, providing scientific evidence, and making recommendations.
Trident Group operates textile manufacturing campuses across India with a total land area of over 1750 acres. It has yarn, home textiles and paper manufacturing units. The company has proposed multiple energy conservation projects for 2013-2014 focused on reducing power, steam and water consumption across its operations. Key initiatives include improving heat recovery systems, installing variable frequency drives and more efficient pumps and motors. The total investment is estimated at 3.53 crores with projected annual savings of over 7 crores and a payback period of 6 months.
1) The document describes an integrated solar assisted heat pump (ISAHP) system that uses unglazed solar collectors as the evaporator in a refrigeration cycle to increase panel efficiency and heat pump COP.
2) A prototype was built using an R600a refrigerant in a vapor compression cycle coupled to a water storage tank. Testing showed the ISAHP achieved higher solar panel efficiencies of 0.7-0.9 and higher heat pump COPs of 6-8.5 compared to traditional solar systems.
3) The ISAHP provides energy savings over traditional solar thermal systems due to the higher solar collector efficiency keeping panel temperatures lower and the higher evaporator temperatures increasing heat pump performance. The use of
David Rosenthal - Crop Fertilization in a CO2 enriched world: is it good to be C3? (presentation from Adaptation session at CCAFS Science Workshop, December 2010)
1. Global warming is causing polar bears to drown due to lack of sea ice and threatening their food sources.
2. Scientists have predicted for over 30 years that increased greenhouse gases will cause unnatural climate changes, including rising sea levels and temperatures.
3. Evidence shows the planet is warming faster than ever before in the past 65 million years, leading to more extreme weather and fastest extinction rate on record. Urgent action is needed to reduce greenhouse gases.
Reconciling greenhouse gas emissions from measurements and modelling in the l...icarb
1) Current greenhouse gas emission reporting methods provide simple estimates that may not accurately reflect actual emissions and do not help guide mitigation.
2) Process-based models can provide more detailed and accurate estimates of emissions by taking into account factors like soil type, temperature, fertilizer use and crop growth, which inter-annual reporting methods do not.
3) Improving emission estimates through measurement data, refined models and reporting approaches can help develop agricultural systems that reduce environmental impacts from greenhouse gas emissions.
This document summarizes a presentation on ozone deposition effects on carbon assimilation in Mediterranean forests. It discusses how ozone is taken up by plants through stomatal openings and surface deposition, and the chemical reactions that occur. It provides examples of long-term carbon flux measurements in a Holm oak forest that show the forest removes about 600 g of CO2 per square meter per year. Stomatal ozone fluxes are highest in late spring when conductance is high, with up to 8 g of ozone removed per square meter annually by the Holm oak forest. Regression models show stomatal ozone deposition explains reductions in gross primary productivity better than ozone concentration alone.
The first climate and weather presentation I\'ve given for 2012. Went over well, especially since I\'ve included video and improved the narrative (thanks to Stephan and John and their Debunking Handbook for that).
1. Grasslands provide important ecosystem services like soil protection, water quality regulation, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity support.
2. There is a trade-off between high grassland productivity for food/fiber and other ecosystem services. Grasslands need to be analyzed for both production and services.
3. Grazing animals can decouple carbon and nitrogen cycles, leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions and nitrate leaching above certain stocking densities. Intensification is limited by environmental impacts.
The document summarizes technologies for capturing and storing carbon dioxide emissions from power plants. It discusses CO2 sequestration projects in basalt formations in the Pacific Northwest. Nonisothermal reservoir simulations show how injection temperature affects the spread of dissolved CO2 in the reservoir. Legal hurdles for carbon capture and storage projects include resolving mineral rights and liability issues. Monitoring techniques are outlined to track the movement of injected CO2 over time.
This document discusses greenhouse gas accounting for land-based sectors. It covers accounting for national inventories, emissions trading schemes, offset projects, and life cycle assessments. Key points include that accounting methods must balance accuracy and cost while providing the right incentives. For offset projects, abatement must be additional, measurable, permanent, and avoid leakage. Uncertainty can be addressed through discounting estimates or modeling average carbon stocks over the long term. The goal is to reward intentional actions that reduce emissions on average.
There are three main reasons why more businesses do not pursue sustainability according to the document:
1) Businesses do not pay the full costs of pollution, so there is no financial incentive to reduce emissions. A price on carbon is needed to internalize these externalities.
2) Access to capital for investments in sustainability projects can be limited.
3) Lack of information, skills, and understanding of the opportunities also prevents more widespread adoption of sustainability practices.
The document summarizes a life cycle analysis of biomass feedstock recovery systems for bioenergy. It identifies the most common harvest systems, their costs, and conducts a life cycle inventory analysis. It analyzes residue recovery in the inland northwest US and thinned material chipping in the southeast US. The analysis finds that recovery system choice significantly impacts emissions, with in-situ burning generating more emissions than residue recovery. It also finds that feedstock accessibility and costs will be important factors in determining biomass supply.
Thermogravimetric analysis with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR) was used to analyze the pyrolysis and gasification of woody biomass, coal, and their mixtures. Yellow poplar, red oak, and Kingwood coal were tested individually and in various mixtures. The results showed that biomass decomposes at lower temperatures than coal, releasing gaseous products like CO2, CH4, CO, and H2O. Adding biomass to coal was found to enhance and stimulate the pyrolysis and gasification processes of coal. The study provides insight into how different biomass materials may influence the thermal decomposition of coal.
The NCS delivers carbon accounting and carbon management courses both online and through face to face workshops. The NCS developed Australia's first accredited short course in carbon accounting, and Australia's first Diploma of Carbon Management
Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from an oil palm plantati...CIFOR-ICRAF
Although nitrous oxide only makes up 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions, it has nearly 300 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide. In this presentation, CIFOR scientist Kristell Hergoualc’h explains results from collaborative research between CIFOR, ICRAF, CIRAD and PT Bakrie, which show that nitrogen fertiliser can exacerbate the production of soil nitrous oxide greenhouse gases when applied to oil palms grown on deep peat. She gave this presentation on 23 February 2012 at the International Conference on Oil Palm & Environment (ICOPE) held in Bali, Indonesia. The conference had the theme ‘Conserving forest, expanding sustainable palm oil production’.
Eleanor Carter-Silk Blue Carbon PhD Outlinebubbellie
This document outlines Eleanor Carter-Silk's PhD research on valuing the socio-economic benefits of the marine ecosystem service of gas and climate regulation. It provides background on ecosystem services and previous studies that have valued gas and climate regulation. Carter-Silk's project will develop a more accurate determination of how this regulating service changes under different scenarios to inform spatial planning and policy decisions. The project will model the full carbon cycle at local scales to establish how carbon is produced, buried, and exchanged between the atmosphere and oceans to quantify the economic value of changes in this regulating service.
Choosing the Clean Path for Fueling Our Transportation FutureLiz Barratt-Brown
The document discusses the environmental impacts and policy implications of expanding production of high-carbon fuels like tar sands and oil shale. It argues that developing these fuels undermines efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve climate goals. Tar sands extraction in particular has significant land use and water impacts. Increased reliance on high-carbon fuels could make an 80% reduction in transportation emissions by 2050 impossible and undermine energy security goals by locking in long-term dependence on oil. Alternative solutions are needed that reduce oil use and avoid environmentally destructive sources of fuel.
Advanced global trading lotus page 7 days 121209Mahmood Yaqub
Keep it Green provides tips on reducing one's carbon footprint in the new year from carbon market expert Franklin Connellan. Some tips include turning electronics off at the wall when not in use, checking your car's fuel efficiency and trading in old inefficient vehicles, using public transportation where possible, hanging clothes to dry instead of using a dryer, recycling items, planting trees for shade and carbon absorption, and regularly servicing appliances to improve efficiency. The article also discusses Lotus F1 Team's busy off-season preparations and driver Romain Grosjean continuing to race.
CCS Assessment in the Philippines - Carlo Arcilla and Raymond TanGlobal CCS Institute
This presentation was given as part of the CCS Ready workshop which was held in association with the 6th Asia Clean Energy Forum (20 – 24 June, Manila)
The workshop discussed the range of measures and best practices that can be implemented to prompt the design, permitting and construction of CCS projects when designing or building a new fossil fuelled energy or industrial plant.
The workshop hosted participants of the Asian Development Banks’ Regional Technical Assistance Program who updated the group on the outcomes of their individual projects.
This presentation provides an update on the current project being undertaken under the Asian Development Bank’s Regional Technical Assistance Program which aims to conduct an analysis of the potential for CCS, culminating in a road map for a CCS demonstration project in the Philippines.
The document provides scoring guidelines for the 2000 AP Environmental Science exam. It outlines the scoring criteria for question 1, including setting up calculations to determine energy usage, materials needed, and pollutants released from power plant operations. It also provides scoring details for questions 2-4, describing the points awarded for summarizing arguments, providing scientific evidence, and making recommendations.
Trident Group operates textile manufacturing campuses across India with a total land area of over 1750 acres. It has yarn, home textiles and paper manufacturing units. The company has proposed multiple energy conservation projects for 2013-2014 focused on reducing power, steam and water consumption across its operations. Key initiatives include improving heat recovery systems, installing variable frequency drives and more efficient pumps and motors. The total investment is estimated at 3.53 crores with projected annual savings of over 7 crores and a payback period of 6 months.
1) The document describes an integrated solar assisted heat pump (ISAHP) system that uses unglazed solar collectors as the evaporator in a refrigeration cycle to increase panel efficiency and heat pump COP.
2) A prototype was built using an R600a refrigerant in a vapor compression cycle coupled to a water storage tank. Testing showed the ISAHP achieved higher solar panel efficiencies of 0.7-0.9 and higher heat pump COPs of 6-8.5 compared to traditional solar systems.
3) The ISAHP provides energy savings over traditional solar thermal systems due to the higher solar collector efficiency keeping panel temperatures lower and the higher evaporator temperatures increasing heat pump performance. The use of
Similar to David Ellsworth_Spatial variability in leaf N and detecting elevated carbon dioxide response in a Eucalyptus woodland ecosystem in the Cumberland Plain ('EucFACE')
David Rosenthal - Crop Fertilization in a CO2 enriched world: is it good to be C3? (presentation from Adaptation session at CCAFS Science Workshop, December 2010)
1. Global warming is causing polar bears to drown due to lack of sea ice and threatening their food sources.
2. Scientists have predicted for over 30 years that increased greenhouse gases will cause unnatural climate changes, including rising sea levels and temperatures.
3. Evidence shows the planet is warming faster than ever before in the past 65 million years, leading to more extreme weather and fastest extinction rate on record. Urgent action is needed to reduce greenhouse gases.
Reconciling greenhouse gas emissions from measurements and modelling in the l...icarb
1) Current greenhouse gas emission reporting methods provide simple estimates that may not accurately reflect actual emissions and do not help guide mitigation.
2) Process-based models can provide more detailed and accurate estimates of emissions by taking into account factors like soil type, temperature, fertilizer use and crop growth, which inter-annual reporting methods do not.
3) Improving emission estimates through measurement data, refined models and reporting approaches can help develop agricultural systems that reduce environmental impacts from greenhouse gas emissions.
This document summarizes a presentation on ozone deposition effects on carbon assimilation in Mediterranean forests. It discusses how ozone is taken up by plants through stomatal openings and surface deposition, and the chemical reactions that occur. It provides examples of long-term carbon flux measurements in a Holm oak forest that show the forest removes about 600 g of CO2 per square meter per year. Stomatal ozone fluxes are highest in late spring when conductance is high, with up to 8 g of ozone removed per square meter annually by the Holm oak forest. Regression models show stomatal ozone deposition explains reductions in gross primary productivity better than ozone concentration alone.
The first climate and weather presentation I\'ve given for 2012. Went over well, especially since I\'ve included video and improved the narrative (thanks to Stephan and John and their Debunking Handbook for that).
1. Grasslands provide important ecosystem services like soil protection, water quality regulation, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity support.
2. There is a trade-off between high grassland productivity for food/fiber and other ecosystem services. Grasslands need to be analyzed for both production and services.
3. Grazing animals can decouple carbon and nitrogen cycles, leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions and nitrate leaching above certain stocking densities. Intensification is limited by environmental impacts.
This document discusses greenhouse gas emissions from soils and the implications of climate change. It summarizes the processes that generate and consume carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane in soils. It examines the potential impacts of climate change on each greenhouse gas and possible mitigation options. The document outlines that climate change may increase soil carbon dioxide emissions through higher temperatures and altered rainfall patterns, and that nitrous oxide emissions are strongly influenced by temperature and water availability. Future research is needed to better understand these relationships and identify mitigation strategies.
1) The document presents a carbon calculator tool to evaluate the greenhouse gas emissions from developing wind farms on peatland sites in Scotland.
2) It calculates the carbon payback time to determine if emissions from peatland disturbance exceed the long-term carbon savings from wind energy generation.
3) The tool is demonstrated on an example wind farm site, showing that with good management practices like limiting drainage and replanting forests, carbon benefits can be achieved within the lifetime of the wind farm.
The role of mangroves in the fight against climate changeCIFOR-ICRAF
Vietnam is one of the few tropical countries that has increased its forest cover over the past several years, so it plays a unique and important role in global discussions on the importance of forests in combating climate change, sustaining people’s livelihoods and safeguarding biodiversity. Vietnam is also one of five countries expected to be most affected by climate change, due to its long coastline and stretched natural resources.
CIFOR scientist Daniel Murdiyarso gave this presentation on the importance of mangroves for climate change mitigation and adaptation at a journalist training workshop on ‘Investing in coastal ecosystems’ held on 27–29 March 2012 in Da Nang City, Vietnam. Media plays a critical role in informing and influencing public perception, as well as informing policymakers. But aside from limited coverage, most environmental articles, and those on climate change and REDD in particular, are of low quality in Vietnam, most notably in objective reporting of scientific findings. To address these gaps and in response to requests, CIFOR organised a series of media trainings in Vietnam in association with Transparency International, IUCN, UN-REDD and the National Journalism Association.
Monitoring tropical peatlands GHG emissions: Is current scientific knowledge ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Kristell Hergoualc’h, Senior Scientist, CIFOR, at "Online Webinar 2: Biophysical Attributes and Peatland Fires", on 14 October 2020
This presentation underlined existing gaps in data and knowledge on GHG emissions accounting for tropical peatland after restoration efforts. She also shared insights about how GHG emissions can arise from a range of human activities and microbial activities.
This document discusses climate change impacts and solutions for Cambridgeshire, England. It outlines that the region can expect a warmer climate with more extreme temperatures, wetter winters but drier summers, and rising sea levels. These changes may cause coastal and river flooding, soil moisture loss, and impacts on agriculture. The document then discusses potential mitigation solutions like increasing renewable energy and reducing emissions. It also notes the need for adaptation measures to prepare for unavoidable impacts. Finally, it outlines climate actions already taken by Cambridgeshire County Council to tackle climate change through plans, partnerships and exemplar projects.
How can process-based modelling improve tropical peat greenhouse gas emission...CIFOR-ICRAF
The document discusses how process-based modeling can improve greenhouse gas emission factors for tropical peatlands. It summarizes that tropical peatlands store a large amount of carbon but disturbances can trigger high GHG emissions. Current IPCC emission factors are based on limited data. The study uses the DNDC model to simulate carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide fluxes from peat soils in oil palm plantations and forests in Indonesia over 30 years. The modeling results show that IPCC default emission factors may overestimate CO2 emissions and underestimate N2O emissions from older plantations. Secondary forests exhibited higher CO2 emissions than primary forests, indicating more accurate accounting is needed. Process-based modeling can generate more detailed emission factors to improve
This document is a summary for policymakers from the Working Group I contribution to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. It describes the key findings regarding human and natural drivers of climate change based on improved data, analyses, and understanding since the Third Assessment Report. The summary highlights that atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have increased significantly due to human activities since 1750 and now far exceed pre-industrial levels. It also notes that human activities have very likely caused warming of the climate system through radiative forcings, with a best estimate of +1.6 W/m2 net forcing since 1750. Direct observations show warming of the atmosphere and ocean, shrinking glaciers and ice sheets, rising
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
Helen Cleugh_Near-real-time measurement of carbon dioxide, water and energy f...TERN Australia
This document discusses using flux tower and other observational data to constrain land surface models and determine carbon and water budgets across Australia. It describes how the OzFlux network provides carbon dioxide and water flux measurements from different ecosystems. These flux measurements have been used to test and improve land surface models and reduce uncertainty in estimates of net primary production for Australia. Integrating these observational constraints into the BIOS2 modeling framework has provided insights into Australia's dynamic carbon and water cycles at continental scales.
1) The document discusses using the DayCent ecosystem model to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from Irish grasslands and soils.
2) Parameterization of DayCent was done based on a long-term dataset from Northern Ireland to simulate biomass production, soil carbon, water content, and greenhouse gas fluxes.
3) While DayCent captures key processes in mineral soils, it does not adequately simulate organic soils like peatlands. Further improvements would be needed to apply it reliably across all Irish soils.
The document summarizes the value chain of ocean CO2 measurements from collection to synthesis products and applications. Measurements of interior ocean carbon and other variables are compiled in GLODAP, while surface ocean fCO2 measurements from various platforms are compiled in SOCAT. SOCAT contains over 28 million fCO2 values and is used to track increases in surface ocean CO2 and map global surface ocean pCO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes. SOCAT data underpins estimates of the ocean carbon sink and its variability, which challenges models. SOCAT is highly cited and supports sensor evaluation, model evaluation, and studies of the ocean carbon sink and ocean acidification.
Similar to David Ellsworth_Spatial variability in leaf N and detecting elevated carbon dioxide response in a Eucalyptus woodland ecosystem in the Cumberland Plain ('EucFACE') (20)
This publication was endorsed by the National Soils Advocate, The Hon. Penny Wensley AC, on the 8th of December 2022 during the launch of the TERN Australia Soil & Herbarium Collection.
The publication contains the results of 33 interviews with people who, in 2022, have jobs relevant to soils. It is intended for use by secondary and tertiary students who are perhaps wondering what to study or which career might be satisfying - or maybe they have already chosen a soils-related career and are keen to learn something about others who they may meet as lecturers, coworkers or employers.
The booklet will also hopefully be a useful resource for those that assist students with such decisions, including teachers, careers counsellors, guidance officers, librarians, and parents.
TERN Australia Soil & Herbarium Collection BrochureTERN Australia
The TERN Australia Soil and Herbarium Collection contains over 150,000 vegetation and soil samples collected from over 900 sites across Australia, representing every major ecosystem. It has supported the identification of 11 golden everlasting paper daisy species, discovery of new medicines from soil compounds, and improved models of carbon sinks and forests. The collection is unique in linking samples to detailed environmental data and is used by scientists worldwide in fields like agriculture, environmental science and pharmaceutical development.
Summary of TERN monitoring plots in the Pilbara WA, Apr2015 - Jun2021TERN Australia
This report provides a snapshot of the data collected by TERN in the Pilbara, Western Australia. Also included in this report is how to access the data, descriptions of data types, panorama photos and examples of research using TERN data. Plots on the Pilbara were first surveyed by TERN from April 2015 to August 2016. The surveys collected vegetation and soil, data and samples following the AusPlots Rangelands methodology, with 37 plots completed. Some of the plots were revisted in 2021. An updated version of this report will be provided as this data becomes available.
Summary of TERN plots on Kangaroo Island, SA, Oct 2018 - Oct 2021TERN Australia
In October 2018, TERN undertook a survey on Kangaroo Island, South Australia. The survey involved vegetation and soils work following the AusPlots Rangelands methodology, with 13 plots completed. The plots are part of over 800 plots completed nationally. The plots were revisited following the fires in 2020
and again in 2021. This report will be updated as that data becomes available.
Evaluating ecological outcomes in the Regional Land Partnerships Program: A pilot monitoring, evaluation and research (MER) network.
This three-year project will trial Australia’s first MER network by implementing a pilot network – to promote national-scale learning about bushfire recovery across different ecosystem types, and the
ecological effectiveness of post-fire interventions.
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David Ellsworth_Spatial variability in leaf N and detecting elevated carbon dioxide response in a Eucalyptus woodland ecosystem in the Cumberland Plain ('EucFACE')
1. Spatial variability in leaf N:
detecting the elevated CO2 response in a
Eucalyptus woodland ecosystem in the
Cumberland Plain (‘EucFACE’)
or: How much sampling may be needed?
D. Ellsworth1, K. Crous1, B. Moore1, T. Gimeno1,
J. Powell1, P. Reich1,2
David Ellsworth
Hawkesbury Institute for the
Environment
University of Western Sydney, NSW
AUSTRALIA
D.Ellsworth@uws.edu.au
3. Leaf N is a key ecosystem variable
Eucalyptus
Confers
Net photosynthesis
greenness
(nmol g s )
-2 -1
20
via N-
10 containing
chlorophyll
0
10 20 30 40
-1
Leaf Narea (mg g )
N relates to leaf photosynthetic
protein content
N reflects nutritional content C/N ratio affects biogeochemical
for herbivore feeding cycling
4. Leaf N in plant canopies is relatively
stable & can be remotely sensed
New Hampshire, USA
Smith et al. (2002) Ecol. Applic.
12: 1286
5. There is evidence that much of local-scale
canopy variation in leaf N concentration is tree-
based
E. microcorys: region,
What kind of sampling is site and tree variance in N
needed to resolve a plot-
plot difference within a
native Eucalypt woodland
for leaf N and Anet?
If we conduct an
ecosystem manipulation,
are we able to detect the
outcome?
Moore et al. (2004) Ecol. Monogr. 74: 553
6. Study tract of native Cumberland Plain woodland
located in W. Sydney
7. Increasing global CO2 concentration
400
Direct measure
Air [CO2] (ppm-v)
360
Icecore air The atmospheric gas
CO2 is increasing in
320 the atmosphere
Year 2010
in spite of
389 ppm
280
39% above pre-industrial international
1850 1900 1950 2000
agreements to control
YEAR CO2 emissions
Rate of increase
[CO2] at 520 to 555
1970 – 1979: 1.3 ppm y-1 ppm is expected by
1980 – 1989: 1.6 ppm y1 2050
1990 – 1999: 1.5 ppm y-1
2000 - 2009: 1.9 ppm y-1 Data Source: P. Tans & T. Conway, NOAA/ESRL
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/iadv
8. EucFACE
involves circular
plots for free-air CO2
enrichment
Plots are 25m diameter
and release CO2 in a
computer-controlled
fashion.
There are 6 plots, 3
ambient and 3 ambient
+150ppm CO2
9. EucFACE
A study of elevated CO2 effects on a mature grassy woodland
ecosystem
Free-Air CO2 Enrichment
Computer-controlled emission of CO2 from vent pipes
CO2
Wind Calm
CO2
Valve emitting CO2 Valves must be modulated rapidly:
Valve closed < 10 sec response
EucFACE controls plot [CO2] at 540 ppm
after 6-month ramp-up period
10. Stepped increase in [CO2] in EucFACE
540
+150ppm
+120ppm
Treatment [CO2]
+90ppm
+60ppm
+30ppm
Step
2 Jan.
Current [CO2]
390
level A/S S/O O/N N/D D/J J/F Years …
Timeframe (months)
11. Stepped increase in [CO2] in EucFACE
125
Daytime treatment [CO2]
in ppm above ambient
100
540
75
50
Timeframe (months)
25
Month
12. Simple hypotheses for elevated CO2 effects
on plant processes
Do the effects we know at the small scale
propagate to affect ecosystem processes
for a mature forest?
13. Leaf net photosynthesis (Anet) and leaf chemistry
is safely measured at ~20m height in the canopy
15. Pretreatment leaf %N among 66 mature Eucalyptus
trees (6 month old leaves sampled in autumn)
Grand mean 1.73 ± 0.06%
1.69%
1.69% 1.76%
1.81%
1.77%
1.64%
16. Power curves - likelihood we don’t detect a
CO2 effect on leaf N that is real
Effect size = 0.15
High probability of rejecting
the null and finding a
treatment difference when
Power (1-β) for leaf %N
there actually is a difference
Low probability of rejecting
the null when it is actually
false
# trees sampled per plot
17. How much sampling is needed to detect an
CO2 effect on leaf N?
Effect size = 0.05 Effect size = 0.10 Effect size = 0.20
Power (1-β) for leaf %N
2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
# trees sampled per plot
18. How much sampling? Power curves
Effect size = 0.05 Effect size = 0.10 Effect size = 0.20
Power (1-β) for leaf %N
2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
# trees sampled per plot
19. Power - likelihood we don’t detect a CO2
effect on leaf N that is real
Effect size = 0.15
High probability of rejecting
the null and finding a
treatment difference when
there actually is a difference
Power (1-β) for leaf %N
With 2 leaves per tree, the possible minimum sample size to be reasonably likely
to detect a -15% effect on leaf N may be about 3 trees per plot
Low probability of rejecting
the null when it is actually
false
# trees sampled per plot
20. Pretreatment leaf net photosynthetic capacity at
390 ppm CO2 among 18 mature Eucalyptus trees (6
month old leaves sampled in autumn)
Grand mean Anet = 16.4 ± 0.7 mmol CO2 m-2 s-1
or 72 nmol CO2 g-1 d.w. s-1
16.8
17.9 18.1
17.0
14.9
13.7
21. Power - likelihood we don’t detect a
CO2 effect on photosynthesis that exists
Effect size = 0.2
High probability of rejecting
the null and finding a
treatment difference when
there actually is a difference
Power (1-β) for Anet
With 2 leaves per tree, the possible minimum sample size to be reasonably likely
to detect a 20% effect on net photosynthesis may be about 3 trees per ring
Low probability of rejecting
the null when it is actually
false
# trees sampled per ring
22. Conclusions – can we detect effects of
elevated CO2 at +150ppm on plants?
This study evaluated variability in leaf N and Anet
before the CO2 treatment in FACE started.
The largest source of variability in N is tree-tree, not
plot-plot.
The experiment is robust enough that we can find a
statistical difference when it really exists, with our
minimal replication.
23. Conclusions – continued
We can statistically detect a CO2 effect decreasing
leaf N concentration by 15% with 3 rings and
adequate tree subsamples, but not less.
We can detect a 20% increase in Anet with eCO2 with
our replication.
FACE has now (2 wks ago) reached full treatment for
[CO2].
25. How much did ↑CO2 drive increased
photosynthesis in the canopy?
K. Crous, T. Gimeno data
Ambient
Elevated
+37%
25 Pretreatmt 25 +17% 25
Net photosynthesis
20 20 20
(mol m s )
-2 -1
15 15 15
10 10 10
5 5 5
0 0 0
May 2012 Oct 2012 Feb 2013 est.
(+15% in CO2) (+39% in CO2)
Data from ‘old’ leaves at the canopy top of 18 Eucalyptus trees across the 6
plots. The expected enhancement is estimated from short-term [CO2] increases
at leaf-level and this is an upper bound to what is possible.
26. What does is a free-air experiment?
FACE = free-air CO2 enrichment
[CO2] is computer-controlled
within a large volume
Forest canopies are variable, tall and hard to sample
Power is the probability that the test will reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false.
Power is the probability that the test will reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false.
Power is the probability that the test will reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false.
Power is the probability that the test will reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false.
We would be trying to resolve about a 30% increase in Anet at 540ppm for three of these rings – that’s about a rate of 21 umol m-2 s-1
Power is the probability that the test will reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false. From Primer, it is when there are systematic differences between CO2 treatments but we fail to reject the null and conclude incorrectly that there is only random variation among experimental units.Used to compute minimum sample size required to be reasonably likely to detect an effect of a given size
Power is the probability that the test will reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false. Experiment won’t allow us to find ‘false positives’.
Power is the probability that the test will reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false. Experiment won’t allow us to find ‘false positives’.