1. Grasslands provide important ecosystem services like soil protection, water quality regulation, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity support.
2. There is a trade-off between high grassland productivity for food/fiber and other ecosystem services. Grasslands need to be analyzed for both production and services.
3. Grazing animals can decouple carbon and nitrogen cycles, leading to increased greenhouse gas emissions and nitrate leaching above certain stocking densities. Intensification is limited by environmental impacts.
Drivers of biodiversity change in British alpine habitats. Presented by Andrea Britton at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
Livestock, Land and Livelihoods: Adaptation and Mitigation for Small Holders ...copppldsecretariat
Presentation from the Livestock Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) Meeting 2010. 4-5 May 2010 Italy, Rome IFAD Headquarters.
The event involved approximately 45 representatives from the international partner agencies to discuss critical needs for livestock development and research issues for the coming decade.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Drivers of biodiversity change in British alpine habitats. Presented by Andrea Britton at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
Livestock, Land and Livelihoods: Adaptation and Mitigation for Small Holders ...copppldsecretariat
Presentation from the Livestock Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) Meeting 2010. 4-5 May 2010 Italy, Rome IFAD Headquarters.
The event involved approximately 45 representatives from the international partner agencies to discuss critical needs for livestock development and research issues for the coming decade.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
The role of mangroves in the fight against climate changeCIFOR-ICRAF
Vietnam is one of the few tropical countries that has increased its forest cover over the past several years, so it plays a unique and important role in global discussions on the importance of forests in combating climate change, sustaining people’s livelihoods and safeguarding biodiversity. Vietnam is also one of five countries expected to be most affected by climate change, due to its long coastline and stretched natural resources.
CIFOR scientist Daniel Murdiyarso gave this presentation on the importance of mangroves for climate change mitigation and adaptation at a journalist training workshop on ‘Investing in coastal ecosystems’ held on 27–29 March 2012 in Da Nang City, Vietnam. Media plays a critical role in informing and influencing public perception, as well as informing policymakers. But aside from limited coverage, most environmental articles, and those on climate change and REDD in particular, are of low quality in Vietnam, most notably in objective reporting of scientific findings. To address these gaps and in response to requests, CIFOR organised a series of media trainings in Vietnam in association with Transparency International, IUCN, UN-REDD and the National Journalism Association.
Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from an oil palm plantati...CIFOR-ICRAF
Although nitrous oxide only makes up 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions, it has nearly 300 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide. In this presentation, CIFOR scientist Kristell Hergoualc’h explains results from collaborative research between CIFOR, ICRAF, CIRAD and PT Bakrie, which show that nitrogen fertiliser can exacerbate the production of soil nitrous oxide greenhouse gases when applied to oil palms grown on deep peat. She gave this presentation on 23 February 2012 at the International Conference on Oil Palm & Environment (ICOPE) held in Bali, Indonesia. The conference had the theme ‘Conserving forest, expanding sustainable palm oil production’.
Degradation of palm swamp peatlands in the Peruvian Amazon severely raises em...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Kristell Hergoualc'h, at International Wetlands Virtual Conference: Traditional knowledge & innovative science in wetland research & management, on 14 Oct 2021
Participatory Ecological Restoration in the Rio Blanco Watershed: Ecosystem B...GPFLR
Presentation by Angela Andrade, Klaus Schutze y Angélica Cardon on participatory ecological restoration in the Rio Blanco watershed, Colombia. This was presented during the SER Conference Mexico, August 2011
Why should tropical wetlands be part of climate change mitigation strategies?CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation specifically explores how tropical wetlands can be included in REDD+, a global scheme through which developed countries reward developing countries for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation. Because of the amount of carbon stored by wetlands, there are significant opportunities and challenges inherent in involving wetlands in REDD+.
This presentation was given during a symposium on ‘Sustaining Humans and Forests in Changing Landscapes’, organised by the IUFRO Working Group on Landscape Ecology. Around 200 people attended the symposium, which was held on 5–9 November 2012 in Concepcion, Chile.
The role of mangroves in the fight against climate changeCIFOR-ICRAF
Vietnam is one of the few tropical countries that has increased its forest cover over the past several years, so it plays a unique and important role in global discussions on the importance of forests in combating climate change, sustaining people’s livelihoods and safeguarding biodiversity. Vietnam is also one of five countries expected to be most affected by climate change, due to its long coastline and stretched natural resources.
CIFOR scientist Daniel Murdiyarso gave this presentation on the importance of mangroves for climate change mitigation and adaptation at a journalist training workshop on ‘Investing in coastal ecosystems’ held on 27–29 March 2012 in Da Nang City, Vietnam. Media plays a critical role in informing and influencing public perception, as well as informing policymakers. But aside from limited coverage, most environmental articles, and those on climate change and REDD in particular, are of low quality in Vietnam, most notably in objective reporting of scientific findings. To address these gaps and in response to requests, CIFOR organised a series of media trainings in Vietnam in association with Transparency International, IUCN, UN-REDD and the National Journalism Association.
Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from an oil palm plantati...CIFOR-ICRAF
Although nitrous oxide only makes up 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions, it has nearly 300 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide. In this presentation, CIFOR scientist Kristell Hergoualc’h explains results from collaborative research between CIFOR, ICRAF, CIRAD and PT Bakrie, which show that nitrogen fertiliser can exacerbate the production of soil nitrous oxide greenhouse gases when applied to oil palms grown on deep peat. She gave this presentation on 23 February 2012 at the International Conference on Oil Palm & Environment (ICOPE) held in Bali, Indonesia. The conference had the theme ‘Conserving forest, expanding sustainable palm oil production’.
Degradation of palm swamp peatlands in the Peruvian Amazon severely raises em...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Kristell Hergoualc'h, at International Wetlands Virtual Conference: Traditional knowledge & innovative science in wetland research & management, on 14 Oct 2021
Participatory Ecological Restoration in the Rio Blanco Watershed: Ecosystem B...GPFLR
Presentation by Angela Andrade, Klaus Schutze y Angélica Cardon on participatory ecological restoration in the Rio Blanco watershed, Colombia. This was presented during the SER Conference Mexico, August 2011
Why should tropical wetlands be part of climate change mitigation strategies?CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation specifically explores how tropical wetlands can be included in REDD+, a global scheme through which developed countries reward developing countries for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation. Because of the amount of carbon stored by wetlands, there are significant opportunities and challenges inherent in involving wetlands in REDD+.
This presentation was given during a symposium on ‘Sustaining Humans and Forests in Changing Landscapes’, organised by the IUFRO Working Group on Landscape Ecology. Around 200 people attended the symposium, which was held on 5–9 November 2012 in Concepcion, Chile.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object Calisthenics
V encuentro servicios ecosistemas lemaire
1. Grasslands and ecosystem services
within agro-ecosystems
Necessity for a multidisciplinary and multiscale approach
Gilles LEMAIRE
INRA, Lusignan France
2. New paradigms for grassland sciences
- Ecosystem services, the benefits human societies and
individual peoples can obtain from ecosystem
functioning: provisioning, regulating, cultural and
supporting
-Trade-offs between “grassland productivity” for
human food and fiber production and other “services”
- Grasslands have to be analysed not only as a source
for feeding domestic herbivores, but also as a way for
production “ecosystem services”.
3. Role and environmental impacts
of grassland areas
Direct effects:
Soil protection (erosion, SOM, biology, structure...)
Water quality (nitrate, phosphate, pesticides...)
Air quality (CO2 sequestration, N2O ?, NH3 ?)
Biodiversity (vegetation, soil fauna and flora, insects...)
Interactions with management systems
4. Scientific Objectives
Climate changes
Management
practices Herbivores
Greenhouse gases
Vegetation CO2
N2O
Soil Organic Matter NOx
C, N, P cycles
C sequestration
Soil biology
SOM Biochemistry
Water Quality
NO3-
Biodiversity
DOC
Pesticides... Vegetation
Microorganisms
Micro-Meso-fauna
5. Fonctions of SOM
Agronomical impacts: Environnemental impacts:
Soil properties Greenhouse gases :
N2O, CO2
Soil Organic Matter CO2
Soil fertility
(SOM) sequestration
Regulation of C, N, P…cycles
Nitrate leaching
6. Inputs of fresh organic matter
within grassland ecosystem
Green litter
Brown litter
CO2
Dung
Input Soil organic matter
Chemical protection Labile SOM pool
Physical protection Intermediate SOM pool
Rhizodeposition Physicochemical protection Stable SOM pool
DOC
7. Coupling C and N Cycles
Soil organic matter represents 2/3rd of the total terrestrial carbon
8. 80
60
Net immobilisation
C:N
ratio 40
Net mineralisation
20
0
Time
During the decomposition of OM of residues there is a
decline in C:N ratio through CO2 losses…and then a phase
of net immobilisation followed by a phase of net
mineralisation of N depending on the C:N ratio of
residues at origin.
9. Comparison of N fluxes between
croping system and grassland
Gross Min. Gross Imm. Net Min.
4
N (kg/ha/j)
3
2
1
0
Annual crops Grasslands
Aita (1996) Loiseau et Thiéry (1992)
10. Leaf
litters
Root Plants
C/N 30
litters
C/N 40-50
N mineral
MOS Biomass
- Under grassland, there is a constant supply of litters with high C:N
- Then there is a high gross N immobilisation flux
- In the same time plants have a more or less continuous N
absorption rate all along the seasons…
- In consequence, NO3- cannot accumulate in soil > 3-5KgN.ha-1,
except after high level application of N fertilizer, and under urine
patches…
- Then losses of N by nitrate leaching is very low even in
winter…when stocking density remains not too high.
11. N leaching under grasslands
Grazing vs Cutting
300
Pâture Grazing:
Fauche
250
High increase in N
leaching when > 200
N lixivié (kg N /ha)
200
kgN/ha
150
Cutting:
100
Low N leaching
50 when < 400kgN/ha
0
0 200 Trade-off
400 600
Production vs Environment
fertilisation (kg N efficace/ha)
12. Effect of stocking density on N leaching
160
y = 8,77 e0,003x
140 r²=0.71
120
N lixivié (kg N/ha)
100
80
60
40 Simon et al, 1997 ;
Laurent et al.2000
Vertès et al, 2002
20
Benoit et al., 1995
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
chargement (UGB.JPE/ha)
13. CH4 N20
NOx
NH3
CO2
Herbivores
Photosynthesis
C-N-P
Vegetation
Soil
N
N absorption Feces
OM
Urine
Mineral N MIT
Microbes
C-N coupling
Nitrate
C-N decoupling
14. In grazing system C-N decoupling
/ C-N coupling depends on
stocking density
C-N decoupling C-N coupling
Above a threshold stocking density C-N decoupling excess
the capacity of C-N recoupling of vegetation and soil
microbes
15. Cutting system with indoor feeding and association with
cropping system through use of straw and efficient compost
production and recycling system could be highly intensified
with reduced environmental impacts
Hay-Silage
Control of GHG
Emission ?
Straw
Re-coupling C-N
Compost
16. 1. Permanent vegetation and soil microbes couple strongly C-N cycles
2. Grazing animals decouple C-N cycles and then provoke C and N
emissions
3. Intensification at grazing reaches a limit beyond which
environmental fluxes become too important according to stocking
density
4. Cutting management is a way for a higher intensification of
grassland…but high cost!!!
5. Decoupling C-N by animals indoor need to be acompanied by a re-
coupling C-N within a coherent animal manure management
6. Comparison between grazing and cutting must be done at whole
system level and not only at field or paddock level…
17. Role and environmental impacts of
grassland areas
Indirect effects on cropping systems:
Control of weed communities and reduction of herbicide use;
Control of pests and diseases and reduction of pesticide use;
Recycling of nutrients and reduction of fertilizer use;
Improved soil structure and reduction of fuel energy use;
Heterogeneity of habitats and diversity of trophic chains;
18. Multi-function and multi-scale approach
Spatial integration
Land use system mosaïc
Territories
Catchment
Landscape Ecology and biodiversity
Interactions between farms Landscape
Farms
Production systems
Conception-Evaluation of innovative
systems Ingeneering Forage systems
Environnemental balance Systems
Multi function evaluation
Cropping systems
Biogeochemical Cycles
Environnemental Fluxes Local
Biodiversité Processes
Expérimentation, Monitoring Soil-vegetation
Modelisation
19. Spatial interactions between grassland areas
and cropping areas
Flux of foods
Grasslands OM Stocks
minerals
Livestock Concentrates
system
Exportations
Grassland area Croping area
20. Integration of grasslands within
cropping systems
Grassland Flux foods
OM
Preceding minerals
effect
Stocks
Livestock
Following system
effect
Grassland
Exportations
Grains
21. Agro-Ecology Ingeneering
Field
Analyse of local processes and Environment x
Management interaction, What if ?
Cropping system
Conception and evaluation of cropping and
forage systems, What is necessary for...?
Forage system
Conception and evaluation of livestock systems
from socio-economic and environment
Livestock system perspectives
22. G. Paillard-INRA C. Maitre-INRA
Interactions between cereal farms and livestock
farms within a territory
- Fluxes of organic matter and nutriments among specialised farms
and possibilities for more conservative biogeochemical fluxes by
coupling more strongly C and N…
- Diversification of land use and management systems through:
- common crop rotation systems
- exchanges of field
- production and sell of hays …
23. Contribution of Grasslands to Landscape Ecology
Farm Atmosphere Environment
Crops GHG emission Climate
Grasslands CO2 balance Soil
Livestock Topography
Biodiversity
Land use
Habitat diversity
Trophic networks
Catchment
Water quality
Flux
25. The decline of biodiversity
within European agriculture plains
*Cultivated areas with high diversity of crops host the richest diversdity
*>250 species of birds whose 173 prioritaries et 118 in danger
From BirdLife 2004
CNRS Chizé
26. During the last 30 years:
decrease of livestock production
decrease of grassland areas
specialization for cereal production systems
increase in field size
reduction of the complexity of the landscape mosaïc
1958 1990
27. Effect of reintroduction of grasslands on Little
Bustard population within a cereal cropping area
CNRS Chizé
4,4
clutch size
3,9
3,4
2,9
2,4
1,9
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
28. Conclusions
1- Grasslands through soil-vegetation interactions allow a strong C-
N coupling leading to very conservative C and N cycles and reduced
fluxes to atmosphere and hydrosphere.
2- But grazing herbivores decouple greatly C and N, leading to
increasing emission of GHG and nitrate leaching with stocking
density.
3- Trade-off exists between grassland intensification and
environment impacts.
4- Grassland areas can contribute to mitigate environmental impacts
of intensive cropping system at landscape and regional levels
5- Mixed farming between arable crops and livestock production
systems based on grasslands could help to reconcile high food
production systems with high level of ecosystem services
29. Necessity of structuring the scientific
community on continental ecosystem across
Europe
Scientific community on continental ecosystem is very
fragmented across a high variety of ecosystem types and a high
variety of scientific disciplines;
Most of the environmental problems (water quality, air quality,
soils quality, climatic changes, pollutant, biodiversity problems…)
require interdisciplinary approaches and long term observations,
experimentations and data collection to enable simulation and
forecasting the impacts of climate change and land use change on
continental scale-ecology and to answer society questions.
Answering environmental questions requires coupling more than
sophisticating analysis of individual elementary processes.
30. …, continue…
Research infrastructures implementation in experimental ecology,
is a prerequisite for structuring research on continental
ecosystems, enabling understanding of ecosystem responses to
disturbance, providing pertinent knowledge for managing
anthropogenic ecosystems in a sustainable way.
…and then… opportunities to merge European research projects
with South American ones within a wider international network?