The document provides scoring guidelines for the 2000 AP Environmental Science exam. It outlines the scoring criteria for question 1, including setting up calculations to determine energy usage, materials needed, and pollutants released from power plant operations. It also provides scoring details for questions 2-4, describing the points awarded for summarizing arguments, providing scientific evidence, and making recommendations.
David Ellsworth_Spatial variability in leaf N and detecting elevated carbon d...TERN Australia
This document discusses a study examining the spatial variability of leaf nitrogen (N) concentration in a Eucalyptus woodland ecosystem exposed to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels through a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment. It finds that the largest source of leaf N variability is between individual trees rather than between plots. Power analyses show the study is adequately powered to statistically detect a 15% decrease in leaf N or a 20% increase in leaf photosynthesis with the experimental design. The conclusions are that the FACE experiment can detect the predicted effects of elevated CO2 on plant physiology and help answer how increased CO2 may drive changes in forest canopy photosynthesis.
Payment for ecosystem services (PES) is a type of environmental policy instrument that gives the owner of a natural resource direct incentives to manage it in society’s best interest. For the resource owner this usually means giving up some private income (for example from timber sale) in exchange for a compensation for the ecosystem services (for example climate regulation, water purification, biodiversity protection, reduced nutrient runoff etc.). This report provides an overview of current theory and experiences from the use of PES in OECD countries, and discusses options to expand and improve PES schemes in the Nordic countries.
This document discusses REDD+, a mechanism for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. It notes that past policies have failed to stop deforestation, and additional incentives are needed to encourage forest conservation. REDD+ aims to provide payments from polluters in advanced countries to support conservation and sustainable forest management in developing countries. The document summarizes key COP meetings that advanced REDD+ and established safeguards. It also provides examples of a REDD+ pilot project in Nepal that measured forest carbon, distributed payments to communities, and found social and environmental co-benefits of the program.
The document is the 2001 free-response questions for the AP Environmental Science exam. It contains 4 questions addressing various topics in environmental science, including heating a house, food web relationships in an oak forest, indoor air pollution, and water quality testing on a stream near a hog farm. Students have 90 minutes to answer all 4 questions by writing responses in the provided booklet.
The document calculates the potential energy, cost, and carbon dioxide emissions savings from air drying hair instead of using a hair dryer. It finds that using a hair dryer for 5 minutes per day would consume 57 kWh of energy per year, cost $4.50, and produce 78 pounds of carbon dioxide emissions. By air drying instead, one could reduce their energy usage, savings on electric bills, and carbon dioxide output into the atmosphere. The document concludes that from an environmental perspective, air drying one's hair is the better option compared to using a hair dryer.
This document discusses the characteristics and management of municipal solid waste. It describes the chemical and physical properties of solid waste, including moisture content, volatile matter, ash, and energy properties. It also discusses why solid waste management is needed due to issues like greenhouse gas emissions and lack of disposal areas. Sustainable solutions discussed include recycling, converting waste to energy through processes like incineration and pyrolysis, and converting waste to chemicals. The objectives of policies are to promote these solutions to deal with increasing waste amounts.
This document presents a proposal for an anaerobic digestion system to process food waste from Clemson University's dining halls. It estimates that 262.5 tons of food waste is produced annually that could be used to produce biogas through anaerobic digestion. The goals of the project are to destroy 60% of volatile solids and produce 70% of the theoretical methane yield from the food waste. The document discusses governing equations, preliminary data collection, system design considerations, energy output estimates, and sustainability measures for the proposed anaerobic digestion system.
The document evaluates cinnamon wood as a potential biofuel for electricity generation in Yen Bai, Vietnam. It finds that the existing 81,700 hectares of cinnamon plantations could produce around 209,000 MWh of electricity per year, with a generating capacity of 34 MW. This would inject an estimated 216 billion Vietnamese Dong annually into the local economy through sales of cinnamon firewood used for fuel. The analysis examines characteristics of cinnamon wood like calorific value and moisture content, estimates the amount of wood required to produce 1 kWh of electricity, and calculates the potential electricity output from current cinnamon cultivation areas.
David Ellsworth_Spatial variability in leaf N and detecting elevated carbon d...TERN Australia
This document discusses a study examining the spatial variability of leaf nitrogen (N) concentration in a Eucalyptus woodland ecosystem exposed to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels through a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment. It finds that the largest source of leaf N variability is between individual trees rather than between plots. Power analyses show the study is adequately powered to statistically detect a 15% decrease in leaf N or a 20% increase in leaf photosynthesis with the experimental design. The conclusions are that the FACE experiment can detect the predicted effects of elevated CO2 on plant physiology and help answer how increased CO2 may drive changes in forest canopy photosynthesis.
Payment for ecosystem services (PES) is a type of environmental policy instrument that gives the owner of a natural resource direct incentives to manage it in society’s best interest. For the resource owner this usually means giving up some private income (for example from timber sale) in exchange for a compensation for the ecosystem services (for example climate regulation, water purification, biodiversity protection, reduced nutrient runoff etc.). This report provides an overview of current theory and experiences from the use of PES in OECD countries, and discusses options to expand and improve PES schemes in the Nordic countries.
This document discusses REDD+, a mechanism for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. It notes that past policies have failed to stop deforestation, and additional incentives are needed to encourage forest conservation. REDD+ aims to provide payments from polluters in advanced countries to support conservation and sustainable forest management in developing countries. The document summarizes key COP meetings that advanced REDD+ and established safeguards. It also provides examples of a REDD+ pilot project in Nepal that measured forest carbon, distributed payments to communities, and found social and environmental co-benefits of the program.
The document is the 2001 free-response questions for the AP Environmental Science exam. It contains 4 questions addressing various topics in environmental science, including heating a house, food web relationships in an oak forest, indoor air pollution, and water quality testing on a stream near a hog farm. Students have 90 minutes to answer all 4 questions by writing responses in the provided booklet.
The document calculates the potential energy, cost, and carbon dioxide emissions savings from air drying hair instead of using a hair dryer. It finds that using a hair dryer for 5 minutes per day would consume 57 kWh of energy per year, cost $4.50, and produce 78 pounds of carbon dioxide emissions. By air drying instead, one could reduce their energy usage, savings on electric bills, and carbon dioxide output into the atmosphere. The document concludes that from an environmental perspective, air drying one's hair is the better option compared to using a hair dryer.
This document discusses the characteristics and management of municipal solid waste. It describes the chemical and physical properties of solid waste, including moisture content, volatile matter, ash, and energy properties. It also discusses why solid waste management is needed due to issues like greenhouse gas emissions and lack of disposal areas. Sustainable solutions discussed include recycling, converting waste to energy through processes like incineration and pyrolysis, and converting waste to chemicals. The objectives of policies are to promote these solutions to deal with increasing waste amounts.
This document presents a proposal for an anaerobic digestion system to process food waste from Clemson University's dining halls. It estimates that 262.5 tons of food waste is produced annually that could be used to produce biogas through anaerobic digestion. The goals of the project are to destroy 60% of volatile solids and produce 70% of the theoretical methane yield from the food waste. The document discusses governing equations, preliminary data collection, system design considerations, energy output estimates, and sustainability measures for the proposed anaerobic digestion system.
The document evaluates cinnamon wood as a potential biofuel for electricity generation in Yen Bai, Vietnam. It finds that the existing 81,700 hectares of cinnamon plantations could produce around 209,000 MWh of electricity per year, with a generating capacity of 34 MW. This would inject an estimated 216 billion Vietnamese Dong annually into the local economy through sales of cinnamon firewood used for fuel. The analysis examines characteristics of cinnamon wood like calorific value and moisture content, estimates the amount of wood required to produce 1 kWh of electricity, and calculates the potential electricity output from current cinnamon cultivation areas.
The document provides design criteria and an example design for an anaerobic sludge digestion system. Key points:
- It selects anaerobic digestion with two completely mixed digesters operated at 35°C for sludge stabilization.
- Design parameters include volatile solids loading, retention time, mixing method, gas production estimates, and characteristics of influent and digested sludge.
- The example design calculates digester sizing based on flow and loading, dimensions two 13.7m diameter digesters, and verifies loading rates and retention times meet requirements.
This document analyzes the carbon footprint of Kings International School in the UK. It finds that the school's total carbon footprint is over 2 million tons of CO2e per year. The largest contributors are energy use, waste, and buildings. The report recommends that the school adopt renewable energy technologies and other sustainability measures to reduce its carbon footprint and environmental impact. Managing carbon footprint reduction would help lower costs, improve health and performance, and position the school as an eco-friendly brand.
The document discusses fuel types, water treatment processes, and heat transfer calculations. It describes the three main types of fuels as solid, liquid, and gaseous. It also outlines several water treatment steps including removal of suspensions, dissolved salts, minerals, and pathogens. Specific heat capacity and formulas for calculating heat requirements for various processes like heating food or water are provided.
Option C Energy Density, Specific Energy, Carbon Footprint and Ocean Acidific...Lawrence kok
The document discusses energy density, specific energy, CO2 emissions, and global warming. It provides definitions for energy density as the energy produced per unit volume and specific energy as the energy produced per unit mass. Renewable energy sources can be replenished faster than they are used, while non-renewables are used faster than they can be replaced. Strategies to reduce CO2 emissions include improving energy efficiency, reducing dependence on carbon fuels, and using renewable energy and carbon capture/storage technologies.
The document discusses a life cycle analysis of different pallet types and phytosanitary treatment methods. It finds that methyl bromide fumigation has the largest impact on global warming and ozone depletion, while conventional heat treatment has the largest impacts across other environmental categories. Microwave and radio frequency treatment produce lower life cycle impacts than conventional heat treatment or methyl bromide. Wooden pallets with conventional or alternative treatments have a 10-20% lower carbon footprint over their lifecycle than plastic pallets or wood treated with methyl bromide. Plastic pallets do not clearly have environmental advantages over treated wood. Longer heat treatment schedules increase costs and environmental impacts significantly.
This document summarizes a study that quantified and valued the ecosystem services provided by tree-based intercropping systems in Quebec, Canada. The study assessed services like soil quality regulation, food and fiber production, water quality regulation, pollination, wind protection, biological control, air quality regulation, and climate regulation. It used indicators and data to estimate biophysical production of services and economic valuation methods to assign monetary values. The study found that while private agricultural benefits were slightly reduced, the total value of ecosystem services greatly exceeded this and that agroforestry could help limit future climate change impacts on crop yields. It was supported by funding from Ouranos and the Fonds vert of the Quebec government.
Preparation of carbon ( from coconut shell) and determination of surface area...Mithil Fal Desai
Carbon or charcoal has various applications. It is amorphous in nature and has a high surface area. It is prepared by pyrolysis of carbonaceous material like wood and coconut shell.
Energy can take many forms including kinetic, chemical, thermal, nuclear, and electric. Forces like gravity, electromagnetism, and nuclear forces can produce different types of energy. The document defines energy and discusses the various forms it can take and the forces that produce it. It also discusses concepts like energy conversion, efficiency, and the laws of thermodynamics including entropy and the second law. Common energy conversion devices like heat engines and their efficiencies are also summarized.
Based on the example of Appleton Farms, America’s oldest working farm and a commercial- scale vegetable and dairy operation, we will present the farm’s detailed carbon-counting model, review the specific measures used to eliminate it’s carbon footprint and then facilitate an interactive discussion on ways to engage the public in sustainability.
What is 1 tonne Carbon Dioxide? (CO2e) carbon footprint and embodied carbonCircular Ecology
This document discusses perspectives on a single tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions. It provides context on CO2e and sustainable development. It then examines what can be produced with 1 tonne of CO2e emissions from different perspectives: transport (distances traveled by various modes), food (amounts of various foods, drinks), and materials (amounts of various materials). The document emphasizes that reducing embodied carbon through design and material choices does not necessarily increase costs. It promotes using influence in design, specification, purchasing, and disposal to reduce CO2e emissions.
This document analyzes alternatives for reducing the carbon emissions of Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore. It calculates NTU's current carbon footprint across three scopes: Scope 1 looks at emissions from internal shuttle buses totaling 47.1 metric tons, Scope 2 looks at emissions from purchased electricity and heat totaling 3,505.75 metric tons, and Scope 3 looks at emissions from students taking public transportation totaling 10,361.21 metric tons. Three alternatives are considered: shifting some courses online, purchasing carbon offsets by planting trees in Australia, and implementing a tiered pricing model for hall room rentals based on utility usage. The document evaluates each alternative based on carbon reductions, costs, effort required, and
Perspectives on the role of CO2 capture and utilisation (CCU) in climate chan...Global CCS Institute
Achieving the target set during COP21 will require the deployment of a diverse portfolio of solutions, including fuel switching, improvements in energy efficiency, increasing use of nuclear and renewable power, as well as carbon capture and storage (CCS).
It is in the context of CCS that carbon capture and utilisation (CCU), or conversion (CCC), is often mentioned. Once we have captured and purified the CO2, it is sometimes argued that we should aim to convert the CO2 to useful products such as fuels or plastics, or otherwise use the CO2 in processes such as enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR). This is broadly referred to as CCU.
In this webinar, Niall Mac Dowell, Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) in the Centre for Process Systems Engineering and the Centre for Environmental Policy at Imperial College London, presented about the scale of the challenge associated with climate change mitigation and contextualise the value which CO2 conversion and utilisation options can provide.
Co2 emission rate per MWh of energy generated from coal fired plantsDavid Palmer, EIT
It has been proven that carbon dioxide emissions (greenhouse gases GHGs) absorb energy, slowing or preventing the loss of heat to space. In this way, GHGs act like a blanket, making Earth warmer than it would otherwise be. This process is commonly known as the “greenhouse effect”. How much GHGs are actually emitted from Ontario plants.
Sacred Spaces and an Abudant Life - Reformed Church in America Z8Y
The document discusses the importance of being good stewards of houses of worship and their sacred spaces. It notes that these spaces are where communities come to worship and be spiritually nourished. As those who have been blessed with these gathering places, there is a responsibility to care for them. The document suggests that congregations can cut energy costs and emissions through energy efficiency upgrades and practices like installing efficient lighting and thermostats. It encourages reducing toxic materials and products to keep worship spaces healthy.
Sacred Spaces and an Abudant Life - Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Z8Y
The document discusses the importance of good stewardship of houses of worship. It argues that as communities of faith are blessed with sacred spaces for worship and ministry, they also have responsibilities to care for these spaces. This involves practices like energy efficiency, reducing toxic materials, conserving water and land, and maintaining the spaces in a way that honors God and cares for creation. The document provides many specific suggestions that congregations can implement to be better stewards of their facilities in an environmentally sustainable and socially just way.
Sacred Spaces and an Abudant Life - United Methodist Church Z8Y
The document discusses the importance of good stewardship of houses of worship. It argues that as communities of faith are blessed with sacred spaces for worship and ministry, they also have responsibilities to care for these spaces. This involves practices like energy efficiency, reducing toxic materials, conserving water and land, and maintaining the spaces in a way that honors God and cares for all of God's creation. The document provides many specific suggestions that congregations can implement to be better stewards of their facilities in an environmentally sustainable and socially just way.
Sacred Spaces and an Abudant Life - Presbyterian Church Z8Y
The document discusses the importance of good stewardship of houses of worship. It argues that as communities of faith are blessed with sacred spaces for worship and ministry, they also have responsibilities to care for these spaces. This involves practices like energy efficiency, reducing toxic materials, conserving water and land, and maintaining the spaces in a way that honors God and cares for all of God's creation. The document provides many specific suggestions that congregations can implement to be better stewards of their facilities in an environmentally sustainable and socially just way.
This document is a syllabus for Cambridge International A & AS Level Biology. It outlines the aims, assessment objectives, content, and assessment details of the course. The aims are to provide students with an educational experience in biology, develop relevant skills and attitudes, and stimulate interest in biology. The course is assessed through multiple choice, structured, and practical exam papers that test knowledge, handling information, and experimental skills. The syllabus content is divided into core topics and applications.
This document outlines two extra credit opportunities for Ms. Donohue's class: Classroom Supply Extra Credit and Novel Extra Credit. For Classroom Supply Extra Credit, students can receive points for donating classroom supplies like copy paper, dry erase markers, or latex gloves, with a maximum of 25 points. For Novel Extra Credit, students can receive 20 points for donating their copy of one of the specified class novels.
The document provides design criteria and an example design for an anaerobic sludge digestion system. Key points:
- It selects anaerobic digestion with two completely mixed digesters operated at 35°C for sludge stabilization.
- Design parameters include volatile solids loading, retention time, mixing method, gas production estimates, and characteristics of influent and digested sludge.
- The example design calculates digester sizing based on flow and loading, dimensions two 13.7m diameter digesters, and verifies loading rates and retention times meet requirements.
This document analyzes the carbon footprint of Kings International School in the UK. It finds that the school's total carbon footprint is over 2 million tons of CO2e per year. The largest contributors are energy use, waste, and buildings. The report recommends that the school adopt renewable energy technologies and other sustainability measures to reduce its carbon footprint and environmental impact. Managing carbon footprint reduction would help lower costs, improve health and performance, and position the school as an eco-friendly brand.
The document discusses fuel types, water treatment processes, and heat transfer calculations. It describes the three main types of fuels as solid, liquid, and gaseous. It also outlines several water treatment steps including removal of suspensions, dissolved salts, minerals, and pathogens. Specific heat capacity and formulas for calculating heat requirements for various processes like heating food or water are provided.
Option C Energy Density, Specific Energy, Carbon Footprint and Ocean Acidific...Lawrence kok
The document discusses energy density, specific energy, CO2 emissions, and global warming. It provides definitions for energy density as the energy produced per unit volume and specific energy as the energy produced per unit mass. Renewable energy sources can be replenished faster than they are used, while non-renewables are used faster than they can be replaced. Strategies to reduce CO2 emissions include improving energy efficiency, reducing dependence on carbon fuels, and using renewable energy and carbon capture/storage technologies.
The document discusses a life cycle analysis of different pallet types and phytosanitary treatment methods. It finds that methyl bromide fumigation has the largest impact on global warming and ozone depletion, while conventional heat treatment has the largest impacts across other environmental categories. Microwave and radio frequency treatment produce lower life cycle impacts than conventional heat treatment or methyl bromide. Wooden pallets with conventional or alternative treatments have a 10-20% lower carbon footprint over their lifecycle than plastic pallets or wood treated with methyl bromide. Plastic pallets do not clearly have environmental advantages over treated wood. Longer heat treatment schedules increase costs and environmental impacts significantly.
This document summarizes a study that quantified and valued the ecosystem services provided by tree-based intercropping systems in Quebec, Canada. The study assessed services like soil quality regulation, food and fiber production, water quality regulation, pollination, wind protection, biological control, air quality regulation, and climate regulation. It used indicators and data to estimate biophysical production of services and economic valuation methods to assign monetary values. The study found that while private agricultural benefits were slightly reduced, the total value of ecosystem services greatly exceeded this and that agroforestry could help limit future climate change impacts on crop yields. It was supported by funding from Ouranos and the Fonds vert of the Quebec government.
Preparation of carbon ( from coconut shell) and determination of surface area...Mithil Fal Desai
Carbon or charcoal has various applications. It is amorphous in nature and has a high surface area. It is prepared by pyrolysis of carbonaceous material like wood and coconut shell.
Energy can take many forms including kinetic, chemical, thermal, nuclear, and electric. Forces like gravity, electromagnetism, and nuclear forces can produce different types of energy. The document defines energy and discusses the various forms it can take and the forces that produce it. It also discusses concepts like energy conversion, efficiency, and the laws of thermodynamics including entropy and the second law. Common energy conversion devices like heat engines and their efficiencies are also summarized.
Based on the example of Appleton Farms, America’s oldest working farm and a commercial- scale vegetable and dairy operation, we will present the farm’s detailed carbon-counting model, review the specific measures used to eliminate it’s carbon footprint and then facilitate an interactive discussion on ways to engage the public in sustainability.
What is 1 tonne Carbon Dioxide? (CO2e) carbon footprint and embodied carbonCircular Ecology
This document discusses perspectives on a single tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions. It provides context on CO2e and sustainable development. It then examines what can be produced with 1 tonne of CO2e emissions from different perspectives: transport (distances traveled by various modes), food (amounts of various foods, drinks), and materials (amounts of various materials). The document emphasizes that reducing embodied carbon through design and material choices does not necessarily increase costs. It promotes using influence in design, specification, purchasing, and disposal to reduce CO2e emissions.
This document analyzes alternatives for reducing the carbon emissions of Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore. It calculates NTU's current carbon footprint across three scopes: Scope 1 looks at emissions from internal shuttle buses totaling 47.1 metric tons, Scope 2 looks at emissions from purchased electricity and heat totaling 3,505.75 metric tons, and Scope 3 looks at emissions from students taking public transportation totaling 10,361.21 metric tons. Three alternatives are considered: shifting some courses online, purchasing carbon offsets by planting trees in Australia, and implementing a tiered pricing model for hall room rentals based on utility usage. The document evaluates each alternative based on carbon reductions, costs, effort required, and
Perspectives on the role of CO2 capture and utilisation (CCU) in climate chan...Global CCS Institute
Achieving the target set during COP21 will require the deployment of a diverse portfolio of solutions, including fuel switching, improvements in energy efficiency, increasing use of nuclear and renewable power, as well as carbon capture and storage (CCS).
It is in the context of CCS that carbon capture and utilisation (CCU), or conversion (CCC), is often mentioned. Once we have captured and purified the CO2, it is sometimes argued that we should aim to convert the CO2 to useful products such as fuels or plastics, or otherwise use the CO2 in processes such as enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR). This is broadly referred to as CCU.
In this webinar, Niall Mac Dowell, Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) in the Centre for Process Systems Engineering and the Centre for Environmental Policy at Imperial College London, presented about the scale of the challenge associated with climate change mitigation and contextualise the value which CO2 conversion and utilisation options can provide.
Co2 emission rate per MWh of energy generated from coal fired plantsDavid Palmer, EIT
It has been proven that carbon dioxide emissions (greenhouse gases GHGs) absorb energy, slowing or preventing the loss of heat to space. In this way, GHGs act like a blanket, making Earth warmer than it would otherwise be. This process is commonly known as the “greenhouse effect”. How much GHGs are actually emitted from Ontario plants.
Sacred Spaces and an Abudant Life - Reformed Church in America Z8Y
The document discusses the importance of being good stewards of houses of worship and their sacred spaces. It notes that these spaces are where communities come to worship and be spiritually nourished. As those who have been blessed with these gathering places, there is a responsibility to care for them. The document suggests that congregations can cut energy costs and emissions through energy efficiency upgrades and practices like installing efficient lighting and thermostats. It encourages reducing toxic materials and products to keep worship spaces healthy.
Sacred Spaces and an Abudant Life - Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Z8Y
The document discusses the importance of good stewardship of houses of worship. It argues that as communities of faith are blessed with sacred spaces for worship and ministry, they also have responsibilities to care for these spaces. This involves practices like energy efficiency, reducing toxic materials, conserving water and land, and maintaining the spaces in a way that honors God and cares for creation. The document provides many specific suggestions that congregations can implement to be better stewards of their facilities in an environmentally sustainable and socially just way.
Sacred Spaces and an Abudant Life - United Methodist Church Z8Y
The document discusses the importance of good stewardship of houses of worship. It argues that as communities of faith are blessed with sacred spaces for worship and ministry, they also have responsibilities to care for these spaces. This involves practices like energy efficiency, reducing toxic materials, conserving water and land, and maintaining the spaces in a way that honors God and cares for all of God's creation. The document provides many specific suggestions that congregations can implement to be better stewards of their facilities in an environmentally sustainable and socially just way.
Sacred Spaces and an Abudant Life - Presbyterian Church Z8Y
The document discusses the importance of good stewardship of houses of worship. It argues that as communities of faith are blessed with sacred spaces for worship and ministry, they also have responsibilities to care for these spaces. This involves practices like energy efficiency, reducing toxic materials, conserving water and land, and maintaining the spaces in a way that honors God and cares for all of God's creation. The document provides many specific suggestions that congregations can implement to be better stewards of their facilities in an environmentally sustainable and socially just way.
This document is a syllabus for Cambridge International A & AS Level Biology. It outlines the aims, assessment objectives, content, and assessment details of the course. The aims are to provide students with an educational experience in biology, develop relevant skills and attitudes, and stimulate interest in biology. The course is assessed through multiple choice, structured, and practical exam papers that test knowledge, handling information, and experimental skills. The syllabus content is divided into core topics and applications.
This document outlines two extra credit opportunities for Ms. Donohue's class: Classroom Supply Extra Credit and Novel Extra Credit. For Classroom Supply Extra Credit, students can receive points for donating classroom supplies like copy paper, dry erase markers, or latex gloves, with a maximum of 25 points. For Novel Extra Credit, students can receive 20 points for donating their copy of one of the specified class novels.
This document is a syllabus for Cambridge International A & AS Level Biology. It outlines the aims, objectives, content, and assessment of the course. The aims are to provide students with an understanding of biology, scientific skills, and interests in further study. Students can take AS exams after 1 year or complete the full A Level after 2 years. Assessment includes multiple choice, structured questions, practical exams, and essays. The content covers core biological principles and applications.
Hominids first appeared between 6-7 million years ago in Africa and have evolved several times as evidenced by fossil records. Key adaptations throughout hominid evolution include bipedal locomotion, increasing brain size, facial structure changes, decreasing jaw and tooth size, opposable thumbs, and tool usage. The earliest known hominid genus is Australopithecus, followed by species like Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, and Homo neanderthalensis, with modern humans emerging in the last 10,000 years.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The document discusses several topics related to forest and land management:
1. It defines conservation biology, uneven-aged management, even-aged management, intrinsic value, instrumental value, old-growth forest, second-growth forest, tree plantations, deforestation, and ecological restoration.
2. It notes that old-growth forests are found primarily in western US, Russia, Brazil, Canada, and Indonesia. Most of the world's forests are secondary growth. Clear-cutting increases soil erosion and sediment pollution.
3. Large reserves support more species diversity than small reserves. Population size determines environmental impacts, usually negative. Urbanization is a main cause of arable land and biodiversity loss.
Water is a vital resource that sustains life. Freshwater sources include groundwater, which infiltrates underground, and surface water. Groundwater depletion can occur when withdrawals exceed recharge, causing water tables to fall and land to subside. Increasing supplies involves desalination or reverse osmosis. Water pollution reduces water quality and harms organisms. Major pollutants include pathogens, nutrients, chemicals, sediments and heat. Pollution can be from point sources like factories or nonpoint sources like runoff. Treating sewage reduces pollution levels. Large-scale water diversions for uses like irrigation and cities can deplete rivers and harm ecosystems.
The document provides information about aquatic biodiversity including definitions of key terms like plankton, nekton, benthos, and decomposers. It also discusses aquatic ecosystems like coastal zones, wetlands, and intertidal zones. Multiple choice questions test comprehension of topics like ocean acidification, plankton types, eutrophic lakes, and aquaculture. A free response question asks why aquatic plants tend to be smaller while some marine mammals are extremely large.
The document summarizes different types of waste (hazardous, solid), waste disposal methods (open dumps, sanitary landfills, incineration), types of recycling (primary, secondary, composting), types of radioactive waste (high level, low level), types of environmental hazards (biological, chemical, physical, cultural, lifestyle), specific biological and chemical hazards, and cultural and lifestyle hazards. It also includes multiple choice questions about these topics.
Energy efficiency and renewable energy gabriel rileyMaria Donohue
Here are responses to the questions about hydroelectric power:
a) The series of energy transformations in a hydroelectric plant are:
1) Potential energy of water stored behind the dam is converted to kinetic energy as water flows through pipes/turbines.
2) The kinetic energy of flowing water is used to spin turbines.
3) The spinning turbines are connected to generators which convert the kinetic energy of the spinning turbines into electrical energy.
b) Once a hydroelectric dam is constructed, the source of fuel (falling water) is replenished by nature through the water cycle. As long as rainfall continues to fill reservoirs, the dams can generate electricity without incurring significant ongoing fuel costs.
c) One species
Amamda and robert air pollution and ozone pptMaria Donohue
Here are multiple choice samples from past AP Environmental Science exams:
1998 Exam:
1. Which of the following best describes the greenhouse effect?
A) Gases in the atmosphere allow visible light to pass through but absorb infrared radiation, warming the lower atmosphere.
B) Gases in the atmosphere absorb all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, trapping heat near the surface of the Earth.
C) Gases in the atmosphere reflect most visible light and infrared radiation back into space, preventing warming of the lower atmosphere.
D) Gases in the atmosphere allow most infrared radiation to pass through into space, preventing significant warming of the lower atmosphere.
E) Gases in the atmosphere absorb visible light but allow most infrared radiation to
1. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a zygote. The zygote then undergoes cleavage and develops into a morula, blastula, and then a gastrula with three germ layers.
2. The embryo develops organs and tissues during the first trimester and is then referred to as a fetus. It continues to grow and develop throughout the second and third trimesters.
3. The male and female reproductive systems produce and transport gametes through various glands and structures. In females, eggs mature in the ovaries and travel through the fallopian tubes, while in males sperm mature in the testes and epididymis and
Hominids first appeared between 6-7 million years ago in Africa. They have evolved several times, as evidenced by fossil records. Key adaptations in hominid evolution included bipedal locomotion, larger brains and cranial capacities, changes in skull shape and jaw size, and opposable thumbs. Major hominid species included Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, and Homo neanderthalensis. Homo sapiens are the only surviving hominid lineage.
Evolution is the process by which species change over time based on genetic variations and natural selection. Organisms must compete for limited resources and reproduce, so individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their genes. Evidence for evolution includes fossils that show how species have changed over millions of years, as well as anatomical and genetic similarities between organisms that indicate common ancestry. Darwin proposed that evolution occurs through natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to reproduce and leave more descendants.
The document discusses the origins of life on Earth. It describes the early conditions on the primitive Earth that allowed for life to emerge, including the presence of liquid water, moderate temperatures, sunlight, and gases like carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere from volcanoes. Early life forms like bacteria emerged around 3.8 billion years ago. The document then discusses theories for how life began like spontaneous generation, the Miller-Urey experiment that produced amino acids from conditions simulating early Earth, and chemical evolution in underwater vents. Early life was in the form of prokaryotes for over a billion years before oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere around 2 billion years ago due to photosynthesis by cyanobacteria, allowing for more complex aerobic life
The document discusses the origins of life on Earth and the evolution of species over time. It describes the early conditions on Earth that allowed life to form, including the presence of water, moderate temperatures, and various gases like carbon dioxide. It explains how early life forms like prokaryotes evolved and how oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere due to photosynthetic bacteria. It also summarizes key ideas in Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, including inherited variation within populations, the struggle for existence, differential reproduction of offspring, and descent with modification over generations.
#2 villalobos brain, heart, reproductive syste and embryo developmentMaria Donohue
The document discusses the nervous system and its major divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord and controls the body's functions. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and thalamus. The PNS includes nerves that connect the CNS to other parts of the body and is divided into sensory and motor divisions. The document also discusses the cardiovascular system including the heart, blood vessels, and blood circulation.
#1 donohue immune system, vaccines, and antibioticsMaria Donohue
The document summarizes the immune system's three lines of defense against pathogens:
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1. The document provides a review of biology concepts related to DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It contains 14 multiple choice questions about DNA replication, molecular clocks, sickle cell anemia treatment via gene therapy, DNA's role in controlling cells, transcription errors, the universal genetic code, DNA and RNA structures, transcription, DNA fingerprinting, and cloning human genes in bacteria.
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Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
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[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
INCLUDED FRAMEWORKS/MODELS:
1. Stanford’s Design Thinking
2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
18. Toyota’s Six Steps of Kaizen
19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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